共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 671 毫秒
1.
An urban canopy model is developed for use in mesoscale meteorological and environmental modelling. The urban geometry is
composed of simple homogeneous buildings characterized by the canyon aspect ratio (h/w) as well as the canyon vegetation characterized by the leaf aspect ratio (σ
l
) and leaf area density profile. Five energy exchanging surfaces (roof, wall, road, leaf, soil) are considered in the model,
and energy conservation relations are applied to each component. In addition, the temperature and specific humidity of canopy
air are predicted without the assumption of thermal equilibrium. For radiative transfer within the canyon, multiple reflections
for shortwave radiation and one reflection for longwave radiation are considered, while the shadowing and absorption of radiation
due to the canyon vegetation are computed by using the transmissivity and the leaf area density profile function. The model
is evaluated using field measurements in Vancouver, British Columbia and Marseille, France. Results show that the model quite
well simulates the observations of surface temperatures, canopy air temperature and specific humidity, momentum flux, net
radiation, and energy partitioning into turbulent fluxes and storage heat flux. Sensitivity tests show that the canyon vegetation
has a large influence not only on surface temperatures but also on the partitioning of sensible and latent heat fluxes. In
addition, the surface energy balance can be affected by soil moisture content and leaf area index as well as the fraction
of vegetation. These results suggest that a proper parameterization of the canyon vegetation is prerequisite for urban modelling. 相似文献
2.
J. F. Gueremy 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1990,44(1-4):219-250
Summary In this paper we have studied the low frequency variability of the sensible and latent heat flux over the Indian monsoon area. We have used an atmospheric energy budget (vertical integrated heat sources and moisture sinks), as well as the similarity theory in order to compute the surface fluxes on a darly basis. Mainly, the three following data sets were used: the First GARP Global Experiment analyzed data, the TIROS-N outgoing longwave radiation data and the Monsoon Experiment precipitation data.Our three main findings are the following. First, the variability of the temperature and the specific humidity at the surface is more important over the land than over the sea on the intraseasonal time scale (30% over land, but 20% over sea). For the wind an energy peak appears clearly around 30–40 days. The surface fluxes show an uneven variance percentage field (10% to 40%); the energy peaks stretch from 10 to 40 days. Second, the wind has a significant influence on the surface fluxes, except at some locations exclusively over the land areas. Of the temperature and the specific humidity, the temperature is the one which influences the fluxes the most. (This influence may be very strong over land.) The specific humidity may have a significant influence, over the land and sea, at the same time. Thus, one cannot neglect the influence of temperature and specific humidity over land on the intraseasonal time scale. Third, we have found a close relation between the propagation of low frequency waves and the propagation of surface flux patterns. This may suggest a feedback mechanism which relates surface processes to the northward propagation of these waves over India.With 17 FiguresOn leave from Etablissement d'études et de recherches méteorologiques Paris, France 相似文献
3.
Using hourly rainfall intensity, daily surface air temperature, humidity and low-level dew point depressions at 55 stations in the southeast coast of China, and sea surface temperature from reanalysis in the coastal region, this paper analyzes the connection between peak intensity of extreme afternoon short-duration rainfall (EASR) and humidity as well as surface air temperature. The dependency of extreme peak intensity of EASR on temperature has a significant transition. When daily highest surface temperature is below (above) 29°C, the peak rainfall intensity shows an ascending (descending) tendency with rising temperature. Having investigated the role of moisture condition in the variation of EASR and temperature, this paper discovered that the decrease of peak rainfall intensity with temperature rising is connected with the variation of relative humidity. At higher temperatures, the land surface relative humidity decreases dramatically as temperature further increases. During this process, the sea surface temperature maintains basically unchanged, resulting in indistinct variations of water vapor content at seas. As water vapor over land is mainly contributed by the quantitative moisture transport from adjacent seas, the decline of relative humidity over land will be consequently caused by the further rise of surface air temperature. 相似文献
4.
不同下垫面数据和城市冠层参数化方案对江苏气温影响的个例分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用中尺度数值模式WRF,分别选用新旧两种下垫面资料和不同城市冠层模型设计试验,以江苏一次秋末高温天气个例(2014年11月20—21日)为背景,研究城市化进程对气温的影响和可能机制。将模式结果与江苏国家气象观测站和地面加密区域自动站观测资料进行对比,并分析3组试验结果发现:(1)采用BEP城市方案对2 m气温、2 m相对湿度和10 m风速等物理量的日变化模拟最优。(2)相比USGS数据,MODIS较新地表覆盖变化数据能更真实反映研究区域当前地表类型分布情况,且能提高近地面风温湿要素空间分布的模拟。(3)分析不同试验模拟的地表能量平衡过程差异,发现相比UCM单层城市冠层方案,BEP多层城市冠层方案在白天能更好模拟出城市地区的温度升高以及相对应的地表感热通量和地面热通量的增加。 相似文献
5.
6.
S. Khodayar N. Kalthoff M. Fiebig-Wittmaack M. Kohler 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2008,99(3-4):181-198
Summary The boundary-layer structure of the Elqui Valley is investigated, which is situated in the arid north of Chile and extends
from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Andes in the east. The climate is dominated by the south-eastern Pacific subtropical
anticyclone and the cold Humboldt Current. This combination leads to considerable temperature and moisture gradients between
the coast and the valley and results in the evolution of sea and valley wind systems. The contribution of these mesoscale
wind systems to the heat and moisture budget of the valley atmosphere is estimated, based on radiosoundings performed near
the coast and in the valley.
Near the coast, a well-mixed cloud-topped boundary layer exists. Both, the temperature and the specific humidity do not change
considerably during the day. In the stratus layer the potential temperature increases, while the specific humidity decreases
slightly with height. The top of the thin stratus layer, about 300 m in depth, is marked by an inversion. Moderate sea breeze
winds of 3–4 m s−1 prevail in the sub-cloud and cloud layer during daytime, but no land breeze develops during the night.
The nocturnal valley atmosphere is characterized by a strong and 900 m deep stably stratified boundary layer. During the day,
no pronounced well-mixed layer with a capping inversion develops in the valley. Above a super-adiabatic surface layer of about
150 m depth, a stably stratified layer prevails throughout the day. However, heating can be observed within a layer above
the surface 800 m deep. Heat and moisture budget estimations show that sensible heat flux convergence exceeds cold air advection
in the morning, while both processes compensate each other around noon, such that the temperature evolution stagnates. In
the afternoon, cold air advection predominates and leads to net cooling of the boundary layer. Furthermore, the advection
of moist air results in the accumulation of moisture during the noon and afternoon period, while latent heat flux convergence
is of minor relevance to the moisture budget of the boundary layer.
Correspondence: Norbert Kalthoff, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Universit?t Karlsruhe/Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe,
Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 相似文献
7.
城市化对高温热浪的频次和强度具有重要影响,但目前对于城市化影响高温热浪过程的机理了解还不充分。本文利用WRF模式,对2010年7月2～6日（北京时）北京一次高温过程进行了模拟,分析了城市化对此次高温过程的影响机理。采用优化后的WRF模式,能够模拟出北京连续5日高温的特征和城市热岛强度的变化。城市下垫面的不透水性决定了城区2 m高度处相对湿度低于乡村,削弱了城区通过潜热调节城市气温的能力。日落后,城市感热通量下降缓慢,城区降温速率小于乡村,夜间边界层稳定、高度低,风速小,抑制了城乡之间能量的传输,形成了夜间强的城市热岛强度,造成夜间城市气温明显高于乡村。日出后城乡地面感热通量、潜热通量迅速上升,边界层稳定性下降。午后,城市下垫面分别为地表感热通量和潜热通量的高、低值中心,通过潜热调节气温的能力被削弱;边界层稳定性降低,有利于能量的垂直扩散;此时,城市热岛强度小于夜间。因此,北京城市下垫面形成了明显的城市热岛效应,加重了城区极端高温事件的强度。此外,在这次高温热浪期间,中国东部大部分地区受到大陆暖高压控制,晴空少云,西北气流越山后形成焚风效应,是北京地区高温热浪形成的天气背景。 相似文献
8.
We performed a numerical simulation of penetrative convection of an inversion-topped weakly stratified atmospheric boundary layer over urban terrain with a strong localized source of heat and moisture. With some simplifications, the case mimics the real environment of the Krasnoyarsk region in Russia where the non-freezing river Yenisei acts as a thermal and humidity source during winter, generating an undulating fog pattern along the river accompanied with scattered ‘steam devils’. An idealized full diurnal cycle was simulated using an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) three-equation algebraic flux model and the novel buoyancy-accounting functions for treating the ground boundary conditions. The results show a significant effect of the river on the net temperature and moisture distribution. The localized heat and moisture source leads to strong horizontal convection and marked non-uniformity of humidity concentration in the air. An interplay of several distinct large-scale vortex systems leads to a wavy pattern of moisture plumes over the river. The simulations deal with rare natural phenomena and show the capability of the RANS turbulence closure to capture the main features of flow and scalar fields on an affordable, relatively coarse, computational grid. 相似文献
9.
再论都市霾与雾的区别 总被引：71，自引：4，他引：71
都市霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义，而雾或轻雾与特定的天气系统相联系。由于经济规模的迅速扩大和城市化进程的加快，都市霾现象或灰霾天气日趋严重，霾与雾的区分成为一个非常现实，又迫切需要解决的问题。东南沿海各省用相对湿度区分的标准普遍偏低，将大量霾记成了轻雾或雾。实际上近地层大气中每时每刻总是有霾存在的，而雾滴的存在是少见或罕见的；霾滴要想通过吸湿增长成为雾滴，必须有足够的过饱和度，能够越过过饱和驼峰才行，这在自然界并不容易。在非饱和条件下，不但非水溶性的霾不能转化成雾滴，即便是水溶性的霾粒子一般也不可能吸湿转化为雾滴。实测资料表明，出现雾时，极端最小相对湿度是91％，在相对湿度低于90％的情况下，没有观测到雾。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的最主要、最重要的物理过程，在自然界中的霾滴通过吸湿过程增长成雾滴几乎不可能。历史上我国各级气象部门从来不存在以相对湿度70％界定轻雾与霾的补充规定。区分霾和雾，应该根据影响天气系统的变化，结合宏观特征的各种判据来确定。建议将相对湿度的阈值定为90％，作为区分轻雾与霾的辅助判据是合理的。 相似文献
10.
再论相对湿度对区别都市霾与雾(轻雾)的意义 总被引：19，自引：16，他引：19
在都市,霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义。而雾或轻雾的记录,有明确的天气指示意义,与特定的天气系统相联系。由于经济规模的迅速扩大和城市化进程的加快,都市霾现象或者是灰霾天气日趋严重,霾与雾的区分成为一个非常现实,又迫切需要解决的问题。在全国气象系统的台站观测中,区分霾与雾(轻雾)的判据比较混乱,缺乏可比性,东南沿海各省不成文规定的用相对湿度区分的标准普遍偏低,将大量霾记成了轻雾或雾。实际上近地层大气中每时每刻总是有霾存在的,而雾滴的存在是少见或罕见的;霾滴要想通过吸湿增长成为雾滴,必须有足够的过饱和度,能够越过过饱和驼峰才行,这在自然界并不容易。在非饱和条件下,不但非水溶性的霾不能转化成雾滴,既便是水溶性的霾粒子一般也不可能吸湿转化为雾滴。实测资料表明出现雾时,极端最小相对湿度是91%,在相对湿度低于90%的情况下,没有观测到雾。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的最主要、最重要的物理过程,在自然界中的霾滴通过吸湿过程增长成雾滴几乎不可能。历史上我国各级气象部门从来不存在以相对湿度70%界定轻雾与霾的补充规定,由于理解的问题,将大量霾记成了轻雾。区分霾和雾,应该根据影响天气系统的变化,结合宏观特征的各种判据来确定。建议将相对湿度的阈值定为90%,作为区分轻雾(雾)与霾的辅助判据是合理的。 相似文献
11.
使用WRF中尺度数值模式, 分别选用两种不同的边界层参数化方案 (MYJ, YSU) 和3种陆面参数化方案 (SLAB, Noah, RUC), 对2004年7月1日08:00—7月4日20:00 (北京时) 北京地区夏季边界层结构进行1 km的高分辨模拟。对比分析了近地面层风场、温度场以及边界层的日变化特征, 结果发现:WRF模式基本模拟出了北京夏季边界层的日变化特征; 在边界层方案中, MYJ方案描述的边界层结构较YSU方案合理; Noah陆面模式较好地反映了城市的热岛效应; 无降水时, 风速及边界层高度对于陆面过程不敏感, 而降水发生后, 陆面过程对于边界层结构的影响增大; 各方案模拟的城区风速明显偏大, 这是因为没有充分考虑城市建筑物的阻力作用。 相似文献
12.
本文对上海市区1984年全年27个雾日的天气形势和有关气象要素的变化作了比较深入的分析。发现上海该年出现4种雾类即:锋面雾（占40.7%）、辐射雾（占29.7%）、平流辐射雾（占18.5%）和平流雾（占11.1%）。并指出上海城市雾具有下述三个主要特征:（1）近数十年来年平均雾日数有递减趋势，近8年年平均雾日比前20年减少14.4天；（2）在城市辐射雾和平流辐射雾出现前，出现城市湿岛的机率高达92.3%，可作为这两种雾的先兆。在秋冬季节，在这两种雾中，还出现雾天城市湿岛效应；（3）有相当多的低相对湿度城市“浊雾”。 相似文献
13.
太原城市下垫面扩张对边界层特征影响的个例研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过高分辨率卫星夜间灯光数据获取最新的城市地表分布,并利用高分辨率数值模式对2013年8月14~16日太原区域的一次高温过程进行研究,探讨城市下垫面扩张对大气边界层的影响。结果表明：基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据对模式中地表参数修正后,能够更准确地反映太原主城区和高速公路沿线小规模建筑群的扩张,有效改善了模式的预报性能,显著提高对近地面气温、地表温度的预报能力。城市下垫面的扩张,使城区夜间升温明显,热岛强度增强。与1992年的城市化状况相比,晴空天气条件下,2012年太原城区夜间气温上升5℃,热岛强度升高2~3℃。城市下垫面扩张,改变了地表能量分配关系,使得地表感热传输明显加强,潜热通量明显减弱,城市冠层作用下的储热能力增强。边界层内部湍流交换、水汽输送等的进一步研究表明：城市地表水汽输送减弱,边界层水汽含量减少,2~4 km高度的水汽含量增加,湍流动能的影响高度增高,湍流混合加剧;14：00,城区边界层高度抬高了800 m,城市上空混合层加深,持续时间更长。 相似文献
14.
Xiaojuan LIU Guangjin TIAN Jinming FENG Bingran MA Jun WANG Lingqiang KONG 《大气科学进展》2018,35(6):723-736
The impacts of three periods of urban land expansion during 1990–2010 on near-surface air temperature in summer in Beijing were simulated in this study, and then the interrelation between heat waves and urban warming was assessed. We ran the sensitivity tests using the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with a single urban canopy model,as well as high-resolution land cover data. The warming area expanded approximately at the same scale as the urban land expansion. The average regional warming induced by urban expansion increased but the warming speed declined slightly during 2000–2010. The smallest warming occurred at noon and then increased gradually in the afternoon before peaking at around 2000 LST—the time of sunset. In the daytime, urban warming was primarily caused by the decrease in latent heat flux at the urban surface. Urbanization led to more ground heat flux during the day and then more release at night, which resulted in nocturnal warming. Urban warming at night was higher than that in the day, although the nighttime increment in sensible heat flux was smaller. This was because the shallower planetary boundary layer at night reduced the release efficiency of near-surface heat. The simulated results also suggested that heat waves or high temperature weather enhanced urban warming intensity at night. Heat waves caused more heat to be stored in the surface during the day, greater heat released at night, and thus higher nighttime warming. Our results demonstrate a positive feedback effect between urban warming and heat waves in urban areas. 相似文献
15.
A two-dimensional numerical model witha simplified land-use paramaterizationis used to investigate the effects of land usetopography on local circulationsystems. A criterion is presented indicating therelative importance of land use onlocal circulations.Land-use contrast in the numerical model is parameterized by moisture availability and roughness length. Numerical experiments were carried out under various atmospheric stabilities with various dimensions for the mountains.Numerical results show the following: (1) Anabatic winds prevail in high mountains,while the land–land breeze is stronger when the horizontal contrast of the heat fluxfrom each land surface is large. (2) In the early morning, anabatic winds tend to prevailover land–land breezes, but the land–land breeze tends to prevail in the later afternoon.(3) While atmospheric stability has a large influence on the mesoscale circulation, thehorizontal scale of the mountain is not as important for the intensity of the mesoscalecirculation. (4) In strong stable conditions or weak insolation, the anabatic wind tendsto be more active than the land–land breeze; namely, the heat flux from inhomogeneousland use becomes a less important factor for the generation of a mesoscale disturbancethan the orographic forcing in the case of strong atmospheric stability. (5) The predominantmesoscale circulation is predicted by a criterion based upon the horizontal adjustmenttheory of the mixed layer. The criterion proposed in this study is based on the mountainheight, the ratio of the heat flux from the different land use patterns, the atmospheric staticstability, and the time-integrated heat flux. The criterion gives results that generally agreewith the numerical results. 相似文献
16.
为了提高边界层参数化在我国复杂下垫面上的描述能力,改善边界层能量和物质输送计算和检验其数值模拟效果,本文选取WRF三维模式,采用基于我国不同下垫面上的边界层观测资料改进的新MYNN（Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino）参数化方案对2009年3月17日黄海海雾以及2011年12月4日华北地区两次大雾过程进行模拟检验,探讨边界层参数化方案对雾和边界层结构模拟的影响。参照卫星云图和探空资料,边界层内云水混合比垂直积分的水平分布的模拟能力明显提高,反映了改进的MYNN方案能够更好地模拟出两次雾过程的发生、移动和雾区空间分布,更精确的云水混合比和温度的垂直分布能更好地给出雾区的垂直结构和稳定层结,同时可改善雾区低层位温以及比湿垂直分布的模拟。 相似文献
17.
珠海凤凰山陆气相互作用与碳通量观测塔的基本观测及晴天主要观测量的日变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
珠海凤凰山地处北回归线以南,森林植被覆盖率达90%,植被类型为南亚热带常绿阔叶林群落,是岭南地区典型的城市或村庄周边的再生森林,我们选择在凤凰山麓森林冠层较为平缓的低矮坡地建立了陆-气相互作用和碳通量的观测铁塔塔站。本文详细介绍了观测塔的地理环境、初步的仪器布设和基本观测,并利用已获得的资料分析了旱季典型晴天主要观测量的日变化特征。太阳总辐射及其分光辐射和反射辐射的日变化都是比较常规的中午最高的对称结构;冠层接收到的长波辐射比向上长波辐射低;气温日变化的峰值比太阳辐射滞后,白天达到最高值前的气温是低层高于高层,达到最高值后到落日前气温陡然下降,夜晚的气温是低层低于高层。相对湿度凌晨最大,下午最小,夜晚是低层相对偏湿,白天正好相反;11月份,珠海地区盛行旱季的偏北季风,有明显的海陆风的作用,白天的海风较强,夜晚的陆风较弱;森林冠层向大气释放的感热和潜热的量值基本相当,潜热基本为正;感热白天为正,夜晚基本为负;森林冠层吸收的二氧化碳的最高值出现在午后,此时空气中水汽浓度达到最低,向大气释放的二氧化碳在日出后的清晨最大,此时空气中的二氧化碳浓度达到最大,同时空气密度也最大;由于森林冠层高、密度大,土壤湿度基本没有日变化;表层土壤温度日变化的振幅随土壤深度加深而变小,土壤热流的变化是下午高,清晨低。本文还发现了一些值得深入探讨的现象,需要以后根据充沛的资料分析论证。 相似文献
18.
本文利用WRF（V3.9.1）模式中耦合Noah/SLUCM方案作为Control试验,研究了土地利用类型（Md04试验）、陆面过程（NoUCM试验）和湖泊（Nolake试验）对城市热岛强度及昆明城市气象要素水平、垂直的时空分布影响。主要结论如下:（1）四个试验城市热岛强度的平均日变化趋势相似,白天城市热岛强度较弱、夜间较强,在20时（北京时,下同）左右达到最大值。城市冠层（湖泊）对城市热岛有较明显的减（增）温,Control-NoUCM（Nolake）试验中,平均日最大差值为?0.79°C（+1.07°C）。（2）从能量平衡方程分析Control-Md04试验,感热（潜热）通量的差值为+46.18（?79.71）W m?2,潜热通量释放大于感热通量的绝对值。Control-NoUCM试验中,感热（潜热）通量的差值为?40.88（+29.60）W m?2;因NoUCM试验未考虑几何建筑物储热与遮挡,太阳辐射大部分被地表所吸收,导致感热通量偏大。（3）四种试验中,15（07）时边界层高度达到最大（小）值。NoUCM（Nolake）试验中城市边界层高度分别降低103 m（32 m）左右,而Md04试验中城市边界层高度增加102 m左右。（4）湖泊（滇池）对城市热岛环流影响的试验表明,湖泊上空垂直运动较弱,但水平方向湖陆风较大,这有利于向城市输送水汽,增加干空气湿度,使城市中空气的水汽含量增加,同时增大潜热能量释放,降低感热通量,减小了垂直温度梯度。 相似文献
19.
The Influence Of Urban Canopy Configuration On Urban Albedo 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Akira Kondo Megumi Ueno Akikazu Kaga Katsuhito Yamaguchi 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,100(2):225-242
We propose a calculation method for shortwave radiation flux and longwave radiation flux within the urban canopy and investigate the influence of urban canopy configuration on net radiation flux. In the assumed urban configuration, buildings of equal size are arranged in a regular lattice within the urban canopy. The net shortwave radiation flux and longwave radiation flux within the urban canopy were calculated by the photon tracking method based on the Monte Carlo method. The albedo value obtained by this method shows close agreement with experimental data, and the average sky view factor shows almost perfect agreement with the theoretical value. Moreover, we calculated the urban albedo for the urban canopy configuration including roads and building height distribution.%Moreover, we calculated net radiation within the urban canopy in %consideration of roads and building height distribution.We found that the sky view factor of the ground surface is high when building coverage is low, building height is low, open space by roads exists, and building height is non-uniform. Moreover, we found that the albedo value is high when building height is small, open space by roads is wide, and building height is uniform. The albedo value was found to vary in a complicated manner with change in building coverage. 相似文献
20.
陆面特征量初始扰动的敏感性及集合预报试验 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
文章利用中尺度模式Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF)3.2.1版本及National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)分析资料,研究了陆面变量(土壤湿度、土壤温度)和陆面参数(植被覆盖率)初始场随机扰动对长江中下游暴雨预报的影响并进行了集合预报试验。试验结果表明,短期暴雨过程对陆面变量(参数)扰动是敏感的;陆面变量(参数)初始场扰动影响降水的时间尺度小于10 h甚至可以小于6 h。从影响机理上来看,陆面变量(参数)扰动首先改变地表的潜热通量和感热通量,而地表通量的改变会通过陆气相互作用对局地大气的温、压、湿、风产生较大影响,从而对暴雨的强度和落区产生较大影响。集合预报结果表明,利用陆面变量(参数)扰动制作集合预报,预报的集合平均结果要好于控制预报的结果,且比集合成员稳定可靠,降水概率预报可以提供一些有用的信息,对预报强降水有一定的指示意义。在初值集合预报中,以这些参数或变量的扰动来引进集合成员是十分有意义的。 相似文献