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1.
E. Hertig S. Seubert A. Paxian G. Vogt H. Paeth J. Jacobeit 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,111(1-2):1-20
Changes of total precipitation, extreme precipitation, and dry periods in the Mediterranean area until the end of the twenty-first century have been assessed by means of statistical downscaling. Generalized linear models using predictors describing the large-scale atmospheric circulation as well as thermodynamic conditions have been applied for the projections under A1B and B1 scenario assumptions. The results mostly point to reductions of total and extreme precipitation over the western and central-northern Mediterranean areas in summer and autumn and to increases in winter. In contrast, over the eastern Mediterranean area widespread precipitation increases are assessed in summer and autumn, whereas reductions dominate in winter. In spring, total and extreme precipitation decreases prevail over the whole Mediterranean area. Total and extreme precipitation decreases mostly come along with increases of the maximum dry period length. Vice versa precipitation increases are commonly accompanied by a shortening of the maximum dry period length. 相似文献
2.
Cai Yao Weihong Qian Song Yang Zhengmin Lin 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2010,106(1-2):57-73
The variations of both total and extreme precipitations over Asia are characterized by large regional features and seasonality. Extreme precipitation mainly occurs in summer and then in autumn over South Asia but it is a prominent phenomenon in all seasons over Southeast Asia. It explains above 40% of the total precipitation in winter over India, while the ratio of extreme precipitation to total precipitation is 30% or smaller in all seasons over southern-central China. Over Southeast Asia, the largest ratio appears in winter. The extreme precipitation over Southeast Asia (EPSEA) exhibits significant positive trends in all seasons except autumn. The long-term increase in summer EPSEA is associated with significant surface warming over extratropical Asia and the Indo-Pacific oceans and linked to a large-scale anomalous cyclonic pattern over Southeast Asia. An increase in de-trended summer EPSEA is associated with less significant surface warming. However, it is still clearly linked to an anomalous cyclonic pattern over Southeast Asia, contributed by intensifications of monsoon flow from the west, trade wind from the east, and cross-equatorial flow over Indonesia. The antecedent features of increased summer EPSEA include an overall warming over the tropical–subtropical northern hemisphere and an anomalous cyclonic pattern over Southeast Asia in winter and spring. When the large-scale Asian monsoon (measured by the Webster-Yang monsoon index) or the South Asian monsoon is strong, summer extreme precipitation mainly increases over tropical Asia. When monsoon is strong over Southeast Asia or East Asia, extreme precipitation increases over Southeast Asia and decreases over East Asia. A strong summer monsoon over Southeast Asia or East Asia is also followed by decreased autumn extreme precipitation over Southeast Asia. 相似文献
3.
Spatial patterns and temporal trends of precipitation in Iran 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Tayeb Raziei Jamal Daryabari Isabella Bordi Luis S. Pereira 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,115(3-4):531-540
Spatial patterns of monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation over Iran and the corresponding long-term trends for the period 1951–2009 are investigated using the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre gridded dataset. Results suggest that the spatial patterns of annual, winter and spring precipitation and the associated coefficients of variation reflect the role of orography and latitudinal extent between central-southern arid and semi-arid regions and northern and western mountainous areas. It is also shown that precipitation occurrence is almost regularly distributed within the year in northern areas while it is more concentrated in a few months in southern Iran. The spatial distribution of Mann–Kendal trend test (Z statistics) for annual precipitation showed downward trend in north-western and south-eastern Iran, whereas western, central and north-eastern exhibited upward trend, though not statistically significant in most regions. Results for winter and autumn revealed upward trend in most parts of the country, with the exception of north-western and south-eastern where a downward trend is observed; in spring and summer, a downward trend seems to prevail in most of Iran. However, for all seasons the areas where the detected trend is statistically significant are limited to a few spot regions. The overall results suggest that the precipitation is decreasing in spring and summer and increasing in autumn and winter in most of Iran, i.e. less precipitation during the warm season with a consequent intensification of seasonality and dryness of the country. However, since the detected trends are often not statistically significant, any stringent conclusion cannot be done on the future tendencies. 相似文献
4.
采用1958—2007年天津逐日降水观测数据,探讨降水变化特征。结果表明：近50 a来天津年降水量和年降水日数总体减少,二者每10 a分别减少8.9 mm和4.1 d,其中年降水日数的减少比年降水量的减少显著;四季中,夏冬季降水量明显减少而春秋季呈增加趋势,四季的降水日数均减少;年降水日数在1980年前后有一次明显突变,夏季降水量和春夏秋的降水日数在20世纪70年代和80年代均存在一次明显突变。降水日数和降水量的不同步变化反映发生极端降水事件的概率增加,这对农业生产和生态环境不利。 相似文献
5.
为了全面把握20世纪80年代以来中国生态脆弱区气候变化的特征,利用基于全国2000多个站点的格点化逐月资料,对中国典型生态脆弱区1980～2014年的日平均气温、日最高和最低气温、降水、相对湿度、风速和蒸发皿蒸发量的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:（1）中国生态脆弱区日平均气温、日最高和最低气温几乎都呈上升趋势;日平均气温增幅北方大于南方;北方生态脆弱区日平均气温、日最高和最低气温、南方生态脆弱区日最低气温的季节增幅多为春季最大,秋季或冬季最小。（2）全区平均降水变化趋势不明显;生态脆弱区降水距平百分率春季多为增长趋势,夏季多为减少趋势,秋、冬季和年北方多为增长趋势,南方多为减少趋势。（3）相对湿度以减少趋势为主,只有黄土高原南部脆弱区秋、冬季和干旱半干旱区脆弱区冬季相对湿度距平百分率的趋势为正,这几个正值区同时也是降水增长大值区。（4）风速基本为减少趋势,春季减少趋势最大。（5）全区平均蒸发皿蒸发量春、夏季和年为减少趋势,冬季为增长趋势;北方生态脆弱区蒸发皿蒸发量四季和年多呈减少趋势;南方生态脆弱区蒸发皿蒸发量春、夏季以减少趋势为主,秋、冬季和年呈增长趋势。 相似文献
6.
北方农牧交错带中部区域气候变化特征 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
分析北方农牧交错带中部区域1951-2005年温度、降水的变化特征,结果表明,研究区近55 a的气温和降水具有如下特征：1）增温明显,气温变率为0.4℃/10 a,不同季节增温幅度以冬、春、夏、秋依次递减;2）降水变化可分为3个阶段：20世纪50-60年代降水量呈减少趋势,70-80年代处于较平稳的过渡期,90年代以来降水量又呈现增加趋势。夏季降水与年降水变化趋势类似,秋季与冬季降水波动较小,基本保持平稳。研究区高温、干旱有所加强,暴雨、低温事件减少。 相似文献
7.
Based on daily precipitation data from 524 meteorological stations in China during the period 1960–2009, the climatology and the temporal changes (trends, interannual, and decadal variations) in the proportion of seasonal precipitation to the total annual precipitation were analyzed on both national and regional scales. Results indicated that (1) for the whole country, the climatology in the seasonal distribution of precipitation showed that the proportion accounted for 55 % in summer (June–August), for around 20 % in both spring (March–May) and autumn (September–November), and around 5 % in winter (December–February). But the spatial features were region-dependent. The primary precipitation regime, “summer–autumn–spring–winter”, was located in central and eastern regions which were north of the Huaihe River, in eastern Tibet, and in western Southwest China. The secondary regime, “summer–spring–autumn–winter”, appeared in the regions south of the Huaihe River, except Jiangnan where spring precipitation dominated, and the southeastern Hainan Island where autumn precipitation prevailed. (2) For the temporal changes on the national scale, first, where the trends were concerned, the proportion of winter precipitation showed a significantly increasing trend, while that of the other three seasons did not show any significant trends. Second, for the interannual variation, the variability in summer was the largest among the four seasons and that in winter was the smallest. Then, on the decadal scale, China experienced a sharp decrease only in the proportion of summer precipitation in 2000. (3) For the temporal changes on the regional scale, all the concerned 11 geographic regions of China underwent increasing trends in the proportion of winter precipitation. For spring, it decreased over the regions south of the Yellow River but increased elsewhere. The trend in the proportion of summer precipitation was generally opposite to that of spring. For autumn, it decreased over the other ten regions except Inner Mongolia with no trend. It is noted that the interannual variability of precipitation seasonality is large over North China, Huanghuai, and Jianghuai; its decadal variability is large over the other regions, especially over those regions south of the Yangtze River. 相似文献
8.
利用区域气候模式PRECIS（Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies）,首先选取若干旱涝指标,在验证模式对各旱涝指标的模拟能力的基础上,分析SRES A1B（Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A1B）情景下华南地区21世纪中后期（2040~2099年）各旱涝指标相对气候基准时段（1961~1990年）的变化情况,进而初步探讨华南地区未来旱涝情况的可能变化。研究表明,PRECIS能够较好地模拟出所选取的旱涝指标的年际变化和月变化特征;在SRES A1B情景下,21世纪中后期华南地区极端强降水事件的发生频率和强度都将显著增加,且强降水期将有所延长,从而使得华南地区出现雨涝灾害的可能性大大增加。与此同时,华南地区未来在春季、夏季和秋季发生气象干旱的可能性变化不显著,但在冬季发生气象干旱的可能性却将增加,尤其是在21世纪后30年冬季出现气象干旱的可能性更高。 相似文献
9.
未来全球气候变暖情景下华东地区极端降水变化的数值模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
将公用气候系统模式与区域气候模式单向嵌套(CCSM3-RegCM3),分别对1950—1999年和2000—2099年进行大气温室气体中等排放情景(A1B)下中国区域高分辨率连续数值模拟试验,以分析其对我国华东降水量时空变化的模拟能力,探讨未来华东地区极端降水的可能变化。与CRU、CMAP实际降水观测及NCEP再分析资料驱动的RegCM3模拟结果的对比显示,模式系统较好地重现了我国华东降水水平分布、日变化以及极端降水指数变化特征。在此基础上,分析了A1B情景下21世纪中期和后期降水以及东亚夏季风的可能变化。(1)未来中国长江中下游及其以北地区降水普遍增加,以南沿海地区降水相对变化不明显甚至减少,21世纪末期相对21世纪中期更为明显;(2)极端降水指数显示未来长江中下游及其以北地区极端降水增加10%～15%,干旱程度减弱,而南部沿海地区小范围极端降水减少,最大持续无雨期天数增加最大可达30%;(3)未来东亚夏季风偏强,尤其是西南气流加强,致使夏季风明显北推,这是导致长江中下游及其以北地区降水显著增加的主要原因。 相似文献
10.
基于1921—2016年天津地区降水、气温观测数据,对全球降水气候中心降水(GPCC-P)、东英吉利大学气候研究中心气温(CRU-T)进行适用性评估后发现GPCC-P和CRU-T均能较好地反映天津地区降水和气温的变化。在此基础上,进一步利用GPCC-P、CRU-T计算的标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)分析天津地区近百年干旱时空演变特征并判断其未来变化趋势。结果表明:(1)天津干旱主要发生于1940年代初期、1990年代末和2000年代初期,四季均以轻旱和中旱为主,干旱高频季节由秋、冬季逐渐转为春、夏季。(2)天津全区SPEI气候趋势在6个时期除秋季整体呈"升、降、升"分布特征外,春、夏、冬季均表现为"升、降"的分布特征,且夏季下降趋势最为显著,1961—2010年宁河每10 a下降0.30。(3)1921—1970、1931—1980、1941—1990年天津春、冬季湿润化趋势由降水主导,而夏、秋季则由气温和降水协同影响;1951—2000、1961—2010、1971—2016年春季干旱趋势主要受气温影响,夏、冬季则为气温和降水协同影响,随着全球变暖,气温升高对干旱的影响逐渐增强。(4)1921—2016年天津地区四季SPEI与PDO呈负相关关系,春、夏季相关性从西北向东南递减,而秋、冬季相关性则由东南向西北递减。(5)未来夏季天津全区、冬季天津西南部呈干旱化趋势,春季干旱化趋势、秋季湿润化趋势不明显。 相似文献
11.
Carlo Casty Christoph C. Raible Thomas F. Stocker Heinz Wanner Jürg Luterbacher 《Climate Dynamics》2007,29(7-8):791-805
Using monthly independently reconstructed gridded European fields for the 500 hPa geopotential height, temperature, and precipitation
covering the last 235 years we investigate the temporal and spatial evolution of these key climate variables and assess the
leading combined patterns of climate variability. Seasonal European temperatures show a positive trend mainly over the last
40 years with absolute highest values since 1766. Precipitation indicates no clear trend. Spatial correlation technique reveals
that winter, spring, and autumn covariability between European temperature and precipitation is mainly influenced by advective
processes, whereas during summer convection plays the dominant role. Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis is applied to
the combined fields of pressure, temperature, and precipitation. The dominant patterns of climate variability for winter,
spring, and autumn resemble the North Atlantic Oscillation and show a distinct positive trend during the past 40 years for
winter and spring. A positive trend is also detected for summer pattern 2, which reflects an increased influence of the Azores
High towards central Europe and the Mediterranean coinciding with warm and dry conditions. The question to which extent these
recent trends in European climate patterns can be explained by internal variability or are a result of radiative forcing is
answered using cross wavelets on an annual basis. Natural radiative forcing (solar and volcanic) has no imprint on annual
European climate patterns. Connections to CO2 forcing are only detected at the margins of the wavelets where edge effects are apparent and hence one has to be cautious
in a further interpretation.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
12.
A method of moving precipitation totals is described and applied for the analysis of precipitation extremes in Estonia. Numbers of extremely wet and extremely dry days and other indices of precipitation extremes were calculated using the daily precipitation data measured at 51 stations over Estonia during 1957–2009. Mean regularities of spatial and seasonal distribution were determined. Long-term changes were detected using Sen's method and Mann–Kendall test. The highest risk of heavy precipitation is in the regions of higher mean precipitation on the uplands and on the belt of higher precipitation in the western part of continental Estonia. Wet spells have their sharp maxima in July and August. The highest risk of droughts is observed in the coastal regions of West Estonia. In the coastal area, droughts appear mostly in the first half of summer, while in the eastern Estonia, they are usually observed during the second half of summer. Extreme precipitation events have become more frequent and intense. Statistically significant increasing trends were, first of all, found in the time series of winter extreme precipitation indices. In summer and autumn, trends existed in some indices, but in spring, there were no trends at all. There were no trends in time series of dryness indices in Estonia in 1957–2009. 相似文献
13.
本文采用标准降水检验方法、EDI方法和MODE方法对新一代上海区域中尺度模式SMS-WARMS V2.0模式2015年12月至2016年11月的西南地区降水预报效果进行评估。结果表明:(1)模式对西南地区四季的降水TS评分均较高,夏季和秋季相对更高,且在48 h内预报性能比较稳定。(2)预报偏差和TSS评分显示,模式对西南地区春、夏两季的各个量级降水预报均较实况偏多,而对秋季的大暴雨和冬季的大雨以上量级预报则相对偏少。总体而言,对西南地区的降水技巧呈现出预报成功率高于空报率的特征。(3)模式对西南地区的小雨、暴雨和大暴雨预报评分优于EC模式。(4)EDI检验显示模式对西南地区的极端降水有较高的预报技巧,对四川中部和东北部以及贵州西南部的极端降水预报技巧相对更高。(5)模式对2015年8月一次西南涡诱发的暴雨过程的空间落区预报较好,强度较实况偏强。(6)MODE方法统计结果表明,模式对西南地区暴雨预报的目标质心偏差较小,降水中心强度偏强。 相似文献
14.
极端气温和极端降水复合事件的气候特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于1961-2014年的中国台站资料,侧重探讨极端气温和极端降水复合事件的气候特征。结果表明,基于客观方法检测出四类极端复合事件：暖湿、暖干、冷湿和冷干。四类事件的频发区分别位于东北地区、华南地区、西藏及华南地区和长江以南及云贵高原一带。全国暖湿、暖干事件频数呈增加趋势,春夏季频发;冷湿事件频数在西藏东北一带呈增加趋势,而在长江流域呈减少趋势,夏秋冬季频发;冷干事件频数呈减少趋势,秋冬季频发。四类极端复合事件经验正交分解的时间序列主模态均表现为年代际信号。进一步分析四类复合事件与能源消费量的联系表明,极端湿事件与能源消费量呈正相关,而极端干事件则相反。 相似文献
15.
海温与中国黔东南季降水的相关分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用相关分析法分析了1960—2006年黔东南各季降水与海表温度SST的关系。结果表明:不同区域SST与不同季节降水的相关时间、相关程度有较大差异。印度洋B区和NINO W区SST对中国黔东南地区降水影响显著的月份较多,中、东太平洋SST与秋、冬季降水影响显著。春、冬季降水与印度洋B区和NINO W区SST相关最为显著;夏季降水与黑潮A区SST相关最为显著;秋季降水与中、东太平洋的NINO 3.4区和NINO综合区SST相关最显著。ENSO暖事件与发生年冬季和结束年秋、冬季以及结束年的翌年春、夏季降水关系较为密切,ENSO冷事件与发生年的冬季和结束年的秋季降水关系较为密切。 相似文献
16.
The regional climate model （RegCM3）, developed by the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics and nested in one-way mode within the latest version of Community Climate System Model from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, is used to conduct a set of experiments to examine its capability of climate simulation for the past 50 years and to explore possible changes in extreme precipitation （EP） in the next 100 years under the A1B scenario. Compared with the observation from the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia and CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation, RegCM3 reasonably reproduces the spatiotemporal distributions of precipitation and EP in eastern China. Based on the present-day analysis, this study examines the changes in monsoonal precipitation over eastern China in mid- and late-21st century relative to the reference period of 1970-1999. It is found that the precipitation will increase over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and areas to its north, and decrease over coastal areas to its south, especially in late-21st century. The various indices reflecting extreme events showed that the EP will enhance 10%-15% over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and areas to its north, and weaken over the areas to its south. The summer monsoon will strengthen and shift northwards under SERS A1B, bringing more water vapor and energy from the Indian Ocean and South China Sea for precipitation and eventually more precipitation over northern China. 相似文献
17.
INTERANNUAL AND INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS OF LARGE-SCALE MOISTURE SINKS OVER GUANGDONG 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The interannual and interdecadal variations of moisture sinks over Guangdong are discussed with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and observed precipitation data from 1958 to 2004. The results indicate that climatically, the amount of precipitation is larger than that of evaporation in spring and summer.Precipitation and evaporation almost balance each other in autumn and the amount of evaporation is larger than that of precipitation in winter. The interannual signal dominates the variations of moisture sinks in all seasons in Guangdong with a period of three-year oscillation in autumn and winter. Remarkable interdecadal signal characterized by a period of three-decade oscillation can be identified for winter and spring from seasonally averaged moisture sink data and from annually moisture data, with variance percentage larger than 40%. This result indicates that Guangdong is at a transitional stage from positive anomalies to negative anomalies. The moisture sink anomalies in winter and following spring over Guangdong are usually in-phase. Besides, there exist periodic oscillations with periods of 10 to 15 years in summer and autumn. The positive (negative) anomalies of moisture sinks over Guangdong are due to the intensified (weakened) moisture from the tropical areas being transported to the Southern China, accompanied by an intensified (weakened) moisture convergence. 相似文献
18.
用1958～2004年实测降雨量和NCEP／NCAR再分析资料，分析了广东地区大尺度水汽汇的年际和年代际变化特征及其与水汽通量变化的关系。结果表明，气候平均而言，广东春夏季大气向地面输送较多水资源，秋季地气间相互交换的水分相当，冬季由地面向大气输送较多的水资源。四季和年水汽汇的年际分量方差贡献均占主导地位，秋、冬季水汽汇的年际分量有约3年的显著周期。除了显著的年际分量外，冬、春季和年水汽汇的年代际分量方差贡献也较显著，占总方差的40％以上，以30多年的长周期变化为主，目前正处于由正位相向负位相转变的过渡期，预示今后广东有偏旱趋势。广东冬春季水汽汇的异常有显著的同相关系。另外，夏、秋季水汽汇的年代际分量有10～15年的显著周期。广东各季大气水汽汇偏强（弱）是由于从热带低纬输送到南海北部至华南地区的水汽增强（减弱），并伴随着水汽通量的辐合的增强（减弱）造成，但各季水汽通量异常分布型是有差别的。 相似文献
19.
High resolution simulations of January and July climate over the western Alpine region with a nested Regional Modeling system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. R. Marinucci F. Giorgi M. Beniston M. Wild P. Tschuck A. Ohmura A. Bernasconi 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1995,51(3):119-138
Summary High resolution January and July present day climatologies over the central-western Alpine region are simulated with a Regional Climate Model (RegCM) nested within a General Circulation Model (GCM). The RegCM was developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and is run at 20 km grid point spacing. The model is driven by output from a present day climate simulation performed with the GCM ECHAM3 of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI) at T106 resolution (~ 120 km). Five January and July simulations are conducted with the nested RegCM and the results for surface air temperature and precipitation are compared with a gridded observed dataset and a dataset from 99 observing stations throughout the Swiss territory. The driving ECHAM3 simulation reproduces well the position of the northeastern Atlantic jet, but underestimates the jet intensity over the Mediterranean. Precipitation over the Alpine region in the ECHAM3 simulation is close to observed in January but lower than observed in July. Compared to the driving GCM, the nested RegCM produces more precipitation in both seasons, mostly as a result of the stronger model orographic forcing. Average RegCM temperature over the Swiss region is 2–3 degrees higher than observed, while average precipitation is within 30% of observed values. The spatial distribution of precipitation is in general agreement with available gridded observations and the model reproduces the observed elevation dependency of precipitation in the summer. In the winter the simulated elevation of maximum precipitation amounts is lower than observed. Precipitation frequencies are overestimated, while precipitation intensities show a reasonable agreement with observations, especially in the winter. Sensitivity experiments with different cumulus parameterizations, soil moisture initialization and model topography are discussed. Overall, the model performance at the high resolution used here did not deteriorate compared to previous lower resolution experiments.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.With 11 Figures 相似文献
20.
利用1960-2009年咸宁市3个地面气象站气象资料,统计分析近50 a来该区域气温、降水等主要气候要素的年变化、四季变化及年代际变化的趋势特征。结果表明：近50 a研究区气温有上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.23℃/10a,年平均气温在20世纪90年代末发生突变。春秋季平均气温分别在2002年和1999年发生突变,夏季平均气温在2006年发生突变,冬季平均气温早在1990年发生突变。春季与秋季平均气温的变化比较一致,冬季平均气温对全球变暖响应最敏感,春秋与秋季对气候变暖的响应是比较敏感,而夏季对气候变暖的响应最为迟缓。近50 a年降水量呈波动但无明显增降的趋势,其中春夏两季变化趋势较为一致并有下降的趋势,且春夏降水量的变化主导着年降水量的变化;而冬季降水量有上升的趋势。通过对气温与降水变化趋势的比较,发现冬季对气候变化的响应最显著、其余季节无明显相关性。 相似文献