共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
1.
1 INTRODUCTION Inflicting hundreds of millions yuan (RMB) worth of economic losses annually, strong winds and torrential rains caused by tropical cyclones are two of the major meteorological disasters exposed in the southeastern coast of China. Much effort has been devoted to the research on the patterns of TC genesis, evolution and variation. Being to southeast of Chinese mainland, the island of Taiwan is separated from Fujian province by the Taiwan Strait to the west and faces the P… 相似文献
2.
反硝化过程是维系闭合氮循环所必需的氮素形态转化环节。土壤反硝化过程速率及产物比的直接测定是研究氮循环过程机理的基础,但却是一个难题。为解决此难题,德国卡尔斯鲁厄技术研究所与中国科学院大气物理研究所最近合作新建了一套通过氦环境培养-气体同步直接测定土壤反硝化气体--氮气（N2）、氧化亚氮（N2O）、一氧化氮（NO）和二氧化碳（CO2）排放的系统和与之配套的三阶段培养方法。为检验该新建系统和配套方法测定土壤反硝化过程的准确性和可靠性,以华北地区广泛分布的盐碱地农田土壤（采自山西运城）为研究对象开展实验室培养试验,在初始可溶性有机碳（DOC）供应比较充足约300 mgC kg–1干土（d.s.）的条件下,测试了不同初始土壤硝态氮含量水平（10、100 mgN kg–1d.s.左右,分别表示为10N和100N）的反硝化气体和CO2排放过程。结果显示：100N的反硝化速率（定义为N2、N2O 和NO 排放速率之和）显著高于10N 处理（统计检验显著水平p＜0.01）;两个处理的反硝化产物均以N2为主（质量比分别占77%和75%）,产物的NO/N2O摩尔比分别为1.2和1.5,N2O/N2摩尔比均为0.19;土壤反硝化气体动态排放速率及相关指标的测定结果表明,培养土壤中消失的硝态氮被回收81%～87%,培养前后的氮平衡率达92%～95%。因此,该新建方法测定土壤反硝化速率和产物比的结果具有很好的可靠性,为定量研究土壤反硝化过程提供了有效的直接测定手段。研究中检测到的土壤反硝化产物NO/N2O摩尔比大于1,不同于以往用液体培养基纯培养反硝化细菌得出的NO/N2O摩尔比远小于1的结论。这意味着,不能用NO/N2O摩尔比小于1与否来推断土壤排放的N2O和NO是主要来源于反硝化作用还是硝化作用。 相似文献
3.
介绍了运用“修改法”设计同步计数器的方法。该方法与常规的设计方法比较更简单明了特别是对进制数Ｎ较大的同步计数器的设计带来了不少方便且不易出错。 相似文献
4.
5.
6.
文中导得了N层模式的KdV方程,作为例子计算了三层模式的孤立Rossby波流型。基本气流的垂直切变、水平切变和Froude数对孤波流型都有重要影响;不同模态的孤波具有不同流型,不同高度位面上的孤波流型一般是不同的。 相似文献
7.
由国家技术监督局颁发的经修改后的《气象用玻璃液体温度表》检定规程(JJG207-92)对最高温度表提出了一个N值测定的问题．并要求在检定证书上给出N值。这对广大气象计量检定人员和台站观测员来说都是一个新问题。因此有必要对N值作简要的介绍。 相似文献
8.
9.
10.
1999年在常熟农业生态站试验稻田于水稻主要生长季, 利用进口的条件采样装置对水稻低层大气N2O的垂直通量进行了观测, 并在2000年做了补充观测。结果如下:各生长季测定的N2O垂直通量值最多出现在0～2.0 mg·m-2·h-1之间;N2O垂直通量平均日变化最大值出现在下午;插秧期和收割后N2O垂直通量是各个生长季中最小的;观测到N2O负通量现象的出现;在稻田用条件采样技术观测到的低层大气N2O垂直通量大于国内用箱式法观测报道的土壤N2O排放通量。 相似文献
11.
半干旱草原温室气体排放/吸收与环境因子的关系研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
静态箱—气相色谱法对内蒙古半干旱草原连续两年的实验观测研究结果表明，内蒙古草原是大气CO2和N2O的排放源，和CH4的汇。在植物生长不同季节，草原生态系统排放／吸收温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O的日变化形式各有不同，其中在植物生长旺季日变化形式最具特征。三种温室气体的季节排放／吸收高峰主要出现在土壤湿度较大的春融期和降雨较为集中时期。对所有草原植物生长季节，CO2净排放日变化形式均为白天出现排放低值，夜间出现排放高值。较高的温度有利于CO2排放，地上生物量决定着光合吸收CO2量值的高低。影响半干旱草原吸收CH4和排放N2O日变化形式的关键是土壤台水量和供氧状况，日温变化则主要影响日变化强度。吸收CH4和排放N2O的季节变化与土壤湿度季节变化分别呈线性反、正相关，相关系数均在0．4-0．6之间。自由放牧使CO2、N2O和CH4交换速率日较差降低，同时使N2O和CH4年度排放／吸收量减少和CO2年度排放量增加。 相似文献
12.
内蒙古典型草原N2O研究刍议 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
利用中国科学院内蒙古草原生态定位研究站（ＩＭＧＥＲＳ）的气候、土壤、植被、土地利用方式和家畜等方面的资料,根据目前国际上Ｎ２Ｏ的研究进展,分析了内蒙古典型草原区影响Ｎ２Ｏ收支作用的可能控制因子,认为：（１）作为Ｎ２Ｏ主要来源的土壤,其理化性状,尤其是土壤温度、水分状况、土壤有机质和土壤结构等,是影响该地区Ｎ２Ｏ收支平衡的主要控制因子;（２）土地利用方式的改变对Ｎ２Ｏ的释放的影响还不十分清楚。草场农用与一定的耕作管理措施以及对天然草场的人为影响（割草、放牧等）是对Ｎ２Ｏ收支平衡影响的主要方面;（３）家畜排泄物,无论作为本地区的主要燃料,还是作为肥料,在典型草原区Ｎ２Ｏ的释放中起着不可忽视的作用。 相似文献
13.
The relationship of N2O distributions with the Arctic vortex breakup is first analyzed with a probability distribution function （PDF） analysis. The N2O concentration shows different distributions between the early and late vortex breakup years. In the early breakup years, the N2O concentration shows low values and large dispersions after the vortex breakup, which is related to the inhomogeneity in the vertical advection in the middle and high latitude lower stratosphere. The horizontal diffusion coefficient （Kyy） shows a larger value accordingly. In the late breakup years, the N2O concentration shows high values and more uniform distributions than in the early years after the vortex breakup, with a smaller vertical advection and Kyy after the vortex breakup. It is found that the N2O distributions are largely affected by the Arctic vortex breakup time but the dynamically defined vortex breakup time is not the only factor. 相似文献
14.
Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice-wheat rotation as affected by crop residue incorporation and temperature 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Field measurements were made from June 2001 to May 2002 to evaluate the effect of crop residue application and temperature on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions within an entire rice-wheat rotation season.Rapeseed cake and wheat straw were incorporated into the soil at a rate of 2.25 t hm-2 when the rice crop was transplanted in June 2001. Compared with the control, the incorporation of rapeseed cake enhanced the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the rice-growing season by 12.3%, 252.3%, and 17.5%,respectively, while no further effect was held on the emissions of CO2 and N2O in the following wheatgrowing season. The incorporation of wheat straw enhanced the emissions of CO2 and CH4 by 7.1%and 249.6%, respectively, but reduced the N2O emission by 18.8% in the rice-growing season. Significant reductions of 17.8% for the CO2 and of 12.9% for the N2O emission were observed in the following wheatgrowing season. A positive correlation existed between the emissions of N2O and CO2 (R2 = 0.445, n =73, p ＜ 0.001) from the rice-growing season when N2O was emitted. A trade-off relationship between the emissions of CH4 and N2O was found in the rice-growing season. The CH4 emission was significantly correlated with the CO2 emission for the period from rice transplantation to field drainage, but not for the entire rice-growing season. In addition, air temperature was found to regulate the CO2 emissions from the non-waterlogged period over the entire rice-wheat rotation season and the N2O emissions from the nonwaterlogged period of the rice-growing season, which can be quantitatively described by an exponential function. The temperature coefficient (Q10) was then evaluated to be 2.3±0.2 for the CO2 emission and 3.9±0.4 for the N2O emission, respectively. 相似文献
15.
Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Three Paddy Rice Based Cultivation Systems in Southwest China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
To understand methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from permanently flooded rice paddy fields and to develop mitigation options, a field experiment was conducted in situ for two years (from late 2002 to early 2005) in three rice-based cultivation systems, which are a permanently flooded rice field cultivated with a single time and followed by a non-rice season (PF), a rice-wheat rotation system (RW) and a rice-rapeseed rotation system (RR) in a hilly area in Southwest China. The results showed that the total CH4 emissions from PF were 646.3±52.1 and 215.0±45.4 kg CH4 hm-2 during the rice-growing period and non-rice period, respectively. Both values were much lower than many previous reports from similar regions in Southwest China. The CH4 emissions in the rice-growing season were more intensive in PF, as compared to RW and RR. Only 33% of the total annual CH4 emission in PF occurred in the non-rice season, though the duration of this season is two times longer than the rice season. The annual mean N2O flux in PF was 4.5±0.6 kg N2O hm-2 yr-1. The N2O emission in the rice-growing season was also more intensive than in the non-rice season, with only 16% of the total annual emission occurring in the non-rice season. The amounts of N2O emission in PF were ignorable compared to the CH4 emission in terms of the global warming potential (GWP). Changing PF to RW or RR not only eliminated CH4 emissions in the non-rice season, but also substantially reduced the CH4 emission during the following rice-growing period (ca. 58%, P<0.05). However, this change in cultivation system substantially increased N2O emissions, especially in the non-rice season, by a factor of 3.7 to 4.5. On the 100-year horizon, the integrated GWP of total annual CH4 and N2O emissions satisfies PF>>RR≈RW. The GWP of PF is higher than that of RW and RR by a factor of 2.6 and 2.7, respectively. Of the total GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions, CH4 emission contributed to 93%, 65% and 59% in PF, RW and RR, respectively. These results suggest that changing PF to RW and RR can substantially reduce not only CH4 emission but also the total GWP of the CH4 and N2O emissions. 相似文献
16.
Agricultural cropping and animal production systems are important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). The assessment of the importance of N fertilization from synthetic fertilizer, animal wastes used as fertilizers and from N incorporated into the soil through biological N fixation, to global N2O emissions presented in this paper suggests that this source has been underestimated. We estimate that agricultural systems produce about one fourth of global N2O emissions. Methods of mitigating these emissions are presented which, if adopted globally could decrease annual N2O emissions from cropped soils by about 20%. 相似文献
17.
18.
The gas-phase degradation of NH3 in the atmosphere still has many uncertainties. One of them is the possible isomerisation of NH2O to NHOH, as indicated by kinetic studies. Since NH2O is formed during the gas-phase oxidation of ammonia in the troposphere, this reaction can potentially influence the subsequent production of N2O and NOx. So far, the isomerisation has never been implemented into current chemical schemes describing the atmospheric gas-phase degradation of NH3 and its atmospheric relevance has never been assessed. The N2O yield from NH3 degradation is calculated to be in the range of 10–43 %. It depends on the NO2 and O3 concentrations, but is independent of the NH3 concentration. Compared with the results from recent literature, the N2O yield derived from the new mechanism is 20–80% lower, implying a smaller global N2O source strength of 0.4 Tg yr- 1. The production of NH2SO2 seems to be less important for the atmospheric degradation of NH3. NH3 oxidation is a sink for NOx at NOx mixing ratios of more than about 1 ppb and a source at lower NOx burdens. 相似文献
19.
华东地区稻麦轮作农田生态系统N2O排放的模拟研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用DNDC（DeNitrification and DeComposition）模式,对华东地区典型稻麦轮作农田生态系统的N2O排放特征进行了模拟研究。结果表明：该模式能模拟出轮作周期中N2O的主要排放峰值和排放趋势,但与实测值相比,模拟结果普遍有些偏小。相对而言,该模式对旱地阶段的模拟结果比较理想,尤其是对春季小麦返青至成熟期的模拟最好。因此,我们就该阶段影响N2O排放的主要因子进行了敏感性研究。结果指出,对这一阶段N2O排放影响最大的是化肥的施用,其他比较重要的影响因子还包括犁地方式、有机肥、降水量、降水中的N含量以及温度等。 相似文献