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1.
《高原气象》2021,40(4):853-865
利用降水现象仪、地面自动站、人工加密积雪深度逐时观测资料及NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料,对山东2020年1月5-7日罕见雨雪过程的积雪特征及温度影响机制进行了分析。结果表明:(1)降水量突破同期历史极值导致此次雨雪过程成为极端天气事件,地面影响系统为江淮气旋,冷平流较弱,积雪深度是预报难点。(2)整个过程全省各站的平均降雪含水比为0.46 cm·mm~(-1),低于过去20年间的江淮气旋暴雪过程。(3)积雪深度与高空温度、相对湿度和垂直速度的配置有关,在最大上升运动与90%以上相对湿度的叠置层次内,如果环境温度有利于树枝状冰晶增长则积雪深度和降雪含水比大,而环境温度适合空心柱状冰晶增长的则积雪深度小;云下温度高于0℃使得积雪深度减小。(4)积雪深度与近地面温度的关系表现为:气温低于0.5℃可形成有量积雪;0 cm地温对积雪的影响表现在积雪产生之前,降至0.4℃以下可形成有量积雪;雪面温度在产生积雪前后的2 h内维持在0℃左右,其他时段变化与气温类似。(5)降雪含水比基本上随着气温的升高而减小,在0.5 cm·mm~(-1)以上时一般降雪期间气温低于0.4℃。该个例揭示了积雪深度和降雪含水比的预报需要综合考虑高低空气象条件。 相似文献
2.
利用常规观测资料、探空资料、多普勒雷达资料从天气背景、温度层结及雷达回波特征等方面对宁波2004-2008年的7次降雪过程进行综合分析。结果表明:中层西南气流、低层逆温、低层转偏北风及地面气温低于4 ℃是宁波降雪的必要条件, 西南气流的强弱与范围很大程度上决定降雪强度; 冻雨要求中低空存在高于0 ℃的融化层, 下垫面温度低于0 ℃, 降雪则要求冻结层厚度远大于融化层或者没有融化层; 降雪回波特征中, 回波强度一般低于30dBz, 与降雪量对应关系不明显, 水平和垂直反射率因子梯度小, 结构均匀, 一般谱宽小于4 m/ s, 回波顶高低于6000 m; 零度层亮带所在高度的降低、消失与雨雪转换时间基本吻合, 可以利用零度层亮带高度的变化来判断降水性质的转变; 600 hPa以下零速度线随高度的变化, 对雪止临近预报有一定的指示意义。 相似文献
3.
针对2009年2月12—13日沈阳暴雪过程,运用Micaps资料和自动站资料,分析了大尺度天气形势及相关物理量场。结果表明：500 hPa南北两支槽在辽宁的叠加和地面蒙古气旋及江淮气旋的合并是此次暴雪过程的主要成因。强降雪出现在850 hPa涡度和200 hPa散度大值区内,对流层中低层辐合、高层辐散为强降雪提供了有利的动力条件;低空急流为暴雪区水汽来源,亦为对流不稳定能量释放的触发源,暴雪区还具备上干冷下暖湿的热力不稳定条件;降水性质的转换与850 hPa的温度、温度平流和地面气温有直接联系;暴雪过程无论从量级,还是降水起止、雨转雪时间均预报得较为准确,但对降雪量和积雪深度估计不足。 相似文献
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鄂西北两次强降雪的滴谱特征和积雪深度预估方法 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用丹江口站Thies Clima激光雨滴谱仪(TCLPM)和地面人工加密观测资料对2010年12月14—15日和2012年1月20—22日两次强降雪天气滴谱演变特征及预估积雪深度方法进行了分析探讨,结果表明:(1)激光雨滴谱仪能自动识别降水相态,结合地面人工加密观测结果,气温高于0.7℃,降水相态为雨,低于0.7℃为雨夹雪,低于-0.5℃为纯雪,同时发现地面温度低于0.5℃,地面开始有积雪,且这两次过程地面风速比较低有利于地面积雪;(2)激光雨滴谱仪还可以很好地监测强降雪天气滴谱特征演变规律,回波强度(Z)、平均直径(D_m)、降雪粒子水含量(W)、数浓度(N)随降雪强度增强而增大,且两次过程中D_m、Z、N、W均与地面积雪速率(VSD)均有不同程度的正相关性,W与VSD相关性更好,分别达到了0.844和0.926;(3)选取降雪粒子水含量W与地面积雪速率进行一阶拟合,得出地面积雪速率预估方程,通过纯雪阶段地面积雪速率预估值(VSDF)和地面积雪深度预估值(SDF)与利用雨滴谱仪实测资料反演的VSD、SD两者进行比较,发现它们两者非常接近,说明通过这种方法可以较好地预估地面积雪速率和积雪深度,其结果可以再现地面积雪跃增的主要时段。 相似文献
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地面温度测定的是地表与空气交界面的温度,冬季有积雪时测定的是雪面与空气交界面的温度.在观测工作中,发现冬季地温场有积雪时,14时观测地温有时会出现0 cm温度表读数与地面最高温度表读数差值较大的现象.经反复观测,发现是由于地面温度表经过太阳直射,感应部分的积雪融化,与地面脱离,造成0 cm温度表与地面最高温度表读数均迅速上升.观测前30分钟巡视仪器时,因发现温度表下陷雪内,便重新埋放,使0 cm温度表感应部分与雪面重新接触,温度迅速下降,而地面最高温度表则不会下降,这就造成了上述情况. 相似文献
6.
采用高空和地面观测资料,对山东1999—2013年24次有相态逆转降雪过程的影响系统、出现时间、逆转前后的温度变化及各类系统逆转的天气形势特征进行了统计分析。结果表明：1）低槽冷锋、江淮气旋、黄河气旋和暖切变线可在山东产生降水相态逆转,而回流形势降雪不会产生逆转。2）山东降水相态逆转发生在11月—次年4月,以12月和1月居多,12月频率最高;有明显的日变化,14时前后最容易发生逆转,而23时—次日05时最少。3）雪转雨时最显著的特征为地面2 m气温升高,升温幅度多在1～2 ℃;850 hPa以下至地面的温度至少有1～2个层次升温。4）地面2 m气温对逆转的指示性最好,降雪时在0 ℃左右,略高于通常降雪阈值,最低为-1 ℃;其次为1 000 hPa,降雪时接近于0 ℃。5）对流层低层暖平流升温或温度日变化升温导致雪转雨,温度平流弱时温度日变化起主要作用。各类天气系统的逆转范围、时段等有明显差异。因此,对于降雪阈值附近的相态预报,需综合考虑低层温度平流和日变化两个因素,重点关注地面2 m气温能否升温,午后为关键时段。 相似文献
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冬季在降雪或有积雪的日子 ,若不注意 ,会产生地面最高温度失真的情况。本站曾出现过 1月份 1 4时 0ｃｍ温度比该日地面最高温度高 2 .7℃的现象 ,致使该日地面最高温度失真。分析原因 ,由于降雪 ,表身完全被大雪埋住 ,此时的温度示值不是雪面与空气的交界面温度 ,当积雪逐渐融化 ,表身下陷雪中 ,或积雪融化后 ,没有及时安置好温度表 ,其感应部分与土壤没有密贴 ,这时地温表测得的温度也不真实。因此遇到特殊天气 ,要增加巡视仪器的次数。积雪天巡视仪器时 ,均应将表小心从雪中取出 ,放置在雪面上 ,使表身紧贴雪面。雪面开始融化 ,应注意重… 相似文献
8.
一次江淮气旋复杂降水相态特征及成因分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文应用常规探空资料、地面观测资料、欧洲中心细网格(0.25°×0.25°)数值预报初始场资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料分析了山东一次江淮气旋降雪过程的复杂相态特征,并初步分析了成因。结论如下:(1)山东省2014年2月16—17日的雨雪天气过程,降水相态多样性和相态转化复杂性是主要特点,表现为同一时刻雨、雪和雨夹雪三种相态共存,郯城站降水相态逆转(由雨夹雪转雨再转雪),鲁东南地区降雪同时鲁西南地区降雨的"东雪西雨"现象。(2)在系统发展不强的江淮气旋降雪过程中,鲁中山区相对高海拔地区夜间强烈的辐射降温和山脉迎风坡的动力抬升作用均会造成边界层温度的降低,后期对流层低层为东北风控制时,除鲁中山区外,其迎风坡东麓或东北麓(潍坊地区)出现固态降水可能性也较大,一般情况下,地面2 m温度为1~2℃,1 000 hPa温度为0℃左右,925 hPa温度为-3℃左右,可出现固液共存降水现象。(3)相态逆转现象的发生与江淮气旋发展阶段和气温日变化两个因素紧密相关。0℃层在925 hPa上下的状态是一种临界状态,可产生雨夹雪或雨,但0℃层高度下降不是由雨转雪的充分条件,还需考察冷平流发展情况。(4)当江淮气旋生成地偏东(位于长江口附近),且发展不强烈时,山东若受其影响产生降水,后期上游如有新系统发展,可能与气旋共同影响山东,造成复杂相态的江淮气旋降雪过程。 相似文献
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王秀琴 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2012,6(4):64-67
以新疆塔城基准站自动气象站2006年11月—2010年3月积雪深度≥0cm的451天为样本,对0cm地面温度、雪面（草面）温度、气温及云量、日照时数、雪深进行统计分析,找出不同积雪深度下地面温度、雪（草）面温度与气温的关系,结果显示：雪（草）面温度在积雪期,变化趋势与气温一致,受云量及日照时数影响明显,平均雪温低于平均气温;地温随雪深变化有20cm和50cm两个分界点,雪深≤20cm时,地温受雪深、气温影响较大,变化趋势与气温基本一致,地温高于气温,雪层较薄时,受云量和日照影响较明显。雪深超过20cm时,地温变幅趋向定值,地温变化仅受长时间温度变化影响,且不低于-5℃;雪深超过50cm时,地温趋于定值（-1℃）。 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(4):227
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
18.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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《大气科学进展》2014,(6)
正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献