共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 136 毫秒
1.
文章系统地总结了火山活动对气候影响的数值模拟研究，主要结论如下:近百年至千年的气候变化和火山活动关系密切，强火山喷发可造成平流层4℃以上的增温和地表年、月平均温度约0.4℃、1℃的下降。地表温度下降的时空分布受许多因素的影响，如火山喷发特征（包括喷发位置、季节、强度等）；海陆分布；火山气溶胶的光学特性；及其由直接辐射强迫引起的经向潜热输送的变化等等。同时还回顾了1991年皮纳图博喷发的有关研究及其对全球气候的可能影响的数值模拟工作。 相似文献
2.
本文提供了估计近百年大型火山喷发后出现的平流层气溶胶层的新方法.借助不稳定的能量平衡气候模式,完成了近地面温度对火山产生的平流层气溶胶敏感性的计算. 相似文献
3.
Assessment of aerosol effective radiative forcing and surface air temperature response over eastern China in CMIP5 models 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 《大气和海洋科学快报》2017,(3)
气溶胶有效辐射强迫是评估气溶胶气候效应的有效指标。本文利用国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)中7个模式的模拟结果,评估了模式对东亚地区气溶胶光学厚度和有效辐射强迫的模拟水平,并分析了东亚地区平均地表温度对局地人为气溶胶强迫的响应。研究结果显示,大部分模式低估了中国东部和西南部污染地区的气溶胶光学厚度,这可能与模式中气溶胶局地排放、化学过程以及模式分辨率有关;多模式平均的东亚地区气溶胶有效辐射强迫为.4.14 W m.2,气溶胶在东亚地区有明显的降温效应,1850–2005年气溶胶浓度增加使得东亚地区降温.1.05°C。 相似文献
4.
通过比较EMAC模式模拟结果和卫星观测结果证实了模式的可信性,进而利用模拟结果分析研究了2010～2012年青藏高原上空气溶胶光学厚度及其直接辐射强迫的时空分布规律。结果表明:所有气溶胶组分中,沙尘、水溶性气溶胶和气溶胶中液态水是高原的主要消光物质,三者年平均消光占比分别为0.27、0.20和0.49。2011年夏季纳布罗火山爆发,高空气溶胶消光在海拔14 km以上显著增强。青藏高原气溶胶在大气顶和地表的直接辐射强迫分布总体上由北向南递减,沙尘气溶胶在高原北部边缘大气顶产生正辐射强迫,气溶胶大气层直接辐射强迫对大气有增温效应,主要出现在沙尘含量高的地区。此外,受纳布罗火山爆发的影响,平流层气溶胶在2011年秋、冬季产生了明显较强的负辐射强迫,相比于无火山爆发的2010年和 2012年,青藏高原上空平流层气溶胶负辐射强迫在2011年秋季和冬季分别增加了55.50%和52.38%。 相似文献
5.
作者发展了一个从地面上太阳短波直射辐射和能见度信息综合确定大气柱气溶胶总光学厚度和平流层气溶胶光学厚度的方法，并应用这个方法从气象台站观测资料反演得到北京、昆明、喀什、上海、广州、郑州、沈阳、武汉、格尔木和乌鲁木齐等10个地方从1980到1994年间晴天气溶胶光学厚度资料，分析了这些地方气溶胶光学厚度月变化和年变化特征，并侧重分析了1982年墨西哥厄尔奇琼火山和1991年菲律宾皮纳图博火山爆发对气溶胶光学厚度的影响。 相似文献
6.
1.序言从1981年到1984年的中层大气研究计划(MAP)期间,平流层气溶胶的研究以观测为中心,取得了很大进展。特别是在MAP 期间发生了El Chichon火山大喷发,造成平流层气溶胶的增加现象,这一现象是本世纪最大规模在平流层产生气溶胶,在这之后的几年里这些气溶胶的相当数量仍停留在平流层中。因为是在完备观测体制时发生的事 相似文献
7.
1.前言关于平流层气溶胶的研究是以六十年代由Junge等人用气球和飞机进行的平流层气溶胶观测而正式开始的。他们的研究表明,构成平流层气溶胶层的气溶胶,主要是被称作大粒子(Large Particle)的粒子组成的,而且,在这些气溶胶的化学成分中以硫化合物居多。这两点对于考虑平流层气溶胶层的生成机制和维持机制是极为重要的,也是决定今后研究方向的重要依据。不过,观测实例毕竟不是很充分的,留待今后研究的问题还很多。进入七十年代,世界各地建立激光雷达以后,已能探讨气溶胶层的全球变化了。1974年,Fuego火山喷发,世界各地的激光雷达站都监测到了随着喷发平流层气溶胶骤 相似文献
8.
准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6
NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。 相似文献
9.
1992年全球平均温度比皮纳图博火山喷发前一年期间下降了0.3℃,使之成为70年代以来最凉的年份之一。气象学家把全球温度下降归咎于1991年6月皮纳图博火山的喷发。在1992年的头几个月内,气温急剧下 相似文献
10.
通过WACCM-3模式中气溶胶光学厚度与卫星资料的对比发现,模式可以很好地再现全球气溶胶的主要分布特征,但在一些区域还存在数值上的差异。利用数值试验研究对流层气溶胶的直接气候效应对平流层气候的影响,结果表明:对流层气溶胶对平流层气候有明显影响,平流层化学过程在这一影响中起重要作用,而对流层气溶胶对平流层辐射的影响不是其直接气候效应对平流层影响的主要原因。其机制可能是对流层气溶胶改变对流层的辐射平衡,影响对流层的温度和大气环流,进而影响行星波的上传,使得平流层气候发生变化;影响区域主要位于高纬度和极地地区,南半球的变化比北半球大,温度变化最大达10 K,纬向风变化最大可达12 m/s,臭氧体积分数最多减少0.8×10-6。 相似文献
11.
A Modeling Study of the Effects of Direct Radiative Forcing
Due to Carbonaceous Aerosol on the Climate in East Asia 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
The study investigated the effects of global direct radiative forcing due to carbonaceous
aerosol on the climate in East Asia, using the CAM3 developed by NCAR. The results showed that
carbonaceous aerosols cause negative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and surface under
clear sky conditions, but positive forcing at the TOA and weak negative forcing at the surface under
all sky conditions. Hence, clouds could change the sign of the direct radiative forcing at the TOA,
and weaken the forcing at the surface. Carbonaceous aerosols have distinct effects on the summer
climate in East Asia. In southern China and India, it caused the surface temperature to increase,
but the total cloud cover and precipitation to decrease. However, the opposite effects are caused
for most of northern China and Bangladesh. Given the changes in temperature, vertical velocity,
and surface streamflow caused by carbonaceous aerosol in this simulation, carbonaceous aerosol
could also induce summer precipitation to decrease in southern China but increase in northern China. 相似文献
12.
中国地区气溶胶的辐射强迫及其气候响应试验 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12
根据国内测定的排放因子数据和国家、部委及各省市统计年鉴公布的排放源数据,得到的中国大陆的1°×1°网格精度的SO2的排放分布,计算了中国地区人为扰动气溶胶的辐射强迫。应用近期开发的二维能量平衡模式计算了由该种气溶胶所引起的中国地区地面温度变化。模式结果表明,最大辐射强迫和最大地面温度变化都集中在中国的沿海和四川地区。最大辐射强迫达3 W/m2。 相似文献
13.
The authors used a high-resolution regional climate model(RegCM3) coupled with a chemistry/aerosol module to simulate East Asian climate in 2006 and to test the climatic impacts of aerosols on regionalscale climate.The direct radiative forcing and climatic effects of aerosols(dust,sulfate,black carbon,and organic carbon) were discussed.The results indicated that aerosols generally produced negative radiative forcing at the top-of-the-atmosphere(TOA) over most areas of East Asia.The radiative forcing induced by aerosols exhibited significant seasonal and regional variations,with the strongest forcing occurring in summer.The aerosol feedbacks on surface air temperature and precipitation were clear.Surface cooling dominated features over the East Asian continental areas,which varied in the approximate range of-0.5 to-2°C with the maximum up to-3-C in summer over the deserts of West China.The aerosols induced complicated variations of precipitation.Except in summer,the rainfall generally varied in the range of-1 to 1 mm d-1 over most areas of China. 相似文献
14.
东亚地区人为气溶胶直接辐射强迫及其气候效应的数值模拟 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
利用耦合化学过程的区域气候模式RegCM3,模拟研究3种主要人为排放气溶胶(硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳)对东亚区域气候的影响.计算分析近20 a来3种气溶胶的时空分布、综合辐射强迫作用及其对地面气温和降水的影响.模拟结果表明:3种气溶胶冬夏季分布有所不同,冬季气溶胶大值区主要分布在南方地区,而夏季大值区北移;气溶胶短波辐射强迫在大气层顶和地面均为负值;气溶胶的加入对东亚地区地表气温有明显影响,冬季降温中心位于四川盆地,夏季降温大值区位于华北地区.气溶胶直接气候效应使得冬季东亚大部分地区降水减少,夏季东亚地区降水与中国南方地区夏季气溶胶浓度有较好的相关关系,中国东部雨带有南移趋势. 相似文献
15.
The coupled climate model EC-Earth2 is used to investigate the impact of direct radiative effects of aerosols on stationary waves in the northern hemisphere wintertime circulation. The direct effect of aerosols is simulated by introducing prescribed mixing ratios of different aerosol compounds representing pre-industrial and present-day conditions, no indirect effects are included. In the EC-Earth2 results, the surface temperature response is uncorrelated with the highly asymmetric aerosol radiative forcing pattern. Instead, the anomalous extratropical temperature field bears a strong resemblance to the aerosol-induced changes in the stationary-wave pattern. It is demonstrated that the main features of the wave pattern of EC-Earth2 can be replicated by a linear, baroclinic model forced with latent heat changes corresponding to the anomalous convective precipitation generated by EC-Earth2. The tropical latent heat release is an effective means of generating stationary wave trains that propagate into the extratropics. Hence, the results of the present study indicate that aerosol-induced convective precipitation anomalies govern the extratropical wave-field changes, and that the far-field temperature response dominates over local effects of aerosol radiative forcing. 相似文献
16.
利用SBDART（Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer）辐射传输模式,结合AERONET（Aerosol Robotic Network）北京站观测的气溶胶光学特性数据,评估北京地区近十年气溶胶以及黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫,主要研究结果如下:北京近十年气溶胶平均光学厚度（aerosol optical depth, AOD440nm）为0.61±0.56,?ngstr?m波长指数均值为1.09,单次散射反照率（single scattering albedo, SSA440nm）的均值为0.888±0.045;AOD呈现下降趋势,SSA呈上升趋势,表明该区域气溶胶污染有所改善。晴空条件下,大气层顶、地面和大气的气溶胶直接辐射强迫多年均值分别为?24.91±19.80 W m?2、?65.52±43.78 W m?2、40.61±28.62 W m?2,即气溶胶对大气层顶和地表为冷却效应,对大气产生加热作用。气溶胶和黑碳气溶胶的直接辐射强迫绝对值的年际变化表现为微弱的下降趋势,季节变化特征为春夏季高,冬季低,这与AOD的变化规律一致。并且黑碳气溶胶的直接辐射强迫下降趋势与SSA的上升趋势呈现较好的反位相关系。 相似文献
17.
Simulation of the radiative effect of black carbon aerosols and the regional climate responses over China 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
As part of the development work of the Chinese new regional climate model (RIEMS), the radiative process of black carbon (BC) aerosols has been introduced into the original radiative procedures of RIEMS,and the transport model of BC aerosols has also been established and combined with the RIEMS model.Using the new model system, the distribution of black carbon aerosols and their radiative effect over the China region are investigated. The influences of BC aerosole on the atmospheric radiative transfer and on the air temperature, land surface temperature, and total rainfall are analyzed. It is found that BC aerosols induce a positive radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), which is dominated by shortwave radiative forcing. The maximum radiative forcing occurs in North China in July and in South China in April. At the same time, negative radiative forcing is observed on the surface. Based on the radiative forcing comparison between clear sky and cloudy sky, it is found that cloud can enforce the TOA positive radiative forcing and decrease the negative surface radiative forcing. The responses of the climate system in July to the radiative forcing due to BC aerosols are the decrease in the air temperature in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River and Huaihe area and most areas of South China, and the weak increase or decrease in air temperature over North China. The total rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River area is increased, but it decreased in North China in July. 相似文献
18.
Anthropogenic aerosols play an important role in the atmospheric energy balance. Anthropogenic aerosol optical depth (AOD) and its accompanying shortwave radiative forcing (RF) are usually simulated by nu- merical models. Recently, with the development of space-borne instruments and sophisticated retrieval algorithms, it has become possible to estimate aerosol radiative forcing based on satellite observations. In this study, we have estimated shortwave direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols over oceans in all-sky conditions by combining clouds and the Single Scanner Footprint data of the Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES/SSF) experiment, which provide measurements of upward shortwave fluxes at the top of atmosphere, with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol and cloud products. We found that globally averaged aerosol radiative forcing over oceans in the clear-sky conditions and all-sky conditions were -1.03±0.48 W m-2 and -0.34 ±0.16 W m-2, respectively. Direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols shows large regional and seasonal variations. In some regions and in particular seasons, the magnitude of direct forcing by anthropogenic aerosols can be comparable to the forcing of greenhouse gases. However, it shows that aerosols caused the cooling effect, rather than warming effect from global scale, which is different from greenhouse gases. 相似文献
19.
人为气溶胶的直接辐射效应及其对南亚冬季风的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
运用区域气候模式RegCM4.0(Regional Climate Model Verson 4.0)耦合入一个化学过程,对硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳这3种人为气溶胶的时空分布特征和直接辐射效应进行了数值模拟,进而研究了气溶胶对南亚冬季风的影响。结果表明:光学厚度和地表短波辐射强迫的时空变化可能主要受硫酸盐气溶胶的影响。在南亚夏季风向冬季风转换时期和南亚冬季风盛行时期,大气层顶和地表的负短波辐射强迫分布与气溶胶分布基本一致,地表辐射强迫强度绝对值比大气层顶辐射强迫强度绝对值大得多。相关分析和合成分析表明:在南亚夏季风向冬季风转换时期和南亚冬季风盛行时期,南亚人为气溶胶主要分布区中的气溶胶柱浓度含量与南亚冬季风的建立和强度有反相关关系。这与气溶胶吸收太阳辐射,从而引起气温和位势高度的变化有关。 相似文献