共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 26 毫秒
1.
Heat flux data collected from the Baiyangdian Heterogeneous Field Experiment were analyzed using the footprint method. High resolution （25 m） Landsat-5 satellite imaging was used to determine the land cover as one of four surface types： farmland, lake, wetland, or village. Data from two observation sites in September 2005 were used. One site （Wangjiazhai） was characterized by highly heterogeneous surfaces in the central area of the Baiyangdian： lake/wetland. The other site （Xiongxian） was on land with more uniform surface cover. An improved Eulerian analytical flux footprint model was used to determine “source areas” of the heat fluxes measured at towers located at each site from surrounding landscapes of mixed surface types. In relative terms results show that wetland and lake areas generally contributed most to the observed heat flux at Wangjiazhai, while farmland contributed most at Xiongxian. Given the areal distribution of surface type contributions, calculations were made to obtain the magnitudes of the heat flux from lake, wetland and farmland to the total observed flux and apportioned contributions of each surface type to the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Results show that on average the sensible heat flux from wetland and farmland were comparable over the diurnal cycle, while the latent heat flux from farmland was somewhat larger by about 30-50 W m-2 during daytime. The latent and sensible fluxes from the lake source in daytime were about 50 W m-2 and 100 W m-2 less, respectively, than from wetland and farmland. The results are judged reasonable and serve to demonstrate the potential for flux apportionment over heterogeneous surfaces. 相似文献
2.
中国西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季的热力输送 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
以敦煌戈壁站2004年6月和2008年8月的常规观测和超声观测为例,分析了西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季热力输送的一般过程及特征。首先评价了湍流通量的观测质量以及仪器观测的地表能量通量闭合问题,结果表明敦煌戈壁站的观测在白天总体较好。夏季地表能量通量的平均日变化显示,潜热通量整天都很小,可以忽略,白天到达地表的短波辐射以及地表向上的长波辐射非常强,地表净辐射主要转化为感热输送（敦煌戈壁站在中午时平均分别达380W·m-2以上和250W·m-2以上）;夜间土壤释放热量以平衡地表的辐射冷却,感热通量略低于0。白天时地表大气经常触发自由对流活动,影响动量通量的观测质量,并有效输送地表热力至上层大气中,有助于形成超厚大气边界层。分析了戈壁下垫面的动量粗糙度特征和热力粗糙度特征（敦煌戈壁站动量粗糙度约为0．6mm）,热力粗糙度基本小于动量粗糙度一个量级,这符合目前对干旱区戈壁下垫面热力输送特征的初步认识。 相似文献
3.
南疆沙漠腹地大气边界层湍流通量特征的观测研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用新疆塔中站2006年4月、8月的三维风速。温度和水汽脉动资料,运用涡旋相关法计算得到了春、夏季塔中10m高度的动量、感热和潜热通量。结果表明,塔中地区地表热量输送以感热输送为主。春季每天的最大感热通量变化范围为120—320W·m^-2,月平均值为220W·m^-2;夏季最大感热通量的变化范围为140—340W·m^-2,月平均值为230W·m^-2。感热通量值在夜间为负,白天为正,符号的改变出现在日出、日落前后。夏季潜热通量最大值一般为20—60W·m^-2,平均值为27W·m^-2,潜热通量比感热通量小一个量级。春季动量通量的平均值为-0．063W·m^-2,夏季动量通量的平均值为-0．091W·m^-2。日变化规律比较明显,日出后,动量向下传输增大,在09-10时（地方时）出现一个最大值,随后动量向下传输并开始减小。 相似文献
4.
根据1998年南海季风试验西沙海面铁塔梯度观测资料，利用总体（Bulk）系数法和多层结通量廓线法对西沙海面的海-气通量进行了估算，得出两种方法估算的潜热通量、感热通量基本一致。总体系数法估算的潜热通量比多层结通量廓线法略大1～3 W·m-2，感热通量小0～1.5 W·m-2。一般而言，季风爆发期间潜热输送逐渐增加；季风爆发前期夜间潜热通量比季风爆发后期大；季风爆发后期，白天潜热通量明显大于爆发初期和中期。感热通量季风爆发前海面向大气输送，爆发后期大气向海面输送。动量通量和摩擦速度随风速增加。 相似文献
5.
In mountainous lake areas, lake–land and mountain–valley breezes interact with each other, leading to an "extended lake breeze". These extended lake breezes can regulate and control energy and carbon cycles at different scales. Based on meteorological and turbulent fluxes data from an eddy covariance observation site at Erhai Lake in the Dali Basin,southwest China, characteristics of daytime and nighttime extended lake breezes and their impacts on energy and carbon dioxide exchange in 2015 are investigated. Lake breezes dominate during the daytime while, due to different prevailing circulations at night, there are two types of nighttime breezes. The mountain breeze from the Cangshan Mountain range leads to N1 type nighttime breeze events. When a cyclonic circulation forms and maintains in the southern part of Erhai Lake at night, its northern branch contributes to the formation of N2 type nighttime breeze events. The prevailing wind directions for daytime, N1, and N2 breeze events are southeast, west, and southeast, respectively. Daytime breeze events are more intense than N1 events and weaker than N2 events. During daytime breeze events, the lake breeze decreases the sensible heat flux(Hs) and carbon dioxide flux(FCO_2) and increases the latent heat flux(LE). During N1 breeze events, the mountain breeze decreases Hs and LE and increases FCO_2. For N2 breeze events, the southeast wind from the lake surface increases Hs and LE and decreases suppress carbon dioxide exchange. 相似文献
6.
针对2004年5月26日-2005年10月15日盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统碳通量、感热通量和潜热通量资料进行分析。结果表明:芦苇湿地具有较强的碳汇作用;2005年芦苇湿地固定二氧化碳为13.32 t/hm2,日平均感热通量和潜热通量分别为2 464 kJ/m2和3 880 kJ/m2。2004年和2005年6～9月的日累积值波文比平均值均为0.15。芦苇湿地碳通量、感热通量和潜热通量的日动态呈单峰单谷型变化,极值出现在中午前后,夜间线形平直。芦苇生长季白天通量绝对值远较夜间大,白天碳吸收,夜间碳排放。CO2浓度年平均日变化曲线亦为单谷单峰型,夜间浓度较高且逐渐升高,直到日出前达到峰值;日出后急剧下降,傍晚又开始逐渐增加。芦苇湿地感热通量昼正夜负,潜热通量与林地不同,全天为正。各通量季节变化明显,冬季CO2通量日变化不明显,趋近于零;感热通量总体向上输送,春季数值较大,生长季数值较小;潜热通量冬季最小,接近0,春季开始显著增加,生长季达到最大。 相似文献
7.
城市近地层湍流通量及CO2通量变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用北京325m气象塔47m高度上2006年全年连续观测获得的湍流资料,分析了北京城市近地层动量通量、感热通量、潜热通量和CO2通量的典型日变化、月平均日变化和季节变化特征。分析结果显示:动量通量具有明显的单波峰日变化特征,在15时(北京时间)左右达到最大,季节变化中春季最大,冬季次之,夏、秋季最小;感热通量和潜热通量全年变化范围分别为-92～389W.m-2和-75～376W.m-2,其日变化也表现为单波峰特征。感热通量的日变化受城市下垫面和人为热源影响,入夜后虽然降为负值,但只略小于0。阴雨天感热通量和潜热通量均很小,降雨前后有明显区别。感热和潜热最大值分别在春季3月和夏季6月,最小值都在冬季1月;城市下垫面CO2通量总表现为正值,即净排放,最大值为3.88mg.m-2.s-1,不稳定情况下最小值小于-2mg.m-2.s-1。受到人类活动的影响,CO2通量的日变化特征在工作日与周末有明显区别;由于冬季采暖,CO2通量明显大于夏季;在夜间,CO2通量受进城车辆的影响也出现高值。 相似文献
8.
Measurement of the Sensible Eddy Heat Flux Based on Spatial Averaging of Continuous Ground-Based Observations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Mauder R. L. Desjardins E. Pattey Z. Gao R. van Haarlem 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,128(1):151-172
Using the standard eddy-covariance (EC) method to quantify mass and energy exchange at a single location usually results in
an underestimation of vertical eddy fluxes at the surface. In order to better understand the reasons for this underestimation,
an experimental set-up is presented that is based on spatial averaging of air temperature data from a network of ground-based
sensors over agricultural land. For eight days during the 34-day observational period in May and June 2007, additional contributions
to the sensible heat flux of more than 50Wm−2 were measured in the lower surface layer by applying the spatial EC method as opposed to the standard temporal EC method.
Smaller but still significant additional sensible heat fluxes were detected for four more days. The additional energy is probably
transported in organised convective structures resulting in a mean vertical wind velocity unequal to zero at the tower location.
The results show that convective transport contributes significantly to the surface energy budget for measurement heights
as low as 2–3 m. Since these structures may be quasi-stationary, they can hardly be captured by a single-location measurement.
The spatial EC set-up presented here is capable of quantifying contributions to the sensible heat flux from structures up
to the scale of our spatial sensor network, which covered an area 3.5 × 3.5 km. For future experiments aiming at closing the
energy balance, the spatial EC method should be employed to measure both the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Experimental
determination of the horizontal advection of sensible and latent heat should also be considered, since such transport must
occur due to convergence and divergence related to convection. 相似文献
9.
Matthias Mauder Raymond L. Desjardins Ian MacPherson 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,129(3):431-450
The objective of this study is to produce two-dimensional maps of the sensible and the latent heat fluxes from airborne measurements,
based on the analysis of a flight pattern, called grid flights. A footprint model with along-wind and cross-wind components
was used to project the measured fluxes onto the surface map. The method was applied to measurements over Arctic tundra during
the Mackenzie Area GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) Study (MAGS) 1999. The resulting flux estimates were computed
by integration of a wavelet transform, and corrected for long wavelength losses using information from 100 km long regional
runs that were conducted close to the grid flights. The random flux error was estimated based on the flight length that is
represented in each map element, and a map resolution of 3 × 3 km was chosen in order to keep the average random error of
the latent heat flux below 25%. The random error of the sensible heat flux was smaller by a factor of 1.4 on average. An analysis
of airborne flux measurements at different altitudes showed no significant increase of flux estimates for measurement heights
below 90 m. Thus, the fluxes measured at heights between 48 and 64 m were not corrected for vertical flux divergence. The
resulting flux maps provide quantitative two-dimensional estimates of the energy exchange between the surface and the atmosphere
during the snow melt period in an Arctic environment, which are well-suited for calibration and validation of numerical models. 相似文献
10.
白洋淀地区非均匀大气边界层的综合观测研究——实验介绍及近地层微气象特征分析 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
介绍了国家自然科学基金重点项目 "地表通量参数化与大气边界层过程的基础研究" 在河北省白洋淀地区进行的两次综合观测实验(时间分别是2004年11月16～22日和2005年9月8～27日),这两次实验获得了大量宝贵的资料,全面深入的资料分析正在进行中.此文主要限于白洋淀地区水陆不均匀地表近地面层微气象特征的分析.结果表明: 陆地上近地面层的气温日变化比水域上的大,而风速比水域上的小,其中9月份陆地上白天的气温比水域上的高,夜间比水域上的低,11月份两地白天气温接近,但夜间陆地上的气温明显偏低; 无论是9月还是11月,水域上近地面层都是以下沉气流为主,而陆地则在中午前后存在弱的上升运动; 9月份,两地的近地面层短波射入辐射比较接近,但水域上的短波射出辐射比陆地上的大; 长波射入辐射则是陆地比水域的大,而长波射出辐射则是水域的比陆地的大; 两地的净辐射白天接近,夜间水域地区负的净辐射值明显比陆地的大; 9月份,水陆两地的感热通量相差不大,为150～200 W/m2,而潜热通量比感热通量大,天气晴朗时可达到300 W/m2; 11月份,陆地的感热通量比潜热通量大,为100～120 W/m2,而水域地区的感热通量则与潜热通量相当; 两地的潜热通量相差不大,一般不超过50 W/m2.无论是9月还是11月,水域地区夜间都存在水汽向下输送的逆湿现象,而陆地只在9月份存在逆湿现象.2005年9月份的水温观测结果表明,白洋淀水体平均温度比水表平均温度明显偏高,而且日变化幅度很小,水表平均温度则日变化较大. 相似文献
11.
选取1981年7月-2006年12月美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)系列卫星观测的归一化植被指数(NDVI)资料和Ch-INDV参数化关系式,计算了我国西北干旱区84个测站历年各月的地表热力输送系数Ch值和地面感热通量序列,得到如下主要结论:(1)西北干旱区地面感热通量实际计算值与ERA-40再分析感热资料相比,两者在数值大小、分布形势和年际变化趋势上均较一致,感热实际计算值的空间分布更明显地突出了各气象站所在区域的局地特征。(2)西北干旱区地面感热输送呈单峰型年变化特征,春、夏季非常强,秋、冬季较弱;大部分区域全年均为正值,地表为感热源。(3)以97.5°E为界,西北干旱区东、西部具有不同的年际变化趋势,东部的地面感热四季均有逐年增加的趋势,而西部秋、冬季逐年略有增加,春、夏季逐年减弱明显,气候倾向率分别为-1.15 W.m-2.(10a)-1和-2.08W.m-2.(10a)-1。(4)西北干旱区地面感热输送具有明显的年代际变化特征,1980年代总体偏强,1990年代总体偏弱,2000年以来,西北地区中部的感热输送偏弱,东、西部除个别测站外均偏强。(5)西北干旱区的感热变化并不只由地气温差的变化来决定,它与地面风速和地表状况的变化也有较强的依赖关系。在冬季,主要响应地气温差的变化,春季地面风速和地气温差的影响作用同等重要,夏季以地面风速的影响为主,地气温差的影响次之,秋季与夏季相反。另外,夏季地表状况对感热的影响作用也不容忽视。 相似文献
12.
Simulation of the Bare Soil Surface Energy Balance at the Tongyu Reference Site in Semiarid Area of North China 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 ZHANG Xia 《大气和海洋科学快报》2010,3(6):330-335
The performance of a 1-D soil model in a semiarid area of North China was investigated using observational data from a cropland station at the Tongyu reference site of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) during the non-growing period, when the ground surface was covered with bare soil. Comparisons between simulated and observed soil surface energy balance components as well as soil temperatures and water contents were conducted to validate the soil model. Results show that the soil model could produce good simulations of soil surface temperature, net radiation flux and sensible heat flux against observed values with the RMSE of 1.54oC, 7.71 W m-2 and 27.79 W m-2, respectively. The simulated volumetric soil water content is close to the observed values at various depths with the maximal difference between them being 0.03. Simulated latent heat and ground heat fluxes have relatively lower errors in relative to net radiation and sensible heat flux. In conclusion, the soil model has good capacity to simulate the bare soil surface energy balance at the Tongyu cropland station and needs to be further tested in longer period and at more sites in semiarid areas. 相似文献
13.
利用2008年4~5月大理国家气候观象台近地面层观测系统的梯度、涡动相关通量观测资料,结合背景场环流分析,分析了西南季风爆发前后大理近地面层的风速、风向变化特征、风速廓线和垂直切变变化特征以及动量、感热和潜热通量变化特征。结果显示:西南季风爆发前,大理近地层风向以东南风为主,平均风速较大;风速日变化的双峰型特征较显著,风速的垂直切变大,动量通量数值较大且日变化特征较明显。西南季风爆发后,大理近地层西北风频率显著增加,平均风速减小;风速日变化以单锋型为主,风速垂直切变较前期显著减小,动量通量数值减小而日变化特征较不显著。西南季风开始前后大理地气热量交换都以潜热为主,西南季风开始前一旬期间,潜热通量的逐日变化特点是随时间逐渐减少,感热通量逐渐增大,二者差值逐渐减小;西南季风开始后潜热通量的逐日变化为逐渐增大而感热通量逐渐减少,二者差值逐渐增大。就月平均值的日变化而言,潜热通量峰值变化不大,雨季略低于干季的4月;感热通量4~6月的月平均逐月降低。其原因既与雨季天气的变化有关,也与下垫面状况的改变相联系。 相似文献
14.
Boundary-layer heat and moisture budgets from fife 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. K. Betts R. L. Desjardins J. I. Macpherson R. D. Kelly 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1990,50(1-4):109-138
Aircraft stacks were flown upwind and downwind of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) site in Kansas to measure the heat and moisture budgets of the boundary layer under fairly clear skies for four daytime periods. In this paper, we evaluate the terms in the conservation equation. The vertical flux divergence and advection do not account for the difference between surface and low-level aircraft flux estimates. Budget estimates of the surface fluxes using the aircraft data agree well with surface flux measurements, but extrapolation of the aircraft fluxes gives surface fluxes that are too low. With the 5 km cutoff filter used, the aircraft underestimate for sensible heat flux is about 40%, and for the latent heat flux about 30%. Part of the underestimation is attributable to long-wavelength contributions (longer than the 5 km filter), but more investigation is needed. 相似文献
15.
The role of a river of small dimensions in driving the surface exchange of sensible and latent heat fluxes at the bottom of
a valley is investigated using large-eddy simulation (LES). Simulations were performed using different valley topographies,
river widths and large-scale wind speed and direction. In all cases, the river acted as a sink of both sensible and latent
heat during daytime. Despite the general agreement concerning the flux direction above the river surface, specific differences
exist between the simulations. The topography enhances the wind divergence caused by the river, and the larger negative surface
fluxes above the river occur when there are no slopes, a consequence of larger wind speeds above the river. For large-scale
winds aligned with the valley axis, the surface fluxes depend on the large-scale wind speed, but this dependence is reduced
if the large-scale wind is perpendicular to the valley axis. There is a minimum of temperature and a maximum of specific humidity
above the river surface. The scalar budgets show that sensible heat flux converges above the river, being balanced by the
warm air subsidence at the centre of the valley. Latent heat fluxes, on the other hand, converge above the river surface,
and they are balanced by the horizontal advection of humidity towards the river margins. 相似文献
16.
利用船测资料分析一次冷空气过程中东海海域海气通量特征及海洋表面热收支变化特征。2017年5月5日20时—6日14时冷空气过境期间,动量通量平均值为0.22 N·m-2。感热和潜热通量的平均值分别为27.17 W·m-2和90.25 W·m-2,是春季整个观测期间（2017年4月20日—5月26日）平均值的2.8倍和1.1倍。冷空气爆发当天,净热通量为-12.73 W·m-2,海洋失热。白天海表面热收入58.36 W·m-2,影响海面热收支变化的主要是净辐射通量和潜热通量。夜间海表面热支出156.89 W·m-2,海洋作为热源向大气释放潜热99.79 W·m-2,占海洋释放能量过程的63.61%,向大气释放感热27.11 W·m-2,占海表释放热量的17.28%,海表面损失的热量主要以潜热的形式向大气传输。 相似文献
17.
Three-year Variations of Water, Energy and CO$_2$ Fluxes of Cropland and Degraded Grassland Surfaces in a Semi-arid Area of Northeastern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Based on 3 years （2003-05） of the eddy covariance （EC） observations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semi-arid area of Tongyu （44°25′N, 122°52′E, 184 m a.s.1.）, Northeast China, seasonal and annual variations of water, energy and CO2 fluxes have been investigated. The soil moisture in the thin soil layer （at 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m） clearly indicates the pronounced annual wet-dry cycle; the annual cycle is divided into the wet （growing season） and dry seasons （non-growing season）. During the growing season （from May to September）, the sensible and latent heat fluxes showed a linear dependence on the global solar radiation. However, in the non-growing season, the latent heat flux was always less than 50 W m^-2, while the available energy was dissipated as sensible, rather than latent heat flux. During the growing season in 2003-05, the daily average sensible and latent heat fluxes were larger on the cropland surface than on the degraded grassland surface. The cropland ecosystem absorbed more CO2 than the degraded grassland ecosystem in the growing season in 2003-05. The total evapotranspiration on the cropland was more than the total precipitation, while the total evapotranspiration on the degraded grassland was almost the same as the total annual precipitation in the growing season. The soil moisture had a good correlation with the rainfall in the growing season. Precipitation in the growing season is an important factor on the water and carbon budget in the semi-arid area. 相似文献
18.
利用“全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验(CAMP/Tibet)”中那曲地区BJ站2002年8月1日\_2003年8月31日的观测资料作为水热耦合模式(Simultaneous Heat and Water, SHAW)的强迫场,对青藏高原中部季节冻土区地表能量通量特征进行了单点模拟研究。通过对实测值与模拟结果的对比分析,发现SHAW模式能较成功地模拟该地区地表能量通量特征, 短波净辐射和长波净辐射的模拟值与观测值吻合较好, 净辐射和土壤热通量在夏半年的模拟值与观测值也吻合,但相对夏\, 秋季而言,它们在冬\, 春季的模拟值较观测值略偏大。模拟的感热和潜热通量的季节变化比较合理,由模拟的感热和潜热通量计算的Bowen比能较好地解释不同季节太阳辐射的能量转化。 相似文献
19.
白洋淀水陆不均匀地区能量平衡特征分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
应用2005年9月在河北白洋淀地区进行的大气边界层综合观测实验资料, 对水陆不均匀地表条件下的白洋淀地区陆地的能量平衡特征进行了分析。结果表明: (1) 该地区存在能量不闭合现象。涡动相关法得到的感热、 潜热之和仅为有效能的75%, 其中涡动相关法得到的潜热通量为Bowen比法得到的潜热通量的70%, 而涡动相关法得到的感热通量为Bowen比法得到的感热通量的77% 。 (2) 地表潜热通量和感热通量随着净辐射的变化而变化。但潜热通量明显比感热通量大, 净辐射主要消耗于地表的水汽蒸发。 (3) 该地区白天的Bowen比平均在-0.4~0.4之间, 总体平均为0.131。受天气条件影响较大, 有明显的日变化, 午后15:00以后近地面层会出现逆温, Bowen比变为负值。 (4) 能量闭合程度有一定的日变化, 随着太阳高度角的增大而增大。 相似文献
20.
Nan GE Lei ZHONG Yaoming MA Yunfei FU Mijun ZOU Meilin CHENG Xian WANG Ziyu HUANG 《大气科学进展》2021,38(8):1299-1314
正Nan GE1, Lei ZHONG*1,2,3, Yaoming MA4,5,6, Yunfei FU1, Mijun ZOU1,Meilin CHENG1, Xian WANG1, and Ziyu HUANG1 相似文献