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1.
北太平洋风暴轴“深冬抑制”现象的能量分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
采用欧洲中期天气预报中心逐日再分析资料（ERA-40）,从局地能量变化方程出发,通过分析北太平洋风暴轴区域对流层不同层次局地能量的季节演变过程,对风暴轴区域各能量项在“深冬抑制”现象中的作用进行了深入探讨。结果表明,天气尺度扰动动能的季节变化可以很好地反映北太平洋风暴轴的“深冬抑制”现象,并且该现象在对流层上层最为显著,其发生概率约为80％,其中20世纪70年代中后期到80年代前期抑制最强。从同期各能量项的变化来看,扰动动能的变化主要受斜压能量转换项、涡动非地转位势通量的散度项和正压能量转换项的影响。在深冬季节,由于消耗扰动动能的正压能量转换项虽有些微弱减少从而使得扰动动能有所增加,但为风暴轴提供扰动动能的斜压能量转换项和涡动非地转位势通量的散度项减少的幅度却更大,因而总的效果是扰动动能大为减小,这可能是造成北太平洋风暴轴“深冬抑制”现象的直接原因。 相似文献
2.
冬季北大西洋风暴轴的东西变化及其能量诊断 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,定义一个风暴轴经度指数,基于这个指数做合成分析,对冬季北大西洋风暴轴63 a(1948-2010年)的东西变化特征及其能量平衡差异进行了诊断。主要结论如下:(1)北大西洋风暴轴存在明显地东扩和西退。当风暴轴向东扩展时,天气尺度瞬变波可以向下游发展至乌拉尔山以东的亚洲上空;风暴轴西退时,天气尺度瞬变波活动范围向西收缩到15°W以西的大洋上空。(2)能量诊断表明,当风暴轴向东扩展时,涡动动能在高纬度的大西洋东部及西欧上空明显增强。在0°以西的区域,涡动动能的增强主要归因于能量斜压转换过程的增强;而在0°以东区域,涡动动能的增强可能与涡动非地转位势通量引起的"下游发展效应"增强有关。风暴轴向西收缩时,变化相反。 相似文献
3.
利用1979~2013年NCEP再分析数据,通过经验正交分解对比了前冬时期北大西洋风暴轴的高低空分布,并用涡动动能(Eddy Kinetic Energy,EKE)方程对风暴轴高低空分布型差异进行了诊断。研究结果表明:上层和下层第一空间分布型差异巨大,对流层下层风暴轴中心偏北,靠近极地,而上层风暴轴中心偏西南,靠近北美沿岸。EKE方程诊断结果表明:正压转换项在高低空符号相反,导致了EKE在上、下层分布出现显著差异,即上层正压转换项为负,在扰动发展中起能量耗散作用,而下层正压转换项为正,且极大值区域对应下层EKE极大值区域,为风暴轴下层向极区域增强的主要原因。而斜压转换和非地转位势通量散度在上层均为正,且远大于下层,为风暴轴上层涡动能量维持的原因,也从涡动能量收支上解释了风暴轴的主体出现在上层。 相似文献
4.
冬季北半球风暴轴能量演变的个例分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用观测资料,从扰动能量变化方程出发,通过分析能量的逐日演变过程,对风暴轴的各种内部因素在其维持中的作用进行了详细探讨。结果发现,涡动非地转位热能量所引起的“下游发展效应”是风暴轴得以在一常定区域维持的重要因素。 相似文献
5.
冬季西北太平洋海表温度异常对太平洋风暴轴影响的数值试验 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：6
采用Ｔ２１Ｌ５大气环流模式，详细探讨了冬季西北太平洋海表温度异常对太平洋风暴轴的影响。结果表明：冬季西北太平洋暖海表温度异常能显著增强异常区北侧及下游地区的斜压性，天气尺度扰动方差、扰动动能以及涡动热量通量等也在此风暴轴入口区得到增强，由此揭示出外热源强迫对太平洋风暴轴的维持和发展起重要作用。 相似文献
6.
西伯利亚风暴轴的气候特征及其可能维持机制 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
基于1959—2014年NCEP/NCAR的逐日再分析资料,首先研究了西伯利亚风暴轴各季节的气候平均特征,然后以冬季为例,利用能量诊断方程,从能量学的角度对其的可能维持机制进行了探讨,并在上述分析过程中与北半球两大洋风暴轴的特征进行了对比。结果表明:(1)西伯利亚风暴轴一年四季都独立存在,虽强度要比两大洋风暴轴的强度弱很多且位置偏北,但可以定义为一个弱风暴轴。(2)比较来看,西伯利亚风暴轴强度的季节变化与北太平洋风暴轴的季节变化类似。与两大洋风暴轴位于急流东北侧不同,冬季西伯利亚风暴轴位于东亚温带急流的西侧。(3)进一步的能量分析结果表明,与两大洋风暴轴一样,斜压不稳定的能量转换(Ke4)也是西伯利亚风暴轴区域天气尺度扰动动能的主要来源;而扰动非地转位势通量散度项(Ke3)和时间平均气流对扰动动能的平流输送项(Ke1)也是风暴轴下游发展所需的扰动动能来源之一。 相似文献
7.
利用NOAA最优插值逐日海表温度(SST)资料和NCEP/NCAR的逐日大气再分析资料,本文分析了黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋的变化对北太平洋风暴轴的影响。结果表明,黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋位置的季节变化很弱,而其强度的变化则非常显著,北太平洋风暴轴强度与海表温度锋强度具有一致的协同变化。冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋强度最强,增强了其上空大气的斜压性,从平均有效位能向涡动有效位能的斜压能量转换以及从涡动有效位能向涡动动能的斜压能量转换均在黑潮延伸体区域显著增加,斜压涡旋在此区域生成更加频繁,在随西风向下游运动过程中不断从背景平均流中获得能量,从而导致北太平洋风暴轴增强,且将其中心轴线固定在黑潮延伸体区域上空,而夏季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋强度非常弱,其上空大气斜压性减弱,从平均有效位能向涡动有效位能的斜压能量转换以及从涡动有效位能向涡动动能的斜压能量转换均显著减少,斜压涡旋在此区域生成减少,导致北太平洋风暴轴减弱,且中心移至太平洋中部,位置偏北。 相似文献
8.
2016年7月18—22日在华北地区发生了一次极端强降水事件，其中19—20日降水较为集中，20日降水最强。本文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日风场资料和国家级地面气象站基本气象要素日值数据集，研究了本次事件的Rossby波活动及能量变化，结果表明：本次极端强降水事件持续时间约5 d，雨带呈西南—东北走向。华北地区受对流层中低层的气旋性异常环流和对流层上层反气旋性异常环流的控制，水汽则主要源于孟加拉湾和中国南海地区。发生极端降水期间，波扰动能量在对流层低层主要呈经向传播而在对流层上层呈纬向传播，对流层低层的波扰动能量对华北地区的影响比上层更为明显。涡动动能在华北地区的增强和维持主要是涡动非地转位势通量散度项、涡动有效位能和涡动动能的斜压转换项以及其他剩余部分与摩擦耗散引起的能量损耗之和的共同作用，涡动动能在19日增强、20日维持，随后减弱。涡动热量通量变化显示低层有暖湿空气向北输送，高层有干冷空气向南输送，支持了正压和斜压转换，而华北地区上空涡动动量通量的变化则使得基本气流中的涡动动能增强，这些变化影响到极端降水事件的发生发展。 相似文献
9.
10.
冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋对北太平洋风暴轴的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用NOAA最优插值逐日海表温度资料和NCEP/NCAR的逐日大气再分析资料,分析了冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋的变化及其对北太平洋风暴轴的影响。结果表明,冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋强度和纬度位置既存在年际变化,也存在年代际变化,且强度和位置的变化是相互独立的。冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋强度的年际变化对北太平洋风暴轴没有显著的影响,而其年代际变化则对北太平洋风暴轴具有非常显著的影响,当冬季海表温度锋偏强时,大气斜压性在鄂霍次克海及阿拉斯加附近区域上空增强,而在海表温度锋下游至东太平洋区域上空显著减弱,平均有效位能向涡动有效位能的斜压能量转换在45°N以北的太平洋区域上空有所增多,而在30°-45°N的太平洋区域上空有所减少,涡动有效位能向涡动动能的斜压能量转换在35°N以北的西太平洋区域以及45°N以北的东太平洋区域都显著增加,而仅在其南部边缘存在东西带状的减弱区域,导致40°N以北海区北太平洋风暴轴增强,40°N以南海区北太平洋风暴轴减弱,冬季海表温度锋偏弱时则有与之相反的结果。冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋纬度位置的变化对北太平洋风暴轴也存在较显著的影响,当海表温度锋位置偏北时,在其下游45°N以南的太平洋区域上空大气斜压性减弱,45°N以南的中东太平洋区域上空区域平均有效位能向涡动有效位能、以及涡动有效位能向涡动动能的斜压能量转换都减少;而在45°N以北的太平洋区域上空大气斜压性增强,在阿拉斯加湾附近上空尤其显著,在黑潮延伸体区域附近以及45°N以北的中东太平洋上空平均有效位能向涡动有效位能、以及涡动有效位能向涡动动能的斜压能量转换都显著增加,导致北太平洋风暴轴在其气候平均态轴线两侧呈现北正南负的偶极子形态;海表温度锋位置偏南时则有与之相反的结果。冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋强度和位置的变化均对北太平洋风暴轴具有显著的影响,其具体的物理机制还需要进一步的研究。 相似文献
11.
A simplified global circulation model is used to analyse a greenhouse warming experiment simulated by a comprehensive general
circulation model. The given GCM scenario and control climates are assimilated by the simplified model using a dynamical relaxation
technique. Two sets of sensitivity experiments investigate the influence of upper and lower tropospheric changes in baroclinicity
on the Northern Hemisphere winter storm tracks. The results show that the three-dimensional structure of both the background
flow and the changes in baroclinicity are important for the behaviour of mid-latitude eddy activity in relation to modifications
of the baroclinicity. In general, the mid-latitude eddy activity is more sensitive to lower than to upper level changes in
baroclinicity. The results further suggest that the simulated storm track changes in the GCM scenario are dominated by local
modes of baroclinic instability.
Received: 17 December 1996 / Accepted: 14 May 1998 相似文献
12.
Sun-Seon Lee June-Yi Lee Bin Wang Fei-Fei Jin Woo-Jin Lee Kyung-Ja Ha 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(11-12):2455-2469
Distinct differences of the storm track?Cjet relationship over the North Pacific and North Atlantic are investigated in terms of barotropic and baroclinic energetics using NCEP-2 reanalysis data for the period of 1979?C2008. From fall to midwinter the Pacific storm track (PST) activity weakens following the southward shift of the Pacific jet, whereas the Atlantic storm track (AST) activity remains steady in position and intensifies regardless of the slight southward shift of the Atlantic jet. This study is devoted to seeking for the factors that can contribute to this conspicuous difference between the two storm tracks on climatological subseasonal variation by analyzing eddy properties and local energetics. Different eddy properties over the two oceans lead to different contribution of barotropic energy conversion to the initiation of storm tracks. In the North Atlantic, meridionally elongated eddies gain kinetic energy efficiently from stretching deformation of the mean flow in the jet entrance. On the other hand, the term associated with shearing deformation is important for the initiation of PST. Analysis of baroclinic energetics reveals that the intensification of the AST activity in midwinter is mainly attributed to coincidence between location of maximum poleward and upward eddy heat fluxes and that of the largest meridional temperature gradient over slight upstream of the AST. The relatively large amount of precipitable water and meridional eddy moisture flux along baroclinic energy conversion axis likely provides a more favorable environment for baroclinic eddy growth over the North Atlantic than over the North Pacific. In the meantime, the midwinter minimum of the PST activity is attributable to the southward shift of the Pacific jet stream that leads to discrepancy between core region of poleward and upward heat fluxes and that of meridional thermal gradient. Weakening of eddy-mean flow interaction due to eddy shape and reduction of moist effect are also responsible for the weakening of storm track activities in midwinter when the strongest baroclinicity exists over the North Pacific. 相似文献
13.
Response of Northern Hemisphere storm tracks to Indian-western Pacific Ocean warming in atmospheric general circulation models 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
With 40 years integration output of two atmospheric general circulation models (GAMIL/IAP and HadAM3/UKMO) forced with identical prescribed seasonally-varying sea surface temperature, this study examines the effect of the observed Indian-western Pacific Ocean (IWP) warming on the Northern Hemisphere storm tracks. Both models indicate that the observed IWP warming tends to cause both the North Pacific storm track (NPST) and the North Atlantic storm track (NAST) to move northward. Such a consistent effect on the two storm tracks is closely associated with the changes in the low-level atmospheric baroclinicity, high-level jet stream and upper-level geopotential height. The IWP warming can excite a wavelike circum-global teleconnection in the geopotential height that gives rise to an anticyclonic anomaly over the midlatitude North Pacific and a positive-phase NAO anomaly over the North Atlantic. These geopotential height anomalies tend to enhance upper-level zonal westerly winds north of the climatological jet axes and increase low-level baroclinicity and eddy growth rates, thus favoring transient eddy more active north of the climatological storm track axes, responsible for the northward shift of the both storm tracks. The IWP warming-induced northward shift of the NAST is quite similar to the observed, suggesting that the IWP warming can be one of the key factors to cause decadal northward shift of the NAST since the 1980s. However, the IWP warming-induced northward shift of the NPST is completely opposite to the observed, implying that the observed southward shift of the NPST since the 1980s would be primarily attributed to other reasons, although the IWP warming can have a cancelling effect against those reasons. 相似文献
14.
Different response of North Pacific storm tracks in the upper and lower troposphere to jet strength 
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下载免费PDF全文 《大气和海洋科学快报》2023,16(1):100272
The midwinter suppression of North Pacific storm tracks (NPSTs) reflects that the linear relationship between the NPST and baroclinicity breaks in winter. Based on the reanalysis data during the cold seasons of 1979–2019 and a tracking algorithm, this study analyzes the eddy growth process and shows that an enhanced upper-tropospheric jet favors the generation of upper-level eddies on the northeast side of the Pacific jet, but increasingly suppresses the generation of those in the Northwest Pacific. The upper-level eddies generated upstream of the jet core are unable to grow sufficiently throughout the whole cold season, and only those generated downstream of the jet core can grow normally and constitute the main body of the upper-level NPST. By contrast, the main lower-level eddy genesis area and growth area coincide with the baroclinic zone, with the genesis number and local growth rate increasing with the baroclinicity.摘要北太平洋风暴轴的深冬抑制表明风暴轴强度与斜压性之间的线性关系在冬季破裂. 本研究基于1979–2019年冷季的再分析数据和拉格朗日跟踪算法, 对比分析了高低层扰动的具体生长过程. 结果表明太平洋急流的增强有利于高层扰动在急流核东北侧产生, 但却抑制其在西北太平洋的生成. 在急流核上游产生的高层扰动在整个冷季都无法充分发展, 只有在急流核下游产生的高层扰动才能正常生长且它们是构成高层太平洋风暴轴的主体. 相比之下, 低层扰动的生成区和生长区都与斜压区重合, 并且它们的生成数量和局部增长率随着斜压性的增强而增强. 相似文献
15.
冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年代际变化特征及其可能影响机制 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
利用1958-2002年的ERA-40再分析资料,用谐波变换和EOF方法分析了冬季北太平洋风暴轴在年代际时间尺度上的变化特征,并通过回归分析的方法初步探讨了风暴轴年代际变化的可能影响机制.结果表明,在年代际时间尺度上,北太平洋风暴轴有两种主要模态,第1模态是风暴轴在其气候平均位置增强或减弱的主体一致变化型,其年代际变化受到上游涡旋强迫的影响,北大西洋强(弱)的涡旋活动,使得冬季北太平洋西风急流减弱(增强)、变宽(窄)、北抬(南压),同期北太平洋风暴轴活动偏强(弱),黑潮延续体区海表温度有偏暖(冷)的响应;第2模态是风暴轴中东部在气候平均位置南北两侧振荡的经向异常型,与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)循环的暖(冷)位相相联系,下垫面海温非绝热加热的作用,激发加强(减弱)大气中类太平洋/北美遥相关型(PNA)的响应,引起大气斜压性异常偏南(北),使得风暴轴整体南压(北抬),且中东部向东南(北)方向移动.因此,冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年代际变化不仅是局地波-流相互作用的结果,还应考虑上游涡旋活动和海温热力强迫的作用. 相似文献
16.
A range of diagnostics from two GCM simulations, one of the present-day climate and one of the last glacial maximum (LGM)
is used to gain insight into their different temperature structures and eddy dynamics. There are large local increases in
baroclinicity at the LGM, especially in the Atlantic storm track, with large accompanying increases in the low level transient
eddy heat flux. However, the differences in the zonal mean are much smaller, and the increases in both baroclinicity and heat
flux are confined to low levels. Supplementary experiments with baroclinic wave lifecycles confirm the marked contrast between
local and zonal mean behaviour, but do not adequately explain the differences between the zonal mean climates. The total flux
of energy across latitude circles in the Northern Hemisphere does not change much during DJF, although its transient component
is actually reduced at the LGM (during JJA the transient component is increased). Calculations of total linear eddy diffusivity
reveal that changes in the time mean stationary waves are chiefly responsible for the seasonal range of this quantity at the
LGM, while they only account for half the seasonal range at the present-day. 相似文献
17.
A range of diagnostics from two GCM simulations, one of the present-day climate and one of the last glacial maximum (LGM)
is used to gain insight into their different temperature structures and eddy dynamics. There are large local increases in
baroclinicity at the LGM, especially in the Atlantic storm track, with large accompanying increases in the low level transient
eddy heat flux. However, the differences in the zonal mean are much smaller, and the increases in both baroclinicity and heat
flux are confined to low levels. Supplementary experiments with baroclinic wave lifecycles confirm the marked contrast between
local and zonal mean behaviour, but do not adequately explain the differences between the zonal mean climates. The total flux
of energy across latitude circles in the Northern Hemisphere does not change much during DJF, although its transient component
is actually reduced at the LGM (during JJA the transient component is increased). Calculations of total linear eddy diffusivity
reveal that changes in the time mean stationary waves are chiefly responsible for the seasonal range of this quantity at the
LGM, while they only account for half the seasonal range at the present-day. 相似文献
18.
Changes in storm tracks and energy transports in a warmer climate simulated by the GFDL CM2.1 model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yutian Wu Mingfang Ting Richard Seager Huei-Ping Huang Mark A. Cane 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(1-2):53-72
Storm tracks play a major role in regulating the precipitation and hydrological cycle in midlatitudes. The changes in the location and amplitude of the storm tracks in response to global warming will have significant impacts on the poleward transport of heat, momentum and moisture and on the hydrological cycle. Recent studies have indicated a poleward shift of the storm tracks and the midlatitude precipitation zone in the warming world that will lead to subtropical drying and higher latitude moistening. This study agrees with this key feature for not only the annual mean but also different seasons and for the zonal mean as well as horizontal structures based on the analysis of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) CM2.1 model simulations. Further analyses show that the meridional sensible and latent heat fluxes associated with the storm tracks shift poleward and intensify in both boreal summer and winter in the late twenty-first century (years 2081?C2100) relative to the latter half of the twentieth century (years 1961?C2000). The maximum dry Eady growth rate is examined to determine the effect of global warming on the time mean state and associated available potential energy for transient growth. The trend in maximum Eady growth rate is generally consistent with the poleward shift and intensification of the storm tracks in the middle latitudes of both hemispheres in both seasons. However, in the lower troposphere in northern winter, increased meridional eddy transfer within the storm tracks is more associated with increased eddy velocity, stronger correlation between eddy velocity and eddy moist static energy, and longer eddy length scale. The changing characteristics of baroclinic instability are, therefore, needed to explain the storm track response as climate warms. Diagnosis of the latitude-by-latitude energy budget for the current and future climate demonstrates how the coupling between radiative and surface heat fluxes and eddy heat and moisture transport influences the midlatitude storm track response to global warming. Through radiative forcing by increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor, more energy is gained within the tropics and subtropics, while in the middle and high latitudes energy is reduced through increased outgoing terrestrial radiation in the Northern Hemisphere and increased ocean heat uptake in the Southern Hemisphere. This enhanced energy imbalance in the future climate requires larger atmospheric energy transports in the midlatitudes which are partially accomplished by intensified storm tracks. Finally a sequence of cause and effect for the storm track response in the warming world is proposed that combines energy budget constraints with baroclinic instability theory. 相似文献