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1.
利用2014年本溪市大气颗粒物质量浓度监测资料和风速、气温、相对湿度、气压等常规地面气象要素观测资料,分析了本溪地区大气颗粒物质量浓度的月、季变化特征及其与气象要素的相关性。结果表明:2014年7月和10月本溪市大气颗粒物质量浓度较高,5月和9月大气颗粒物质量浓度较低,6月和11月大气颗粒物质量浓度比值较高。夏季PM10质量浓度较低,平均浓度为115.1μg·m~(-3);冬季PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)质量浓度较高,平均浓度分别为99.5μg·m~(-3)和86.1μg·m~(-3)。春季和冬季平均风速与大气颗粒物质量浓度的相关性最好,夏季和冬季相对湿度与大气颗粒物质量浓度的相关性最好。当ρ(PM_(2.5))≥200.0μg·m~(-3)时,ρ(PM_(2.5))与平均气温呈显著的正相关关系,相关系数为0.5288,ρ(PM_(2.5))与相对湿度的相关系数也高达0.6981,高温、高湿和小风等气象条件是本溪地区大气颗粒物高质量浓度事件发生的有利气象条件。  相似文献   

2.
利用2011—2012年盖州市大气能见度和地面气象要素(相对湿度、风速、气温、气压)的观测资料,分析了盖州地区大气能见度月和日的变化特征及大气能见度与气象要素的相关性。结果表明:盖州市大气高能见度事件多出现在3月和10月,低能见度事件多出现在6—8月;夏季能见度最低,14时能见度最大,20时能见度比08时略小。大气能见度与相对湿度相关性最大,与风速和气温相关性次之,与气压相关性最差;当相对湿度80.0%时,能见度最低值为10.4±3.2km,大气能见度与气压、气温、相对湿度的相关系数分别为-0.52、0.51和-0.52;其中较高的气温、较大的相对湿度、较小的风速及较低的气压是盖州地区低能见度(10km)事件发生的主要气象条件。  相似文献   

3.
根据杭州1994—2017年24时次观测的大气能见度及同期地面气象要素(风速、气温、降水量和相对湿度等)、2013—2017年PM_(2.5)监测数据,探讨杭州市大气能见度的特征以及相对湿度、PM_(2.5)对能见度的影响。统计分析表明,杭州大气能见度的年、季、日变化特征明显,在经历2003—2014年低能见度天气多发后,2016—2017年能见度明显转好,特别是2017年均能见度达到11.6 km,为1994年以来最高值;一年之中,冬季能见度较低,夏季能见度较高;一日之中,早晨07:00能见度最差,午后15:00最好。能见度的转好与PM_(2.5)关系密切,当PM_(2.5)质量浓度在50μg·m^(-3)以下,每降低5μg·m^(-3)可以使能见度显著增加。  相似文献   

4.
利用2016年10月—2019年9月太原地区逐时能见度、相对湿度及颗粒物质量浓度等观测数据,研究分析了大气能见度与相对湿度及PM_(2.5)质量浓度的关系,采用神经网络方法,构建了能见度与相对湿度及颗粒物质量浓度的非线性模型,并利用2019年10月—12月气象小时数据对该模型进行了检验。结果表明:(1)太原不同季节能见度日变化特征明显,春夏秋季能见度在06时左右最低,冬季在09时左右最低;从空间分布上看,太原地区能见度南北差异明显,北部能见度高于南部。(2)细颗粒物质量浓度与相对湿度对大气能见度变化都有明显影响。PM_(2.5)质量浓度与能见度之间存在幂函数非线性关系,在40%≤相对湿度60%的区段内相关性最强,PM_(2.5)质量浓度与10 km能见度对应的阈值随相对湿度升高而减小,范围为5～103μg/m~3。(3)采用神经网络方法构建能见度与相对湿度及颗粒物质量浓度的关系模型,相关系数为0.81。利用太原地区2019年10—12月逐时气象观测数据对模型进行检验,均方根误差为5.29 km,平均绝对百分误差为31.45%,轻微级霾情况下模拟能见度TS评分为0.86,误差呈现正态分布,误差小于4 km的比例达72.99%。该模型对研究太原地区能见度具有较高的参考价值。  相似文献   

5.
天津低能见度特征初探   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
蔡子颖  刘爱霞  韩素芹  姚青  王佳 《气象》2014,40(1):114-118
本文通过对天津气象站历史能见度资料和边界层观测站能见度、相对湿度、气溶胶观测资料进行分析,获取天津低能见度基本特征,在此基础上,基于WRF-Chem大气化学模式模拟了2010年10月和2011年1月天津地区大气水平能见度。结果表明:天津地区低能见度事件主要发生在每年11月至次年1月,在获取PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度、相对湿度的基础上可较好地推算大气水平能见度,利用WRF-Chem大气化学模式和拟合公式,可以有效的进行能见度等级模拟和预报。  相似文献   

6.
通过对广州南沙2016年颗粒物PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的质量浓度、能见度和气象要素等资料的分析,发现细颗粒物PM_(2.5)是影响能见度变化的重要因素。PM_(2.5)质量浓度和相对湿度(RH)增加,能见度下降,低能见度对应较高的相对湿度和较高PM_(2.5)质量浓度,高能见度的出现则对应较低的相对湿度和较低的PM_(2.5)质量浓度。随着相对湿度的增加,颗粒物质量浓度对能见度的影响越来越小,此时颗粒物对能见度的影响主要是通过吸湿作用,吸湿作用最为明显的是雾和霾的混合区间80%≤RH≤90%。PM_(2.5)质量浓度对能见度的影响随着RH的增加阈值减小,当相对湿度低于90%时,颗粒物质量浓度值减小时,能见度随相对湿度的增加反而降低,尤其是60%RH≤90%的区间,能见度下降明显。  相似文献   

7.
为分析延安市能见度与相对湿度、气溶胶质量浓度的关系,利用2016年延安大气成分站PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和国家基本气象站相对湿度、能见度观测资料,对能见度与相对湿度、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的关系进行分析。结果表明:全年能见度与相对湿度的线性相关系数最高,与PM_(10)次之;随相对湿度的增大,能见度明显降低。相对湿度<50%时,能见度与PM_(2.5)的非线性相关性高于与PM_(10)的相关性;相对湿度>50%时,能见度与PM_(10)的非线性相关性则较PM_(2.5)好。相较于线性拟合方法,能见度与相对湿度的非线性拟合公式能更好地表现二者的关系。利用相对湿度、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)观测数据对能见度做多元非线性拟合,检验结果表明,计算得出的拟合公式能较好地模拟延安市能见度的变化规律。  相似文献   

8.
利用1980—2013年石家庄地区12个气象台站能见度资料,结合相对湿度和PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度数据,分析了石家庄地区能见度的时空分布特征,通过研究能见度与相对湿度和PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度的关系,建立大气能见度的多元非线性预报模型。结果表明:(1)1980年以来石家庄地区年平均能见度以-1.0 km·(10 a)~(-1)的速率呈下降趋势,夏季下降趋势最明显,春季下降趋势最小;(2)1998年前后石家庄地区能见度变化较大,1999—2013年平均能见度较1980—1998年下降了15.3%,且空间变化也较明显,1998年之前分别在中北部和中南部存在2个高值中心,在市区和赵县存在2个低值中心,1998年之后则呈由东向西逐渐递减的分布形势;(3)能见度与相对湿度存在显著的指数函数关系,而与PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度均呈幂函数关系。据此建立的能见度与相对湿度和PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度的多元非线性拟合模型能较好地反映能见度的变化规律,并对能见度具有一定的预报能力。  相似文献   

9.
2015年12月20—26日滨海新区出现持续性重度雾霾天气,空气质量指数AQI持续5 d大于200。利用大气观测、探测及污染物探测资料、NCEP再分析资料等,分析此次重度雾霾成因。结果表明,持续的纬向性环流及地面弱气压场,使逆温层建立;近地面切变线使污染物、水汽汇聚结合形成持续雾霾。逆温层接地后,当主要污染物PM2.5浓度350μg/m~3时,相对湿度即使小到45%,也会出现能见度2 km的重度霾;当PM_(2.5)浓度300μg/m~3、相对湿度90%时,会出现能见度0.1 km的严重雾霾。逆温层不接地,当PM_(2.5)浓度65μg/m~3时,即使相对湿度90%,能见度也会6 km,不能形成雾霾。因此逆温层形成后接地和污染物浓度是滨海新区持续重度雾霾产生的关键条件。  相似文献   

10.
利用2013—2014年银川地区大气颗粒物质量浓度和同期气象要素的观测资料,分析了银川地区大气颗粒物浓度的分布特征及其与气象条件的关系。结果表明:2013—2014年银川地区PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM1年平均浓度分别为167.3μg·m-3、67.2μg·m-3和45.0μg·m-3,年平均PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)、PM1/PM_(10)、PM1/PM_(2.5)分别为45.0%、32.0%和65.0%;PM_(10)浓度3月最高,8月最低,PM_(2.5)和PM1最高浓度均出现在1月,PM_(2.5)最低浓度出现在8月,PM1最低浓度出现5月;3—5月为PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)、PM1/PM_(10)和PM1/PM_(2.5)最低的3个月。不同天气类型PM_(10)浓度由高至低依次为浮尘/扬沙典型天气平均霾晴天雾,不同天气类型PM_(2.5)浓度由高至低依次为扬沙/浮尘霾典型天气平均晴天雾,不同天气类型PM1浓度由高至低依次为霾典型天气平均雾晴天浮尘/扬沙。风速与PM_(10)浓度呈正相关关系,风速与PM_(2.5)和PM1浓度均呈负相关关系;PM_(10)浓度在偏西北风时较高,PM_(2.5)和PM1浓度在偏西南风与偏东北风时较高;气温与PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM1浓度均呈显著的负相关关系;相对湿度与PM_(10)浓度呈显著的负相关关系,相对湿度与PM1浓度呈显著的正相关关系,相对湿度与PM_(2.5)相关性较弱;气压对PM_(10)浓度变化的影响较小,气压与PM_(2.5)、PM1浓度呈正相关关系;降水对PM_(10)的清除作用最强,对PM_(2.5)的清除作用次之,对PM1基本无清除作用。  相似文献   

11.
Products and mechanisms of the reaction between the nitrate radical (NO3) and three of the most abundant reduced organic sulphur compounds in the atmosphere (CH3SCH3, CH3SH and CH3SSCH3), have been studied in a 480 L reaction chamber using in situ FT-IR and ion chromatography as analytical techniques. In the three reactions, methanesulphonic acid was found to be the most abundant sulphur containing product. In addition the stable products SO2, H2SO4, CH2O, and CH3ONO2 were identified and quantified and thionitric acid-S-methyl ester (CH3SNO2) was observed in the i.r. spectrum from all of the three reactions. Deuterated dimethylsulphide (CD3SCD3) showed an isotope effect on the reaction Deuterated dimethylsulphide (CD3SCD3) showed an isotope effect on the reaction rate constant (kH/kD) of 3.8±0.6, indicating that hydrogen abstraction is the first step in the NO3+CH3SCH3 reaction, probably after the formation of an inital adduct.Based on the products and intermediates identified, reaction mechanisms are proposed for the three reactions.  相似文献   

12.
We use a global atmospheric chemistry transport model to study the possible influence of aqueous phase reactions of peroxynitric acid (HNO4) on the concentrations and budgets of NOx, SOx, O3 and H2O2. Laboratory studies have shown that the aqueous reaction of HNO4aq withHSO– 3aq, and the uni-molecular decomposition of the NO4 – anion to form NO2 – (nitrite) occur on a time scale of about a second. Despite a substantial contribution of the reaction of HSO– 3aq with HNO4aq to the overall in-cloud conversion of SO2 to SO4 2–, a simultaneous decrease of other oxidants (most notably H2O2) more than compensated the increase in SO4 2– production. The strongest influence of heterogeneous HNO4 chemistry was found in the boundary layer, where calculated monthly average ozone concentrations were reduced between 2% to 10% andchanges of H2O2 between –20% to +10%compared to a simulation which ignores this reaction. Furthermore, SO2 was increased by 10% to 20% and SO4 2–depleted by up to 10%. Since the resolution of our global model does not enable a detailed comparison with measurements in polluted regions, it is not possible to verify whether considering heterogeneous HNO4 reactions results in a substantial improvement of atmospheric chemistry transport models. However, the conversion of HNO4 in the aqueous phase seems to be efficient enough to warrant further laboratory investigations and more detailed model studies on this topic.  相似文献   

13.
为了进一步了解青藏高原闪电的产生氮氧化物（LNOx）经由光化学反应对O3浓度变化及夏季O3低谷形成的可能影响,本文利用2005~2013年由OMI卫星得到的对流层NO2垂直浓度柱（NO2 VCD）、O3总浓度柱（TOC）和O3廓线以及星载光学瞬变探测器OTD和闪电成像仪LIS获取的总闪电数资料,对青藏高原和同纬度长江中下游地区的TOC和NO2 VCD月均值时空分布特征、闪电与NO2 VCD的相关性和O3的垂直分布特征及其与LNOx的关系进行了对比分析。结果表明,青藏高原的O3低谷主要出现在夏季和秋季,其TOC值比同纬度长江中下游地区低约10~15 DU（Dobson unit）。青藏高原NO2VCD总体较小,表现为夏高冬低的分布特征。青藏高原夏季O3浓度受南亚高压的影响总体呈减小趋势,但因强雷暴天气导致对流层中上部LNOx浓度升高,并随强上升气流向对流层顶输送,同时通过光化学反应使O3浓度增加,缩小了青藏高原和同纬度地区的O3浓度差,减缓了O3总浓度的下降,抑制了夏季O3低谷的进一步深化。  相似文献   

14.
对临安大气本底站2003-2004年冬、夏季二氧化氮(NO2)、二氧化硫(SO2)、臭氧(O3)进行了分析.结果表明:冬季NO2和SO2平均体积分数分别为19.48×10-9和35.74 x10-9,而夏季的平均体积分数分别为4.81×10-9和8.12×10-9,冬季高于夏季;O3在夏季的平均体积分数为33.55×10-9,略高于冬季的25.44×10-9;夜间NO2和SO2体积分数比白天高,并且NO2呈明显的单峰单谷型分布,O3也呈单峰型但峰值出现在白天.NO2、SO2体积分数存在着明显的“假日效应”,假日比非假日低,周五高于假日和非假日;但O3体积分数没有明显的假日效应.降水对SO2有明显的清除作用,但对NO2的清除作用不明显.与风向对比发现,夏季高体积分数的NO2、SO2都受到NW、WNW风的影响,冬季则分别受NE和SW、SSW风的影响;而O3受风向的影响较复杂,与局地光化学反应有关.  相似文献   

15.
In a nighttime system and under relatively dry conditions (about 15 ppm H2O), the reaction mixture of NO2, O3, and NH3 in purified air turns out to result in the formation of nitrous oxide (N2O). The experiments were performed in a continuous stirred flow reactor, in the concentration region of 0.02–2 ppm.N2O is thought to arise through the heterogeneous reaction of gaseous N2O5 and absorbed NH3 at the wall of the reaction vessel % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqaqpepeea0xe9qqVa0l% b9peea0lb9sq-JfrVkFHe9peea0dXdarVe0Fb9pgea0xa9pue9Fve9% Ffc8meGabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaatCvAUfKttLeary% qr1ngBPrgaiuaacqWFOaakcqWFobGtcqWFibasdaWgaaWcbaGae83m% amdabeaakiab-LcaPmaaBaaaleaacqWFHbqyaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaai% ikaiab-5eaonaaBaaaleaacqWFYaGmaeqaaOGae83ta80aaSbaaSqa% aiab-vda1aqabaGccaGGPaWaaSbaaSqaaiaadEgaaeqaaOGaeyOKH4% Qae8Nta40aaSbaaSqaaiab-jdaYaqabaGccqWFpbWtcqGHRaWkcqWF% ibascqWFobGtcqWFpbWtdaWgaaWcbaGae83mamdabeaakiabgUcaRi% ab-HeainaaBaaaleaacqWFYaGmaeqaaOGae83ta8eaaa!59AC!\[(NH_3 )_a + (N_2 O_5 )_g \to N_2 O + HNO_3 + H_2 O\]In principle, there is competition between this reaction and that of adsorbed H2O with N2O5, resulting in the formation of HNO3. At high water concentrations (RH>75%), no formation of N2O was found. Although the rate constant of adsorbed NH3 with gaseous N2O5 is much larger than that of the reaction of adsorbed H2O with gaseous N2O5, the significance of the observed N2O formation for the outside atmosphere is thought to be dependent on the adsorption properties of H2O and NH3 on a surface. A number of NH3 and H2O adsorption measurements on several materials are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
通过采集武汉市土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘、城市扬尘、餐饮源、生物质燃烧源、工业煤烟尘和电厂煤烟尘等7类源样品,并分析其碳组分、水溶性离子组分和无机元素组分,建立PM10和PM2.5源成分谱.研究表明,地壳元素Si、Ca、Al以及Fe等是土壤风沙尘的主要特征组分,其中Si是含量最高的成分,也是土壤风沙尘的标识组分.无组织建筑水泥尘中Si和Ca元素含量较高,将Ca元素作为无组织建筑水泥尘区别其他源类的重要元素,而有组织建筑水泥尘中OC、SO42-含量比无组织建筑水泥尘高.城市扬尘中Ca的含量相对较高,表明城市扬尘受到建筑水泥尘影响较多.生物质燃烧源成分谱中OC的含量远高于成分谱中其他组分,另外Cl-和K的平均含量也较高,K一般为生物质源的特征元素.  相似文献   

17.
Using the chemical composition of snow and ice of a central Greenland ice core, we have investigated changes in atmospheric HNO3 chemistry following the large volcanic eruptions of Laki (1783), Tambora (1815) and Katmai (1912). The concentration of several cations and anions, including SO 4 2– and NO 3 – , were measured using ion chromatography. We found that following those eruptions, the ratio of the concentration of NO 3 – deposited during winter to that deposited during summer was significantly higher than during nonvolcanic periods. Although we cannot rule out that this pattern originates from snow pack effects, we propose that increased concentrations of volcanic H2SO4 particles in the stratosphere may have favored condensation and removal of HNO3 from the stratosphere during Arctic winter. In addition, this pattern might have been enhanced by slower formation of HNO3 during summer, caused by direct consumption of OH through oxidation of volcanic SO2.  相似文献   

18.
The pK 1 * and pK 2 * of H2SO3 have been determined in NaCl solutions as a function of ionic strength (0.1 to 6 m) and temperature (5 and 25 °C). The extrapolated values in water were found to be in good agreement with literature data. The experimental results have been used to determine the Pitzer interaction parameters for SO2, HSO 3 - and SO 3 - in NaCl solutions. The resultant parameters for NaHSO3 and Na2SO3 were found to be in reasonable agreement with the values for NaHSO4 and Na2SO4. It, thus, seems reasonable to assume that the interactions of Mg2+ and Ca2+ with HSO 3 - and SO 3 - can be estimated from the values with HSO 4 - and SO 4 - until experimental values are available. Measurements of pK 1 * and pK 2 * in artificial seawater were found to be in good agreement with the calculated values using the derived Pitzer parameters. It is, thus, possible to make reasonable estimates of the activity coefficients of HSO 3 - and SO 3 - ions and pK 1 * and pK 2 * for the ionization of H2SO3 in marine aerosols.  相似文献   

19.
The rate of formation of N2O via the thermochemically favourable reaction of NO3(A2E) with N2, which would represent an additional source of stratospheric N2O and therefore NOx, has been investigated. Mixtures of NO2+O3 in synthetic air were photolysed at 662 nm. No evidence was found for the production of N2O via this pathway, the upper limit for the quantum yield of nitrous oxide formation being % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiiYdd9qrFfea0dXdf9vqai-hEir8Ve% ea0de9qq-hbrpepeea0db9q8as0-LqLs-Jirpepeea0-as0Fb9pgea% 0lrP0xe9Fve9Fve9qapdbaqaaeGacaGaaiaabeqaamaabaabcaGcba% GaeqOXdy2aaSbaaSqaamaaBaaameaadaWgaaqaamaaBaaabaGaamOt% amaaBaaabaGaaGOmaiaad+eaaeqaaaqabaaabeaaaeqaaaWcbeaatu% uDJXwAK1uy0HMmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0HgiuD3BaGqbaOGae8hzIqOa% aGimaiaac6cacaaI2aGaaiyjaaaa!4E60!\[\phi _{_{_{_{N_{2O} } } } } \le 0.6\% \]. However, a dark conversion of NOx to N2O was observed and is attributed tentatively to a heterogeneous reaction on the wall of the reaction vessel. This process, although most likely to be insignificant in the atmosphere, needs to be taken into consideration in laboratory investigations or field studies of N2O emission or deposition.  相似文献   

20.
The photodissociation coefficient of NO2, J NO 2, has been measured from a balloon platform in the stratosphere. Results from two balloon flights are reported. High Sun values of J NO 2 measured were 10.5±0.3 and 10.3±0.3×10-3 s-1 at 24 and 32 km respectively. The decrease in J NO 2 at sunset was monitored in both flights. The measurements are found to be in good agreement with calculations of J NO 2 using a simplified isotropic multiple scattering computer routine.  相似文献   

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