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本文选用中国科学院大气物理研究所全球海洋模式(LICOM),对中尺度涡旋参数化方案(GM90方案)中等密度扩散系数和等密度面厚度扩散系数(统称为涡旋扩散系数Aρ)对物理场及CFC-11(一氟三氯甲烷)分布的影响进行了研究。本文做了两个试验,即涡旋扩散系数采用常系数方式(对照试验)和采用在非绝热层以下Aρ随海洋浮力频率垂直变化的参数化方案(浮力试验)。模拟结果表明,依浮力频率垂直变化的方案对模式物理场的模拟能力有一定程度的提升,如南极绕极流的输送强度比常系数方案增大了约20%~30%,与观测事实更接近;浮力试验对对照试验中过强的南极中层水有一定的削弱作用,使得模式对南大洋高纬次表层位密度的模拟有一定的改善。稍有不足的是,浮力试验对南极底层水也有一定的削弱,使得2000~3000 m深度位密度模拟较常系数方案偏低。通过对CFC-11分布、存储以及输送的研究发现,次网格参数取值的不同对南大洋CFC-11模拟情况有较大影响。浮力试验加大了南北高纬CFC-11海表的吸收通量,对南极大陆周边海域向南大洋主储藏区(34°S~60°S)的CFC-11输送能力有一定的增强,使得南大洋对CFC-11储藏量增大,大部分海区与观测资料更接近。通过CFC-11断面分析,浮力试验对南大洋上层海洋位密度模拟的改善使得CFC-11垂直结构与观测更接近。 相似文献
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参照Griffies et al.(2009)提出的海洋—海冰耦合模式参考试验(Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments,COREs),设计了一个800年积分的数值试验,对一个质量严格守恒的压力坐标海洋环流模式(Pressure Coordinate Ocean Model,PCOM1.0)的基本模拟性能进行了评估,并与观测资料和再分析资料进行了对比。结果表明,PCOM1.0模拟的温盐场和基本流场与COREs模式的模拟水平基本接近。其中,模拟的大西洋经向翻转流在45°N附近达到18 Sv(1 Sv=106 m3 s-1),与观测估计值接近;对海表面温度的模拟误差主要集中在北太平洋黑潮区和北大西洋湾流区等中高纬度急流区;模拟的热带太平洋温跃层过于深厚;模拟的经德雷克海峡的体积输送达130 Sv,比大部分COREs模式及再分析资料都更接近于观测估计值。 相似文献
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全球海洋模式对CFC-11分布的初步模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
使用中国科学院大气物理研究所(IAP)三十层全球海洋模式(L30T63)研究了CFC-11在全球海洋中的吸收和分布,初步讨论了决定其分布特征的可能因素.该模式采用自由表面结构和Gent-McWilliams中尺度示踪物参数化方案.通过对控制试验得到的CFC-11模拟结果分析可知,CFC-11海表浓度受温度影响显著,其分布形状大致与温度相似,但梯度相反.通量的分布受温度影响很大,且表现出很明显的季节变化特征,如不饱和区一般出现在冬季海区的中层水形成处或者强对流混合存在的区域.另外,对CFC-11的模拟结果与三个大洋的五个断面航测资料做了对比,发现模拟结果与观测资料吻合较好,能比较清楚地反映CFC-11输送与等密度面垂直分布以及环流场的密切关系,如在南大洋50°S以北至35°S以南等密度面的向下加深区是CFC-11的主要贮存区等.与大多数前人的工作相比,该模拟结果较好地反映了CFC-11在南大洋的分布特征.从这些反映出该模式对于大洋十年尺度物质交换与海洋内部输送的模拟是比较准确的. 相似文献
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采用SVD、 相关分析及EOF方法, 分析了中国东部冬季地面气温与北大西洋及北太平洋海温异常变化的关系。结果表明： （1）中国东部冬季气温变化的一致性较高; （2）冬季气温异常与前一年9月北大西洋海域关键区（16°～40°N, 60°～24°W）海温和当年2月西北太平洋关键区（20°～40°N, 124°E～180°）海温呈显著的正相关分布, 即前一年9月北大西洋和当年2月西北太平洋海温异常偏高（低）, 东部冬季气温亦偏高（低）, 即前一年9月北大西洋海温的异常是否为我国冬季气温的气候预测提供了一种前期信号; （3）关键区海温对中国东部冬季气温的影响存在区域差异。北大西洋前期海温与中国东部冬季气温有密切的关系, 而西北太平洋的海温主要影响长江流域及其以北的季风中部区; （4）海温影响气温的可能机理是西北太平洋海温异常升高, 使乌山脊减弱, 阿拉斯加脊减弱, 东亚大槽减弱向东移动, 纬向环流加强, 高纬度的冷空气不易南下, 导致我国东部大部分地区冬季气温偏暖, 反之亦然。在年代际尺度上, 纬向环流和东亚大槽对海温有显著的响应; 但在年际变化方面, 东亚大槽对海温的响应不显著。 相似文献
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全球海洋CFC-11吸收对传输速度的敏感性 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
本文在中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的全球海洋模式(LICOM)中使用五个不同的海气交换的气体 传输速度公式对CFC-11(一氟三氯甲烷)在海洋中的分布和吸收做了模拟。讨论了不同气体传输速度的差异, 发现差异最大的两个公式得到的全球年平均传输速度相差81%。对CFC-11的海表浓度分布、海气通量、水柱总量、海水累积吸收量以及在大洋断面的垂直浓度分布进行了分析。分析结果显示, 使用Liss and Merlivat (1986) 的传输速度公式的试验在海气通量和海洋吸收总量的模拟上均小于其他试验, Nightingale et al. (2000)、Ho et al. (2006) 和Sweeney et al. (2007) 等的公式虽然全球年平均值相近, 但在高风速地区Nightingale et al. (2000) 公式的传输速度要小于后两者, 导致了使用该公式的试验模拟结果在主吸收区和存储区的强度比后二者偏小。Wanninkhof (1992) 的公式在形式上与Ho et al. (2006) 以及Sweeney et al. (2007) 的公式一致, 但在系数上存在差别, 这使得模拟的水柱总量在南大洋的分布明显好于其他试验, 尽管其最大值仍比观测资料略小。在海洋累积吸收量的计算上, 使用Wanninkhof (1992) 传输速度公式得到的模拟结果比观测资料小8%左右。计算了Liss and Merlivat (1986) 和Wanninkhof (1992) 的传输速度公式模拟的单年吸收量相对差, 其总体上一直保持持续下降的趋势, 到2007年仅为2%。从该相对差变化趋势看, 在最初的前10年, 海气CFC-11交换通量对海气交换传输速度的敏感性更强, 而在更长时间的模拟上, 海洋对CFC-11的吸收则更依赖于物理模式的通风速率。通过对CFC-11垂直断面分布的分析可知, 不同的传输速度在主要吸收区的不同导致了一定的垂直分布差异。基于本文的结果可以认为Wanninkhof (1992) 的海气气体传输速度公式更适合本模式对CFC-11的模拟。 相似文献
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文中用一个带生物泵的三维全球海洋碳循环模式模拟了热带太平洋表面水中 CO2 总量(TCO2 )在 El Nino和 La Nina事件期间的变化。试验结果表明 ,西北太平洋 (0～ 2 0°N,1 2 0～1 50°E)和赤道中东太平洋 (1 0°S～ 1 0°N,1 50°E～ 90°W)两个海区在 El Nino事件期间表面水TCO2 和海气分压差 (ΔPCO2 )的变化十分显著。El Nino期间 ,西北太平洋 TCO2 和 ΔPCO2 都增加 ;赤道中东太平洋 TCO2 和 ΔPCO2 都减少 ;La Nina期间 ,它们的变化与 El Nino期间相反。模拟的El Nino期间热带太平洋表面水中 TCO2 和 ΔPCO2 的变化趋势与观测事实吻合得较好。 相似文献
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利用全球海洋—大气快速耦合模式（Fast Ocean-Atmosphere Model,FOAM）,采用模式中的初值方法,研究了湾流区海温再现过程及其对北半球大气环流和气候的影响。FOAM模式很好地模拟了北大西洋湾流区的海温＂再现＂过程,模式中海面热通量异常与SST异常表现出不同步的响应特征。海面热通量异常在初冬季节达到最大值,而SST异常滞后,在冬季晚期达到最大值,从而在初冬和晚冬对北半球大气环流造成不同的影响。初冬季节北半球大气环流主要受海洋热通量异常的强迫,在北大西洋和北太平洋上空呈现相当正压的异常低压槽响应,北极地区为异常高压脊,类似北极涛动的负位相,可能造成欧洲南部和北非大陆气温偏高,亚洲大陆气温偏低。而晚冬季节北半球大气环流主要受SST异常的驱动,在北大西洋和北太平洋上空表现为相当正压的异常高压脊响应,北极地区为异常低压槽,类似北极涛动的正位相,可能造成欧洲南部和北非大陆气温偏低,亚洲大陆气温偏高,中国东部降水异常偏多30%左右。北太平洋大气环流的异常由北大西洋湾流区海洋热通量和SST异常强迫下游大气环流所激发,进一步通过Rossby驻波的能量频散东传至北太平洋而造成的。 相似文献
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概述近10年来中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体动力学数值模拟国家重点实验室全球海洋环流模式的发展及其在全球海气耦合模式的发展和气候模拟方面的应用.重点是:一个30层、0.5°×0.5°的准全球海洋环流模式LICOM的建立及其模拟的热带太平洋海洋环流和印度尼西亚贯穿流;以20层海洋模式为海洋分量建立的全球海洋-大气-陆面系统耦合模式GOALS在气候变化模拟方面的应用,和以海洋模式L30T63为海洋分量建立的灵活的耦合环流模式FGCM-0在热带太平洋-印度洋海气相互作用及古海洋-古气候模拟方面的应用 相似文献
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一个大洋环流模式和相应的海气耦合模式的评估Ⅰ.热带太平洋年平均状态 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
评估了中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体动力学数值模拟国家重点实验室海洋环流模式L30T63和海气耦合模式FGCM-0模拟的热带太平洋年平均状态,资料取自L30T63由观测的大气强迫驱动的Control试验、由NCAR CCM3大气强迫驱动的Spinup试验、以及相应的海气耦合模式FGCM-0.主要的结论是:(1)在"准确"的海表强迫下,Control模拟的海面温度和温跃层与观测结果相当接近,模式的固有误差是赤道冷舌过分西伸和东南太平洋温跃层偏浅.(2)Spinup能模拟出合理的热带太平洋上层海洋环流,但存在两个问题,即:暖池区海面温度显著偏高、沿赤道的梯度过大;赤道温跃层偏浅、东西向坡度偏小,它们分别与CCM3提供的海表短波辐射通量和风应力的系统误差有关.这两个问题很可能是海气耦合模式FGCM-0运行初期误差迅速发展的重要原因.(3)FGCM-0模拟的赤道暖池区上层100 m的平均温度比观测低3℃.分析表明FGCM-0夸大了暖池区海洋动力过程的降温作用,使得模拟的"暖池"在一定程度上具有冷舌的属性.FGCM-0模拟的热带南太平洋温跃层比观测结果偏浅数十米到100 m,以致赤道两侧的上层海洋温度分布趋于对称,成为"double ITCZ"现象在上层海洋中的表现.风应力旋度的系统误差和垂直混合随深度衰减过快是温跃层偏浅的两个可能原因;FGCM-0中与北太平洋中高纬地区深厚冷偏差相关的经圈环流也有利于热带温跃层误差的维持. 相似文献
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Vinu Valsala Hayyan M. Alsibai Motoyoshi Ikeda Shamil Maksyutov 《Climate Dynamics》2011,36(7-8):1435-1452
The global ocean Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-11) was simulated in an offline model driven by re-analysis ocean currents in order to identify the mechanisms of interannual to interdecadal variability of air?Csea CFC fluxes. The model was forced with the observed anthropogenic perturbations of atmospheric CFC-11 from the post industrial period (1938) following the OCMIP-II flux protocols along with the observed winds from 1960 to 1999 in the formulation of surface gas exchanges. The model ocean CFC-11 inventories, at the end of 1990s, accounted approximately 1% of the total atmospheric CFC-11, which is consistent with the corresponding observations. The mid-to-high latitude oceans were venue for strong (weak) oceanic sinks (sources) of CFC-11 during the winter (summer) months. The Southern Ocean (south of 40°S) and the North Atlantic (north of 35°N) provided two largest sinks of CFC-11, through which 31.4 and 14.6% of the global ocean CFC-11 entered, respectively. The eastern tropical Pacific Ocean exhibited large interannual variability of CFC-11 flux with a strong (weak) sink during La Ni?a (El Ni?o) years and represented 36% of the global CFC-11 flux variability. The North Atlantic and Southern Ocean were found as regions of large sink efficiency: a capacity to sink more CFC than outsource, although it reduced by 80 and 70%, respectively, in the last 40?years compared to 1960. The sink to source ratio of global ocean CFC-11 fluxes were reduced from 90 to 50% in the last 40?years. This indicates a saturation of CFC in the above-thermocline subsurface that makes the upper ocean less efficient in absorbing CFC in recent decades. A positive trend in CFC sink is now limited to the Southern Ocean, central tropical Pacific and western boundary current regions which possess active upwelling of old water with long time since last atmospheric contact. However, a globally averaged trend was a reduced CFC-11 sink, by emitting 30% of the total ocean CFC-11 that was absorbed during last 40?years. 相似文献
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A coupled climate model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum,Part 2: approach to equilibrium 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
The climate of the last glacial maximum (LGM) is simulated with a coupled climate model. The simulated climate undergoes a rapid adjustment during the first several decades after imposition of LGM boundary conditions, as described in Part 1, and then evolves toward equilibrium over 900 model years. The climate simulated by the coupled model at this period is compared with observationally-based LGM reconstructions and with LGM results obtained with an atmosphere-mixed layer (slab) ocean version of the model in order to investigate the role of ocean dynamics in the LGM climate. Global mean surface air temperature and sea surface temperature (SST) decrease by about 10 °C and 5.6 °C in the coupled model which includes ocean dynamics, compared to decreases of 6.3 and 3.8 °C in slab ocean case. The coupled model simulates a cooling of about 6.5 °C over the tropics, which is larger than that of the CLIMAP reconstruction (1.7 °C) and larger than that of the slab ocean simulation (3.3 °C), but which is in reasonable agreement with some recent proxy estimates. The ocean dynamics of the coupled model captures features found in the CLIMAP reconstructions such as a relative maximum of ocean cooling over the tropical Pacific associated with a mean La Niña-like response and lead to a more realistic SST pattern than in the slab model case. The reduction in global mean precipitation simulated in the coupled model is larger (15%) than that simulated with the slab ocean model (~10%) in conjunction with the enhanced cooling. Some regions, such as the USA and the Mediterranean region, experience increased precipitation in accord with proxy paleoclimate evidence. The overall much drier climate over the ocean leads to higher sea surface salinity (SSS) in most ocean basins except for the North Atlantic where SSS is considerably lower due to an increase in the supply of fresh water from the Mississippi and Amazon rivers and presumably a decrease in salt transport by the weakened North Atlantic overturning circulation. The North Atlantic overturning stream function weakens to less than half of the control run value. The overturning is limited to a shallower depth (less than 1000 m) and its outflow is confined to the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Ocean, convection is much stronger than in the control run leading to a stronger overturning stream function associated with enhanced Antarctic Bottom Water formation. As a result, Southern Ocean water masses fill the entire deep ocean. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transport through the Drake Passage increases by about 25%. The ACC transport, despite weaker zonal winds, is enhanced due to changes in bottom pressure torque. The weakening of the overturning circulation in the North Atlantic and the accompanying 30% decrease in the poleward ocean heat transport contrasts with the strengthening of the overturning circulation in the Southern Ocean and a 40% increase in heat transport. As a result, sea ice coverage and thickness are affected in opposite senses in the two hemispheres. The LGM climate simulated by the coupled model is in reasonable agreement with paleoclimate proxy evidence. The dynamical response of the ocean in the coupled model plays an important role in determining the simulated, and undoubtedly, the actual, LGM climate. 相似文献
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利用1960-2010年江西省81个台站月平均气温观测资料和NOAA全球月平均海表温度资料(ERSST-V3),分析了江西省冬季气温异常与海温异常的相互联系,并运用超前-滞后相关分析和奇异值分解(SVD)方法初步探讨了关键区海温异常之间的相互作用.结果表明:①影响江西省冬季气温异常的海温关键区和关键时段分别为同期印度洋(10°S～20°N,54°～90°E)、同期西北太平洋(20°～40°N,120°～180°E)和前期8-9月北大西洋中部(24°～44°N,20°～60°W)海域;②西北太平洋关键区暖水年预示暖冬年好于印度洋区,而印度洋区冷水年预示冷冬年稍好于西北太平洋区,冬季西北太平洋与印度洋海温异常可以修正前期8-9月北大西洋中部海温异常对江西省冬季气温的影响. 相似文献
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利用一个全球海气耦合模式(BCM),结合观测资料,讨论了热带太平洋强迫对北大西洋年际气候变率的影响。研究表明,BCM能够相对合理地模拟赤道太平洋的年际变率模态及相应的海温距平型和大气遥相关型,尽管其准3年的振荡周期过于规则。来自数值模式和观测上的证据都表明,北大西洋冬季海温的主导性变率模态,即自北而南出现的“- -”的海温距平型,受到来自热带太平洋强迫的显著影响,其正位相与赤道中东太平洋冷事件相对应。换言之,赤道太平洋暖事件的发生,在太平洋-北美沿岸激发出PNA遥相关型,进而通过在北大西洋产生类似NAO负位相的气压距平型,削弱本来与NAO正位相直接联系的三核型海温距平。北大西洋三核型海温距平对热带太平洋强迫的响应,要滞后2—3个月的时间。 相似文献
15.
This study investigates the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) simulated by 17 global coupled ocean-atmosphere models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Robust NAO indices are defined by calculating the leading principal components of winter time mean surface temperatures (land and sea) in the North Atlantic region (120°W-60°E, 20-80°N). Encouragingly, 13 out of 17 of the models capture the NAO surface temperature quadrupole pattern with centres of action over Northwest Europe, the northwest Atlantic, the southeastern USA, and the Middle East. The northern dipole is better captured than the southern dipole which is often simulated too far eastwards over the Atlantic Ocean. Out of the 17 models, ten models produce NAO indices that vary similar to the observations as stationary "weakly red noise" with only small correlations between successive winters (r < 0.3). Another five models drift monotonically towards warmer conditions, and two models exhibit long-term stochastic trends. Several of the models significantly overestimate the teleconnection between NAO and the tropical ENSO phenomenon. 相似文献
16.
1. Introduction Ocean General Circulation Models (OGCMs) arekey tools in the assessment of the future ocean up-take of atmospheric greenhouse gases and heat. Fur-thermore, whereas nature experiences one realisationof the climate state, climate models can be used as alaboratory to produce a multitude of climate realisa-tions, and by that contribute to the understanding ofthe variability and stability properties of the system.It is, in this respect, crucial to evaluate the climatemodels ag… 相似文献
17.
Tectonically-active gateways between ocean basins have modified ocean circulation over Earth history. Today, the Atlantic and Pacific are directly connected via the Drake Passage, which forms a barrier to the time-mean geostrophic transport between the subtropics and Antarctica. In contrast, during the warm early Cenozoic era, when Antarctica was ice-free, the Drake Passage was closed. Instead, at that time, the separation of North and South America provided a tropical seaway between the Atlantic and Pacific that remained open until the Isthmus of Panama formed in the relatively recent geological past. Ocean circulation models have previously been used to explore the individual impacts of the Drake Passage and the Panama Seaway, but rarely have the two gateways been considered together, and most explorations have used very simple atmospheric models. Here we use a coupled ocean–ice–atmosphere model (GFDL’s CM2Mc), to simulate the impacts of a closed Drake Passage both with and without a Panama Seaway. We find that the climate response to a closed Drake Passage is relatively small when the Panama Seaway is absent, similar to prior studies, although the coupling to a dynamical atmosphere does increase the temperature change. However, with a Panama Seaway, closing Drake Passage has a much larger effect, due to the cessation of deep water formation in the northern hemisphere. Both gateways alter the transport of salt by ocean circulation, with the Panama Seaway allowing fresh Pacific water to be imported to the North Atlantic, and the Drake Passage preventing the flow of saline subtropical water to the circum-Antarctic, a flow that is particularly strong when the Panama Seaway is open. Thus, with a Panama Seaway and a closed Drake Passage, the Southern Ocean tends to be relatively salty, while the North Atlantic tends to be relatively fresh, such that the deep ocean is ventilated from the circum-Antarctic. Ensuing changes in the ocean heat transport drive a bi-polar shift of surface ocean temperatures, and the Intertropical Convergence Zone migrates toward the warmer southern hemisphere. The response of clouds to changes in surface ocean temperatures amplifies the climate response, resulting in temperature changes of up to 9 °C over Antarctica, even in the absence of land-ice feedbacks. These results emphasize the importance of tectonic gateways to the climate history of the Cenozoic, and support a role for ocean circulation changes in the glaciation of Antarctica. 相似文献
18.
Ramdane Alkama M. Kageyama G. Ramstein O. Marti P. Ribstein D. Swingedouw 《Climate Dynamics》2008,30(7-8):855-869
The presence of large ice sheets over North America and North Europe at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) strongly impacted Northern
hemisphere river pathways. Despite the fact that such changes may significantly alter the freshwater input to the ocean, modified
surface hydrology has never been accounted for in coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model simulations of the LGM
climate. To reconstruct the LGM river routing, we use the ICE-5G LGM topography. Because of the uncertainties in the extent
of the Fennoscandian ice sheet in the Eastern part of the Kara Sea, we consider two more realistic river routing scenarios.
The first scenario is characterised by the presence of an ice dammed lake south of the Fennoscandian ice sheet, and corresponds
to the ICE-5G topography. This lake is fed by the Ob and Yenisei rivers. In the second scenario, both these rivers flow directly
into the Arctic Ocean, which is more consistent with the latest QUEEN ice sheet margin reconstructions. We study the impact
of these changes on the LGM climate as simulated by the IPSL_CM4 model and focus on the overturning thermohaline circulation.
A comparison with a classical LGM simulation performed using the same model and modern river basins as designed in the PMIP2
exercise leads to the following conclusions: (1) The discharge into the North Atlantic Ocean is increased by 2,000 m3/s between 38° and 54°N in both simulations that contain LGM river routing, compared to the classical LGM experiment. (2)
The ice dammed lake is shown to have a weak impact, relative to the classical simulation, both in terms of climate and ocean
circulation. (3) In contrast, the North Atlantic deep convection and meridional overturning are weaker than during the classical
LGM run if the Ob and Yenisei rivers flow directly into the Arctic Ocean. The total discharge into the Arctic Ocean is increased
by 31,000 m3/s, relative to the classical LGM simulation. Consequentially, northward ocean heat transport is weaker, and sea ice more
extensive, in better agreement with existing proxy data. 相似文献
19.
Time-dependent response of a zonally averaged ocean–atmosphere–sea ice model to Milankovitch forcing
An ocean–atmosphere–sea ice model is developed to explore the time-dependent response of climate to Milankovitch forcing for
the time interval 5–3 Myr BP. The ocean component is a zonally averaged model of the circulation in five basins (Arctic, Atlantic,
Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans). The atmospheric component is a one-dimensional (latitudinal) energy balance model,
and the sea-ice component is a thermodynamic model. Two numerical experiments are conducted. The first experiment does not
include sea ice and the Arctic Ocean; the second experiment does. Results from the two experiments are used to investigate
(1) the response of annual mean surface air and ocean temperatures to Milankovitch forcing, and (2) the role of sea ice in
this response. In both experiments, the response of air temperature is dominated by obliquity cycles at most latitudes. On
the other hand, the response of ocean temperature varies with latitude and depth. Deep water formed between 45°N and 65°N
in the Atlantic Ocean mainly responds to precession. In contrast, deep water formed south of 60°S responds to obliquity when
sea ice is not included. Sea ice acts as a time-integrator of summer insolation changes such that annual mean sea-ice conditions
mainly respond to obliquity. Thus, in the presence of sea ice, air temperature changes over the sea ice are amplified, and
temperature changes in deep water of southern origin are suppressed since water below sea ice is kept near the freezing point. 相似文献