共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
全球海洋模式对CFC-11分布的初步模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
使用中国科学院大气物理研究所(IAP)三十层全球海洋模式(L30T63)研究了CFC-11在全球海洋中的吸收和分布,初步讨论了决定其分布特征的可能因素.该模式采用自由表面结构和Gent-McWilliams中尺度示踪物参数化方案.通过对控制试验得到的CFC-11模拟结果分析可知,CFC-11海表浓度受温度影响显著,其分布形状大致与温度相似,但梯度相反.通量的分布受温度影响很大,且表现出很明显的季节变化特征,如不饱和区一般出现在冬季海区的中层水形成处或者强对流混合存在的区域.另外,对CFC-11的模拟结果与三个大洋的五个断面航测资料做了对比,发现模拟结果与观测资料吻合较好,能比较清楚地反映CFC-11输送与等密度面垂直分布以及环流场的密切关系,如在南大洋50°S以北至35°S以南等密度面的向下加深区是CFC-11的主要贮存区等.与大多数前人的工作相比,该模拟结果较好地反映了CFC-11在南大洋的分布特征.从这些反映出该模式对于大洋十年尺度物质交换与海洋内部输送的模拟是比较准确的. 相似文献
2.
为了评估美国地球物理流体动力学实验室（GFDL）模式模拟海洋通风的能力,利用GFDL的物理气候系统模式和地球系统模式（GFDL-ESM2G、GFDL-ESM2M、GFDL-CM3）模拟海洋中CFC-11（一氟三氯甲烷,CCl3F）的资料,对CFC-11的海面浓度分布、单位面积水柱总量、全球总物质的量、最大穿透深度以及在大西洋、太平洋、南大洋的垂直剖面的特征进行了分析。本文将GFDL模拟结果与盐度、海温、CFC-11的观测资料比较,得到了如下重要结论：GFDL模式模拟的CFC-11海面高值中心集中在高纬度,如北大西洋、西北太平洋,但是在南大洋罗斯海、威德尔海模拟结果比观测值低了1.5 pmol·kg-1,这是CFC-11的溶解度与海面温度成负相关造成的,即随海面温度升高,CFC-11的溶解度降低;GFDL模拟的全球海洋中CFC-11总物质的量都比观测值高,尤其是CM3的模拟结果比观测高22.9%,GFDL模式平均值高于观测15.6%。通过对北太平洋46°N、北大西洋24°N和南大洋65°S的纬向断面的分析表明,目前GFDL模式在模拟一些重要水团时还有一定的改进空间,比如GFDL在24°N断面1 000 m以下模拟CFC-11浓度极大值位置过深。 相似文献
3.
全球海洋CFC-11吸收对传输速度的敏感性 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
本文在中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的全球海洋模式(LICOM)中使用五个不同的海气交换的气体 传输速度公式对CFC-11(一氟三氯甲烷)在海洋中的分布和吸收做了模拟。讨论了不同气体传输速度的差异, 发现差异最大的两个公式得到的全球年平均传输速度相差81%。对CFC-11的海表浓度分布、海气通量、水柱总量、海水累积吸收量以及在大洋断面的垂直浓度分布进行了分析。分析结果显示, 使用Liss and Merlivat (1986) 的传输速度公式的试验在海气通量和海洋吸收总量的模拟上均小于其他试验, Nightingale et al. (2000)、Ho et al. (2006) 和Sweeney et al. (2007) 等的公式虽然全球年平均值相近, 但在高风速地区Nightingale et al. (2000) 公式的传输速度要小于后两者, 导致了使用该公式的试验模拟结果在主吸收区和存储区的强度比后二者偏小。Wanninkhof (1992) 的公式在形式上与Ho et al. (2006) 以及Sweeney et al. (2007) 的公式一致, 但在系数上存在差别, 这使得模拟的水柱总量在南大洋的分布明显好于其他试验, 尽管其最大值仍比观测资料略小。在海洋累积吸收量的计算上, 使用Wanninkhof (1992) 传输速度公式得到的模拟结果比观测资料小8%左右。计算了Liss and Merlivat (1986) 和Wanninkhof (1992) 的传输速度公式模拟的单年吸收量相对差, 其总体上一直保持持续下降的趋势, 到2007年仅为2%。从该相对差变化趋势看, 在最初的前10年, 海气CFC-11交换通量对海气交换传输速度的敏感性更强, 而在更长时间的模拟上, 海洋对CFC-11的吸收则更依赖于物理模式的通风速率。通过对CFC-11垂直断面分布的分析可知, 不同的传输速度在主要吸收区的不同导致了一定的垂直分布差异。基于本文的结果可以认为Wanninkhof (1992) 的海气气体传输速度公式更适合本模式对CFC-11的模拟。 相似文献
4.
潮汐混合对大西洋经圈翻转环流(AMOC)模拟影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
海洋中的潮汐混合对大西洋经圈翻转环流AMOC(Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)模拟的影响是海洋环流模式研究的热点问题之一。本文采用IAP/LASG发展的气候系统海洋模式LICOM(LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model)及与海冰耦合模式进行了有无潮汐混合方案的试验,重点探讨了潮汐混合对AMOC强度模拟的影响。结果显示,引入潮汐混合后模拟的AMOC强度极大值比对照试验增加约1倍,更接近RAPID(Rapid Climate Change Programme)观测。而且,潮汐混合试验中模拟的AMOC上层环流深度(3200 m)比对照试验加深1000 m左右,同样更接近RAPID观测。海洋底部的垂直混合增强,使海洋层结变得更加不稳定,加强了北大西洋高纬地区,特别是拉布拉多海等地区的深对流,这是AMOC加强的直接原因。同时,潮汐混合试验中上层海洋环流也加强,增加了中低纬副热带高盐海水向高纬输送,使表层增密,海洋层结更加不稳定,也可以进一步增强AMOC。 相似文献
5.
一个太平洋海盆尺度环流模式及其模拟结果 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
在中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG)发展的全球气候海洋环流模式(LICOM)的基础上构建了一个太平洋海盆环流模式,并对其模拟结果进行了深入的分析.在模拟中对中尺度示踪物输送采用了两种方案,即传统的水平扩散方案(HOR)和包括涡旋诱导速度的等密度面扩散方案(GM).对这两个试验的气候平衡态结果分析发现,该模式较好地模拟出了太平洋的环流特征,包括副热带大涡、副极地涡旋以及南极绕流(ACC)等.赤道附近的各种流系亦得到了较好的模拟,模拟的150°W赤道潜流的最大流速为40 cm/s,出现在次表层130 m左右,虽然模拟值比基于NCEP资料估计的最大流速80 cm/s小,但与其位置十分相近.两个试验均较好地模拟出了温盐的分布结构,包括北太平洋和南太平洋中层水的形成以及南极底层水的输送等.通过详细分析两个试验结果发现,总的说来在目前模式所采用的参数条件下,GM的结果稍好于HOR的结果.这些模拟结果表明,在LICOM基础上构建的太平洋环流模式从总体上是能再现许多观测特征的,可为今后进一步研究被动示踪物在北太平洋的分布等问题提供一个十分有用的工具. 相似文献
6.
使用中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室（LASG/IAP）开发的第三代气候海洋模式（LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model version 3, LICOM3.0）低分辨率版本在海洋模式比较计划（Ocean Model Intercomparison Project, OMIP）试验中的模拟数据,描述了南极绕极流（Antarctic Circumpolar Current, ACC）和南大洋经向翻转环流（Meridional Overturning Circulation, MOC）在1958～2009年的平均状态及其变化,并与已有的模式模拟结果和观测结果对比以评估LICOM模式的模拟效果。通过对比已有模式模拟数据发现,LICOM3.0模式模拟的ACC和南大洋MOC在两组OMIP试验中平均状态相仿、结果在合理范围内,但OMIP1试验中海表强迫的变化趋势较OMIP2试验中的变化更大,得到的环流输送在OMIP1试验中增长趋势也更大。 相似文献
7.
8.
全球海洋模式对不同强迫场的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
使用中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的全球海洋环流模式(LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model,LICOM),通过设计三个试验,即以德国马克斯—普朗克气象研究所整理的海洋模式比较计划(OMIP)资料和美国国家海洋资料中心(NODC)发布的《世界海洋图集2009》(WOA09)资料为强迫场的试验W,用美国环境预报中心(NCEP)和国家大气研究中心(NCAR)联合推出的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(简称NCEP资料)中的风应力资料代替试验W中的风应力资料的试验M,以及用NCEP资料中的热力强迫代替试验M中的热力强迫资料的试验N,来研究不同的热力和动力强迫场对模式的影响。三个试验的模拟结果均模拟出了水团和流场的分布型和极值区。从三个试验的结果对比可以看出,NCEP资料较弱的风应力使得试验M环流场明显偏弱,减弱了大洋内部的温盐输送,加大了深海温盐模拟结果与观测资料的偏差,但对原模式过强的南极中层水的输送有所改善。NCEP的短波辐射通量和非短波热通量弱于OMIP,且在两极区域NCEP资料的海表温度比WOA09资料最多低 4℃以上。试验N的模拟结果改善了南大洋60°S以南海区试验W 模拟的海表温度偏高问题,减小了北冰洋部分海域以及副热带大洋东部海表温度的偏差。此外,试验N高纬度较低的海表温度增强了北大西洋深水以及南极底层水的输送,因而改善了深海的温盐模拟结果。三个试验在一些关键海区得到的经向热输送在观测估计及前人模拟结果的范围中,总体上试验M的输送最弱。综合三个试验的模拟结果,可以认为OMIP风应力资料和NCEP海表温度资料更适合作为LICOM模式的强迫场。 相似文献
9.
海洋环流模式模拟自然
和核辐射14C的分布 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
放射性14C在海洋环流研究和人为CO2问题的研究中都有重要地位。本文用海洋环流模式模拟了海洋中自然14C的分布及海洋对核辐射产生的放射性14C的吸收, 以期对海洋吸收人为CO2的能力做一初步的研究。模拟的海洋环流结果与观测相比符合得较好,成功地模拟出了北大西洋深水（NADW）、南极底水 (AABW）等基本特征。对自然14C的模拟揭示出了海洋通风的基本特征。模拟出的沿GEOSECS 路径的南、北垂直截面与观测结果符合得较好。对核辐射14C的模拟表明:模式模拟的沿GEOSECS 路径的南、北垂直截面与观测结果符合得较好;模拟出的海洋表面核辐射浓度与观测值一致,但核辐射14C在海洋中的柱存量和平均穿透深度都比观测结果要小。文中分析了造成这种差异的可能原因。 相似文献
10.
海洋环流模式对平流方案与分辨率的敏感性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文中将中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG)发展的准全球海洋环流模式(LICOM),从水平分辨率、垂直分辨率、平流方案3个方面分别采用不同的方案,进行组合试验,研究这些因素对于海洋环流(特别是热带海洋)的重要影响.8组试验表明,水平分辨率的提高,对于流场的改进有显著作用,能够使流场达到与实际非常接近的强度;调整的垂直分辨率,上层海洋的加密,能够使热带太平洋上层海洋的模拟改进;引入的两步保形平流方案,能够使得热带太平洋海温的模拟有所改进,这种改进的效果在低分辨率的情况下,尤为明显.同时,8组试验也一致地表现出等温线的密集程度比实际情况稀疏,这反映了模式在物理过程,特别是混合过程的描述方面,还有值得改进的地方. 相似文献
11.
We use a coarse resolution ocean general circulation model to study the relation between meridional pressure and density gradients in the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. In several experiments, we artificially modify the meridional density gradients by applying different magnitudes of the Gent–McWilliams isopycnal eddy diffusion coefficients in the Southern Ocean and in the North Atlantic and investigate the response of the simulated Atlantic meridional overturning to such changes. The simulations are carried out close to the limit of no diapycnal mixing, with a very small explicit vertical diffusivity and a tracer advection scheme with very low implicit diffusivities. Our results reveal that changes in eddy diffusivities in the North Atlantic affect the maximum of the Atlantic meridional overturning, but not the outflow of North Atlantic Deep Water into the Southern Ocean. In contrast, changes in eddy diffusivities in the Southern Ocean affect both the South Atlantic outflow of North Atlantic Deep Water and the maximum of the Atlantic meridional overturning. Results from these experiments are used to investigate the relation between meridional pressure gradients and the components of the Atlantic meridional overturning. Pressure gradients and overturning are found to be linearly related. We show that, in our simulations, zonally averaged deep pressure gradients are very weak between 20°S and about 30°N and that between 30°N and 60°N the zonally averaged pressure grows approximately linearly with latitude. This pressure difference balances a westward geostrophic flow at 30–40°N that feeds the southbound deep Atlantic western boundary current. We extend our analysis to a large variety of experiments in which surface freshwater forcing, vertical mixing and winds are modified. In all experiments, the pycnocline depth, assumed to be the relevant vertical scale for the northward volume transport in the Atlantic, is found to be approximately constant, at least within the coarse vertical resolution of the model. The model behaviour hence cannot directly be related to conceptual models in which changes in the pycnocline depth determine the strength of Atlantic meridional flow, and seems conceptually closer to Stommel’s box model. In all our simulations, the Atlantic overturning seems to be mainly driven by Southern Ocean westerlies. However, the actual strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning is not determined solely by the Southern Ocean wind stress but as well by the density/pressure gradients created between the deep water formation regions in the North Atlantic and the inflow/outflow region in the South Atlantic. 相似文献
12.
Vinu Valsala Hayyan M. Alsibai Motoyoshi Ikeda Shamil Maksyutov 《Climate Dynamics》2011,36(7-8):1435-1452
The global ocean Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-11) was simulated in an offline model driven by re-analysis ocean currents in order to identify the mechanisms of interannual to interdecadal variability of air?Csea CFC fluxes. The model was forced with the observed anthropogenic perturbations of atmospheric CFC-11 from the post industrial period (1938) following the OCMIP-II flux protocols along with the observed winds from 1960 to 1999 in the formulation of surface gas exchanges. The model ocean CFC-11 inventories, at the end of 1990s, accounted approximately 1% of the total atmospheric CFC-11, which is consistent with the corresponding observations. The mid-to-high latitude oceans were venue for strong (weak) oceanic sinks (sources) of CFC-11 during the winter (summer) months. The Southern Ocean (south of 40°S) and the North Atlantic (north of 35°N) provided two largest sinks of CFC-11, through which 31.4 and 14.6% of the global ocean CFC-11 entered, respectively. The eastern tropical Pacific Ocean exhibited large interannual variability of CFC-11 flux with a strong (weak) sink during La Ni?a (El Ni?o) years and represented 36% of the global CFC-11 flux variability. The North Atlantic and Southern Ocean were found as regions of large sink efficiency: a capacity to sink more CFC than outsource, although it reduced by 80 and 70%, respectively, in the last 40?years compared to 1960. The sink to source ratio of global ocean CFC-11 fluxes were reduced from 90 to 50% in the last 40?years. This indicates a saturation of CFC in the above-thermocline subsurface that makes the upper ocean less efficient in absorbing CFC in recent decades. A positive trend in CFC sink is now limited to the Southern Ocean, central tropical Pacific and western boundary current regions which possess active upwelling of old water with long time since last atmospheric contact. However, a globally averaged trend was a reduced CFC-11 sink, by emitting 30% of the total ocean CFC-11 that was absorbed during last 40?years. 相似文献
13.
1. Introduction Ocean General Circulation Models (OGCMs) arekey tools in the assessment of the future ocean up-take of atmospheric greenhouse gases and heat. Fur-thermore, whereas nature experiences one realisationof the climate state, climate models can be used as alaboratory to produce a multitude of climate realisa-tions, and by that contribute to the understanding ofthe variability and stability properties of the system.It is, in this respect, crucial to evaluate the climatemodels ag… 相似文献
14.
Previous numerical studies have focused on the combined effect of momentum and scalar eddy diffusivity on the intensity and structure of tropical cyclones. The separate impact of eddy diffusivity estimated by planetary boundary layer(PBL) parameterization on the tropical cyclones has not yet been systematically examined. We have examined the impacts of eddy diffusion of moisture on idealized tropical cyclones using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model with the Yonsei University PBL scheme. Our results show nonlinear effects of moisture eddy diffusivity on the simulation of idealized tropical cyclones. Increasing the eddy diffusion of moisture increases the moisture content of the PBL, with three different effects on tropical cyclones:(1) an decrease in the depth of the PBL;(2) an increase in convection in the inner rain band and eyewall; and(3) drying of the lowest region of the PBL and then increasing the surface latent heat flux. These three processes have different effects on the intensity and structure of the tropical cyclone through various physical mechanisms. The increased surface latent heat flux is mainly responsible for the decrease in pressure. Results show that moisture eddy diffusivity has clear effects on the pressure in tropical cyclones, but contributes little to the intensity of wind. This largely influences the wind–pressure relationship, which is crucial in tropical cyclones simulation. These results improve our understanding of moisture eddy diffusivity in the PBL and its influence on tropical cyclones, and provides guidance for interpreting the variation of moisture in the PBL for tropical cyclone simulations. 相似文献
15.
Weak vertical diffusion allows maintenance of cold halocline in the central Arctic 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Ilker FER 《大气和海洋科学快报》2009,2(3):148-152
In spring preceding the record minimum summer ice cover detailed microstructure measurements were made from drifting pack ice in the Arctic Ocean, 110 km from the North Pole. Profiles of hydrography, shear, and temperature microstructure collected in the upper water column covering the core of the Atlantic Water are analyzed to determine the diapycnal eddy diffusivity, the eddy diffusivity for heat, and the turbulent flux of heat. Turbulence in the bulk of the cold halocline layer was not strong enough to generate significant buoyancy flux and mixing. Resulting turbulent heat flux across the upper cold halocline was not significantly different than zero. The results show that the low levels of eddy diffusivity in the upper cold halocline lead to small vertical turbulent transport of heat, thereby allowing the maintenance of the cold halocline in the central Arctic. 相似文献
16.
The effect of fluctuating daily surface fluxes on the time-mean oceanic circulation is studied using an empirical flux model.
The model produces fluctuating fluxes resulting from atmospheric variability and includes oceanic feedbacks on the fluxes.
Numerical experiments were carried out by driving an ocean general circulation model with three different versions of the
empirical model. It is found that fluctuating daily fluxes lead to an increase in the meridional overturning circulation (MOC)
of the Atlantic of about 1 Sv and a decrease in the Antarctic circumpolar current (ACC) of about 32 Sv. The changes are approximately
7% of the MOC and 16% of the ACC obtained without fluctuating daily fluxes. The fluctuating fluxes change the intensity and
the depth of vertical mixing. This, in turn, changes the density field and thus the circulation. Fluctuating buoyancy fluxes
change the vertical mixing in a non-linear way: they tend to increase the convective mixing in mostly stable regions and to
decrease the convective mixing in mostly unstable regions. The ACC changes are related to the enhanced mixing in the subtropical
and the mid-latitude Southern Ocean and reduced mixing in the high-latitude Southern Ocean. The enhanced mixing is related
to an increase in the frequency and the depth of convective events. As these events bring more dense water downward, the mixing
changes lead to a reduction in meridional gradient of the depth-integrated density in the Southern Ocean and hence the strength
of the ACC. The MOC changes are related to more subtle density changes. It is found that the vertical mixing in a latitudinal
strip in the northern North Atlantic is more strongly enhanced due to fluctuating fluxes than the mixing in a latitudinal
strip in the South Atlantic. This leads to an increase in the density difference between the two strips, which can be responsible
for the increase in the Atlantic MOC. 相似文献
17.
We compare the results of a local and a nonlocal scheme for vertical diffusion in the atmospheric boundary layer with observations at the 200 m tower at Cabauw. This is done for a 12 h period during daytime on 31 May 1978, which is characterised by strong insolation, clear skies, moderately strong winds and weak advection. The local diffusion scheme uses an eddy diffusivity determined independently at each point along the vertical based on local vertical gradients of wind and virtual potential temperature, similar to the usual approach in atmospheric models. The nonlocal scheme determines an eddy diffusivity profile based on a diagnosed boundary-layer height and a turbulent velocity scale. It also incorporates nonlocal (vertical) transport effects for heat and moisture. The boundary-layer diffusion schemes are forced with the locally observed fluxes for heat and moisture. The outputs of the scheme are compared with the observed mean structure along the Cabauw tower, and the radiosonde profile at a nearby location (De Bilt). Overall, the nonlocal scheme transports moisture away from the surface more rapidly than the local scheme, and deposits the moisture at higher levels. The local scheme tends to saturate the lowest model levels unrealistically in comparison with the observations. We also compare the outputs of the two diffusion schemes with the results of a transilient model simulation. Subsequently, we study the impact on the model behaviour by varying important parameters in both diffusion schemes and we investigate the sensitivity to uncertainty in the environmental conditions. Finally, we study the interaction of the diffusion schemes with a simple surface flux scheme. 相似文献
18.
利用1980—1986年格点风资料，分析了各年北半球冬季风期间（12—2月）东半球对流层低层及高空的越赤道气流通道。在该地区冬季低空具有气候意义的通道是105°E、125°E、45°E、80°E及150°E 5条，其中以100°—130°E为主要通道。高空则主要集中在80°–120°E区间。在1983—1984、1984—1985年两个冬季，45°E处出现较强的低空北风越赤道气流，这与高纬度大西洋东部上空持续的强阻塞形势有关。这支强越赤道气流与南印度洋及南太平洋多热带风暴也有联系。由平均经圈环流分析指出， 相似文献