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1.
BIAN Jianchun CHEN Hongbin Holger VOMEL DUAN Yunjun XUAN Yuejian LU Daren 《大气科学进展》2011,28(1):139-146
GTS1 digital radiosonde, developed by the Shanghai Changwang Meteorological Science and Technology Company in 1998, is now widely used in operational radiosonde stations in China. A preliminary comparison of simultaneous humidity measurements by the GTS1 radiosonde, the Vaisala RS80 radiosonde, and the Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH), launched at Kunming in August 2009, reveals a large dry bias produced by the GTS1 humidity sensor. The average relative dry bias is in the order of 10% below 500 hPa, increasing rapidly to 30% above 500 hPa, and up to 55% at 310 hPa. A much larger dry bias is observed in the daytime, and this daytime effect increases with altitude. The GTS1 radiosonde fails to respond to humidity changes in the upper troposphere, and sometimes even in the middle troposphere. The failure of GTS1 in the middle and upper troposphere will result in significant artificial humidity shifts in radiosonde climate records at stations in China where a transition from mechanical to digital radiosondes has occurred. A comparison of simultaneous temperature observations by the GTS1 radiosonde and the Vaisala RS80 radiosonde suggests that these two radiosondes provide highly reproducible temperature measurements in the troposphere, but produce opposite biases for daytime and nighttime measurements in the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, the GTS1 shows a warm bias (<0.5 K) in the daytime and a relatively large cool bias (-0.2 K to -1.6 K) at nighttime. 相似文献
2.
通过统计全国探空系统早期换型时获取的59个高空站L波段雷达-GTS1型电子探空仪系统相对于59-701探空系统在1000 hPa到200 hPa之间各规定等压面相对湿度的差值,分析探空系统换型对于相对湿度一致性的影响。结果表明:GTS1型探空仪测得的相对湿度明显比59型探空仪低,且差值随高度增加而增大,近地层二者相对湿度差值低于5%,200 hPa高度二者差值达到20%以上;冬季两套探空系统相对湿度的差值明显大于夏季,且差值随高度分布情况不尽相同。分析表明:相对湿度差值的变化除了与探空仪施放过程中外界温度变化相关,还与湿度变化趋势和变化幅度密切相关,湿度传感器存在湿滞回线和滞后现象。分析还发现,太原无线电一厂与上海长望气象科技有限公司制造的59型探空仪的性能差异不明显,且GTS1型探空仪与59型探空仪的两种湿度传感器在白天受太阳辐射的残余影响差异也不明显。 相似文献
3.
Houaria NAMAOUI Salem KAHLOUCHE Ahmed Hafid BELBACHIR Roeland Van MALDEREN Hugues BRENOT Eric POTTIAUX 《大气科学进展》2017,34(5):623-634
Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor using global positioning system(GPS) data has become an effective tool in meteorology,weather forecasting and climate research. This paper presents the estimation of precipitable water(PW)from GPS observations and meteorological data in Algeria,over three stations located at Algiers,Bechar and Tamanrasset.The objective of this study is to analyze the sensitivity of the GPS PW estimates for the three sites to the weighted mean temperature(T_m),obtained separately from two types of T_m–T_s regression [one general,and one developed specifically for Algeria(T_s stands for surface temperature)],and calculated directly from ERA-Interim data. The results show that the differences in T_m are of the order of 18 K,producing differences of 2.01 mm in the final evaluation of PW. A good agreement is found between GPS-PW and PW calculated from radiosondes,with a small mean difference with Vaisala radiosondes.A comparison between GPS and ERA-Interim shows a large difference(4 mm) in the highlands region. This difference is possibly due to the topography. These first results are encouraging,in particular for meteorological applications in this region,with good hope to extend our dataset analysis to a more complete,nationwide coverage over Algeria. 相似文献
4.
5.
2002—2010年我国高空探测系统逐步完成了由原来的59-701型探空系统升级为L波段雷达-电子探空仪系统的工作,湿度传感器由原来的肠衣更换为碳湿敏电阻。该文对全国98个高空站相对湿度探测值在换型前后的差异进行了统计分析。结果表明:探空系统换型后,相对湿度探测值较换型前显著降低,表现为明显的干偏差,且随着高度的增加而增大,200,500 hPa和850 hPa相对湿度分别偏低14.6%,8.3%和5.3%。受太阳辐射的影响,这种干偏差在白天甚于夜间;换型前后相对湿度的概率分布也发生了明显变化,整个对流层相对湿度低于20%的低值出现频率明显高于换型前,200 hPa相对湿度小于20%的出现频率由换型前的10%增加到换型后的53%。最明显的变化是相对湿度为3%以下的出现频率,换型前各高度层出现频率均接近于0,但换型后200,500 hPa和850 hPa出现频率分别达到16.2%,9.9%和2.2%。 相似文献
6.
应用一维变分方法对GMS5资料反演的相对湿度场进行了变分同化质量控制试验。首先具体分析了1998年6月12～29日的MM5模式12h预报湿度场、卫星反演湿度场和同化分析湿度场的误差统计量(误差平均值、误差自协方差矩阵、均方根误差等)。在此基础上,又应用一维变分方法对1998年7月20～30日的资料进行了同化试验,并以1998年7月21日00时(世界时)的结果为例,详细分析比较了3种湿度场。分析结果表明:MM5模式背景湿度场总体上低层偏湿,中上层偏干,各层面上的干湿区域区分明显;但往往湿区过湿,干区又偏干,均方根误差(RMSE)相对较大,各层面多在10以上,最高达到15.6。GMS5卫星反演湿度场总体与探空实测结果更接近,但整体平均看,各个层面基本上略偏湿,特别在中低层,RMSE为6.3～8.9。经过一维变分质量控制的湿度场基本接近卫星反演湿度场,但同化后的湿度场的RMSE在中低层要比卫星反演场的要小,RMSE下降了0.4～0.7,下降比率达到6%～9%;高层与卫星反演结果基本接近。对模式向前12h预报场而言,同化了卫星反演湿度场后,均方根误差值下降了1.4～9.0,下降比率达到17%～59%,同化后的湿度场与实际大气大大接近。 相似文献
7.
1958～2005年中国高空大气比湿变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用经过质量控制和均一化的92站探空露点温度序列,研究了中国高空大气比湿气候学特征和1958～2005年比湿时间、空间演变以及不同时段线性变化趋势地区和季节差异。中国比湿气候场特征显示,垂直方向上90%以上的水汽集中在对流层中低层,空间呈南高北低的纬向分布。通过累积距平、滑动平均和突变点分析等方法研究了中国平均高空比湿的年代际变化,得到1958～2005年中国对流层中低层大气比湿经历“湿”、“干”、“湿”阶段性变化。不同时段线性变化趋势分析表明,1958～2005年对流层低层比湿呈上升趋势,对流层中层、高层和平流层下层为下降趋势;1979～2005年对流层低层上升趋势和对流层高层下降趋势均较整个时段明显增强。近50年来中国高空各层温度与比湿变化基本同步,统计达到显著相关,说明温度是影响比湿变化的重要因子。趋势的空间分布显示对流层下层全国大部比湿为上升趋势,且1979以来上升趋势更加明显,对流层中层趋势呈北升南降分布,对流层高层多为下降趋势。中国五个分区中西北地区对流层低层比湿上升趋势最明显,长江和华南地区升幅较小。1958～2005年对流层下层各季节比湿变化趋势差异较明显,上升趋势发生在夏、冬两季,1979～2005年四季比湿均呈上升趋势,其中夏季上升趋势最为明显。 相似文献
8.
对2010年8月在云南腾冲利用芬兰Vaisala RS80和低温霜点仪 (Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer,CFH) 两种探空仪测量大气湿度的垂直分布进行对比分析,同时比较它们白天和夜间测量误差的差别,并对国产GTS1,RS80和CFH共3种探空仪测量水汽总量与地基GPS遥测结果进行比较。结果表明:RS80湿度测值在整个对流层比CFH测值偏干 (23.7±18.5)%;因太阳辐射白天RS80偏干较夜间更明显,比夜间偏干 (13.5±14.8)%。而在对流层上层向平流层过渡区域内RS80湿度数据基本无效。CFH在低温、低湿环境下对湿度能有效测量,但在湿度较高的对流层低层测值偏高,导致比较中CFH水汽总量平均比GPS遥测的水汽总量偏高 (4.3±2.0) mm (样本数为11),而RS80,GTS1与GPS的水汽总量差别分别是 (0.2±1.4) mm (样本数为12), (-0.2±2.2) mm (样本数为43)。地基GPS遥测的水汽总量对对流层上层至平流层的水汽变化不敏感。由于RS80测量相对湿度在高空偏低,通过RS80相对湿度测值来确定中、高云结果是偏低的,特别是对6000 m以上的高云判别上,RS80相对湿度的探测几乎很难甄别到云的存在。 相似文献
9.
William P. Elliott 《Climatic change》1995,31(2-4):349-367
Long-term temperature changes are expected to give rise to changes in the water vapor content of the atmosphere, which in turn would accentuate the temperature change. It is thus important to monitor water vapor in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. This paper reviews existing data for such an endeavor and the prospects for improvement in monitoring.In general, radiosondes provide the longest record but the data are fraught with problems, some arising from the distribution of stations and some from data continuity questions arising from the use of different measuring devices over both time at one place and over space at any one time. Satellite records are now of limited duration but they will soon be useful in detecting changes. Satellite water vapor observations have their own limitations; there is no one system capable of measuring water vapor over all surfaces in all varieties of weather. Among the needs are careful analysis of existing records, the collection of metadata about the measuring systems, the development of a transfer standard radiosonde system, and the commitment to maintaining an observing system dedicated to describing any climate changes worldwide. 相似文献
10.
An increasing trend in fog frequencies over south Asia during winter in the last few decades has resulted in large economical losses and has caused substantial difficulties in the daily lives of people. In order to better understand the fog phenomenon, we investigated the climatology, inter-annual variability and trends in the fog occurrence from 1976 to 2010 using observational data from 82 stations, well distributed over India and Pakistan. Fog blankets large area from Pakistan to Bangladesh across north India from west to east running almost parallel to south of the Himalayas. An EOF analysis revealed that the fog variability over the whole region is coupled and therefore must be governed by some large scale phenomenon on the inter-annual time scale. Significant positive trends were found in the fog frequency but this increase is not gradual, as with the humidity, but comprises of two distinct regimes shifts, in 1990 and 1998, with respect to both mean and variance. The fog is also detected in ERA-Interim 3 hourly, surface and model level forecast data when using the concept of “cross-over temperature” combined with boundary layer stability. This fog index is able to reproduce the regime shift around 1998 and shows that the method can be applied to analyze fog over south Asia. The inter-annual variability seems to be associated with the wave train originating from the North Atlantic in the upper troposphere that when causing higher pressure over the region results in an increased boundary layer stability and surface-near relative humidity. The trend and shifts in the fog occurrence seems to be associated with the gradual increasing trend in relative humidity from 1990 onwards. 相似文献
11.
中国探空观测与第3代再分析大气湿度资料的对比研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为评估中国探空观测与第3代再分析大气湿度资料的差异,基于ERA-Interim、JRA-55、MERRA和CFSR再分析和中国118探空站1979-2015年逐月850-300 hPa大气比湿和相对湿度的原始值及均一化序列,通过分析探空与再分析资料的相对偏差、相关系数、标准差比和变化趋势,研究了两者在多年平均值、年际变率、离散度及长期变化趋势等方面的差异。结果表明,中国探空原始湿度序列存在显著的非均一性问题,均一化提高了序列的连续性,但存在显著的低偏差,总体较原始湿度偏低5%-43%。再分析中国平均对流层大气比湿和相对湿度较探空观测偏高,相对湿度的偏差幅度（7%-48%）较比湿大（4%-13%）,对流层高层较低层大,春秋季偏差较夏季显著。各再分析资料间的差别较小,JRA-55在对流层高层较其他再分析资料偏低,与探空观测较接近。再分析与均一化后中国探空比湿和相对湿度年际变率和离散度在对流层低层较为一致,对流层中高层再分析资料的离散度明显高于探空。再分析与均一化探空中国平均比湿在对流层低层一致呈上升趋势;对流层中层探空为上升趋势,再分析资料为下降趋势。再分析与均一化探空相对湿度变化趋势差异较大,探空为上升趋势且对流层中高层上升显著,对流层再分析为下降趋势。 相似文献
12.
应用WRF中尺度模式模拟了发生在黑龙江省西南部的一次区域性暴雨过程,通过云微物理参数化方案的敏感性试验,分析了对流云体中水汽垂直输送特征.结果表明:强对流活动使对流层上层局地水汽平均增加10倍以上,对流活动对于水汽的垂直输送以及对高层水汽含量的改变具有非常显著的作用.云微物理参数化方案,对于整个对流层水汽通量密度变化趋势有较好的表现.在不同方案中,0.5 ～9 km水汽通量密度及24 h总水汽垂直输送量,随高度变化差异较大.这是由平均垂直速度对不同方案敏感性造成的,不同的参数化方案,水汽通量最大值间最多相差可达27.9％.在不同的方案中,对流层上层加湿作用持续时间和对流层上层平均水汽混合比的最大值较敏感:对流活动可造成模拟区域对流层上层增湿持续16 ～20 h不等;对流层上层平均水汽混合比的最大值差异明显,最大可达15.8％.进行24 h平均后,上述物理量对方案的敏感性可减小到8.3％.所以,云微物理方案的不确定性对于暴雨过程的时间尺度是不可忽视的. 相似文献
13.
L. D. D. Harvey 《Climate Dynamics》2000,16(7):491-500
This work uses an energy balance climate model (EBCM) with explicit infrared radiative transfer, parametrized tropospheric
temperature and humidity profiles, and separate stratosphere, troposphere, and surface energy balances, to investigate claims
that a downward redistribution of tropospheric water vapor in response to surface warming could serve as a strong negative
feedback on climatic change. A series of sensitivity tests is carried out using: (1) a variety of relationships between total
precipitable water in the troposphere and temperature; (2) feedbacks between surface temperature and the vertical distribution
of tropospheric water vapor at low latitudes; and (3) feedback between surface temperature or meridional temperature gradient
and lapse rate. Fixed relative humidity (RH) enhances the global mean surface temperature response to a CO2 doubling by only 50% compared to fixed absolute humidity, giving a response of 1.8 K. When water vapor is assumed to be redistributed
downward between 30°S–30°N such that a 1 K surface warming reduces total precipitable water above 600 hPa by 10%, the global
mean surface air temperature response is reduced to 1.2 K. Assuming a stronger downward redistribution in relation to surface
temperature change has a rapidly diminishing marginal effect on global mean and tropical surface temperature response, while
slightly increasing the warming at high latitudes due to the parametrized dependence of middle-to-high latitude lapse rate
on the meridional temperature gradient. A modest downward water vapor redistribution, such that absolute humidity in the upper
troposphere at subtropical latitudes is constant as total precipitable water increases, can reduce the tropical temperature
sensitivity to less than 1 K, while increasing the equator-to-pole amplification of the surface air temperature response from
a factor of about three to a factor of four. However, it is concluded that whatever changes in future GCM response might occur
as a result of new parametrizations of subgrid-scale processes, they are exceedingly unlikely to produce a climate sensitivity
to a CO2 doubling of less than 1 K even if there is a strong downward shift in the water vapor distribution as climate warms.
Received: 23 February 1998 / Accepted: 1 November 1999 相似文献
14.
利用1961—2018年新疆12个探空气象站逐日观测资料，分析了新疆对流层850、700和500 hPa比湿的气候特征，结果表明：新疆大气比湿呈自西向东、自南向北递减分布，随高度增加而减小分布特征，新疆比湿远小于东亚季风区；新疆夏季比湿最大，其次为秋季、春季，冬季最小，850hPa和500hPa新疆各站之间比湿差异较大，而700hPa各站比湿差异较小；对流层850、700和500 hPa比湿均表现为线性上升趋势，并有1967-1986年偏干、1987-2005年偏湿的特征，1987年为突变点；对流层850、700和500 hPa比湿与降水均呈显著正相关关系；夏季暴雨天气对流层中低层比湿最大，发生暴雨时比湿约为气候平均1—2倍，夏季暴雨的动力和不稳定条件更关键，新疆暴雨天气时的比湿比东亚季风区显著偏小；冬季暴雪天气比湿是一年中最小的，春秋季强降水比湿介于夏、冬季之间，但可达气候平均的2—3倍，春秋季需要更多的水汽产生强降水。 相似文献
15.
The accuracies of three instruments in measuring atmospheric column humidity were assessed during an upper troposphere and lower stratosphere observation campaign conducted from 7 to 13 August 2009 in ... 相似文献
16.
Isabella Bordi Klaus Fraedrich Alfonso Sutera Xiuhua Zhu 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,115(3-4):615-625
Ground-based GPS and weather stations time series for the period 2010–2012 of precipitable water vapor (PWV), relative humidity (RH), and surface temperature (T) of half-hourly resolution are analyzed to demonstrate their value for dynamical analyses and weather forecasting. Three sample stations in the USA from the SoumiNet network are considered, which have rather continuous data for the last 3 years and a few missing values. Results for the three stations reveal the following features: (1) PWV time behavior is dominated by the annual cycle superimposed on high-frequency fluctuations with missing daily cycle, indicating a prevailing large-scale transport source of precipitable water at these sites; (2) RH is characterized by the daily cycle and high-frequency variability, while the annual cycle is missing; (3) T mainly varies following the annual and diurnal cycles; and (4) all variables show similar scaling properties of their variance spectra, S(f)?～?f –β , with a high-frequency regime of red noise type scaling (β?～?2) up to a day and long-term persistence beyond a week (β?～?0.5), with a week-long frequency interval of transition. Detrended fluctuation analysis of relative humidity indicates a clear long-term persistence scaling covering more than three decades. Implications of these findings on weather forecasting and climate modeling are discussed. 相似文献
17.
中国东部地区冬季和夏季地面湿度空间分布特征的对比分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用中国东部地区315个台站1963~2012年月平均地面观测资料,揭示了东部地区冬季和夏季地面比湿(SH)和相对湿度(RH)多年平均值及其变率的空间分布特征,并分析和比较了地理因素(经度、纬度和海拔高度)对其空间分布的影响。结果表明:1)在冬季,SH(0.4~7 g kg-1)以秦岭-淮河线为界,呈现出"北低南高"的分布特征;RH(41%~82%)则呈现出"南北高、中间低"的分布特征;一般冬季地面湿度相对较低的地区其变化幅度相对较大。2)在夏季,SH(7~20 g kg-1)整体上明显大于冬季,RH(44%~89%)则与冬季差异不大,均呈现由东南部沿海向西北内陆递减的分布特征;同样夏季地面湿度较低的地区通常其变化幅度也相对较大。3)东部地区冬季地面湿度空间分布受地理因素影响,其中纬度是最主要的影响因素,经度次之,海拔高度对其整体分布影响不明显,且地理因素对冬季SH的回归效果明显好于对冬季RH的回归效果。4)东部地区夏季地面湿度空间分布受地理因素影响较冬季显著,纬度同样是影响夏季地面湿度最主要的因素,但海拔高度对夏季SH、经度对夏季RH的影响程度较冬季增大,且地理因素对夏季SH的回归效果同样好于对RH的回归效果。 相似文献
18.
Temporal evolution of surface humidity in Spain: recent trends and possible physical mechanisms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano Cesar Azorin-Molina Arturo Sanchez-Lorenzo Enrique Morán-Tejeda Jorge Lorenzo-Lacruz Jesús Revuelto Juan I. López-Moreno Francisco Espejo 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(9-10):2655-2674
We analyzed the evolution of surface relative humidity (RH) and specific humidity (q) in Spain, based on complete records available from the State Meteorological Agency of Spain. The surface RH records used span the period 1920–2011, but because of spatial and temporal constraints in the dataset we used a subset of the data, covering the period 1961–2011. The subset contained 50 monthly series of RH, which were created through a process of quality control, reconstruction and homogenization. The data shows that there was a large decrease in RH over mainland Spain from 1961 to 2011, which was greatest in spring and summer. In contrast, there was no overall change in the specific humidity in this period, except in spring, when an increase was observed. The decrease in RH affected the entire country, but the changes in specific humidity were less homogeneous. For specific humidity there was a general increase in the northern and eastern parts of Spain, whereas negative trends dominated in the central and southern areas, mainly during the summer months. The results suggest that an increase in the water holding capacity of the atmosphere as a consequence of warming during recent decades has not been accompanied by an increase in the surface water vapor content, probably because the supply of water vapor from the main terrestrial and oceanic areas has been constrained. We discuss the implications of these findings for evapotranspiration processes, precipitation and water management in Spain. 相似文献
19.
森林火灾遍及全球，损失巨大。火险天气指数（FWI）是森林火灾预警和管理的有效工具。相对湿度（RH）是计算天气火险指数一个非常重要的参数。然而，由插值方法得到的RH在远离气象站点的地方往往存在很大的误差。因此，尝试利用MODIS遥感数据计算基于像元的高分辨率RH。MODIS的MOD07大气廓线产品，可以提供大气可降水量和地表气温数据。基于地面水汽压和大气可降水量的经验关系，利用MODIS数据计算了地表空气的相对湿度，平均绝对误差小于5％。结果表明，利用MODIS数据能简单而有效地计算地表空气的相对湿度，拓展了遥感技术在森林火险管理中的应用。 相似文献
20.
利用RPG HATPRO-G4微波辐射计和自动气象站观测资料，研究盛夏时节成都地区短时强降雨的水汽密度(VD)、相对湿度(RH)、整层水汽含量(IWV)演变特征，并探讨微波辐射计资料在短时强降雨中的应用。结果表明:盛夏时节成都地区无论是发生阵雨还是短时强降雨时，大气中水汽条件均较好，地面VD达19±3g·m-3，IWV在53kg·m-2以上，1～3km高度RH≥90%。降雨开始前1h地面VD与2倍的500hPa高度VD之和是否达到26.3g·m-3，可作为短时强降雨发生与否的指标，识别率达75%。短时强降雨发生前3h，持续的水汽辐合使3km高度处出现98%≤RH≤100%的湿层，该湿层随着降雨的临近而增厚，向下伸展至边界层。降雨刚发生时，4km以上相对湿度骤降，4km以下湿度略增加。降雨结束后，整层水汽含量会降低至与降雨发生前相近的值。 相似文献