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1.
《气象与环境学报》2016,(2)
冬小麦是甘肃省主要粮食作物之一,开展甘肃省冬小麦产量动态预报对全省粮食生产和粮食安全具有重要意义.利用1985—2013年甘肃省冬麦区16个地面气象观测站逐日气象资料和冬小麦产量资料,基于积分回归原理以旬为时间尺度,分析了影响陇中、陇东、陇南地区冬小麦生产的主要气象要素和关键时期,并分别建立了3月下旬、4月下旬和5月下旬甘肃省冬小麦产量动态预报模型.结果表明:降水和温度对甘肃省冬小麦气象产量影响较大,其中降水量增加对各冬麦区基本均为正效应,尤其在麦田休闲期和返青拔节期更显著;苗期—越冬前期和拔节期—孕穗期气温升高对冬小麦为负效应,越冬后期—返青起身期气温升高对陇中和陇东冬麦区正效应较明显.通过近5 a试预报检验表明,建立的冬小麦动态产量预报模型平均预报准确率达96%以上,可满足业务服务的需要. 相似文献
2.
利用修订的WOFOST模型,结合全球气候变化的大背景以及江苏省冬小麦的实际情况,在冬小麦灌浆期进行了升温胁迫和干旱胁迫模拟,研究了江苏省冬小麦在气候变化背景下的农业气象灾害损失,并检验了WOFOST模型对复合胁迫的模拟能力.利用江苏省徐州、淮安和常州三个站点2008—2017年气象、土壤和冬小麦产量等资料,基于WOFOST作物模型,从地上部分的干物重和干物质分配两个角度探讨升温胁迫和干旱胁迫以及二者的复合胁迫对冬小麦产量形成的影响.结果表明,灌浆期升温和干旱复合胁迫严重影响冬小麦籽粒干物质积累和产量.升温(1℃、2℃、3℃)胁迫、干旱(轻度、中度、重度)胁迫以及二者复合胁迫均导致冬小麦减产率不同程度增大,籽粒干物质分配比例不同程度降低,复合胁迫的影响程度大于单一胁迫.升温对江苏南部冬小麦减产程度最大,籽粒干物质积累受阻最为严重;干旱对江苏中部冬小麦产量影响最为严重,籽粒干物质积累程度由南到北递减;复合胁迫下,减产率多表现为由南至北递增,而干物质积累程度递减. 相似文献
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基于冬小麦分期播种试验,结合自然大田冬小麦越冬冻害调查实况资料,分析研究2017/2018年偏冷冬年份华北北部冬小麦越冬冻害的成因及对产量的影响。结果表明:适应气候变暖,冬小麦播期推迟,但华北北部播种期不应晚于10月21日,播种期推迟或秸秆还田,应加大播种量,确保出苗率和基本苗。品种推广和生产选种时宜冬性和半冬性品种搭配种植,防御出现"冷冬"导致冬小麦越冬冻害的潜在风险。越冬冻害死苗率每增加1%,其产量减少约1 kg·hm~(-2)。冬小麦播种期受降雨且降水多的影响,晚播,播种质量差以及品种冬性、春性特性差异,除草农药使用不当等是越冬冻害死苗率增加的主要原因。 相似文献
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基于遥感信息的华北冬小麦区域生长模型及模拟研究 总被引：21，自引：1，他引：21
卫星遥感估产和作物生长模拟在作物监测和产量预测方面有各自不可替代的优势。但是,遥感估产难以揭示作物生长发育和产量形成的内在机理,作物模拟在区域应用时初始值的获取和参数的区域化遇到很多困难。如何利用二者的互补性使其相互结合受到人们关注。该文在Wofost模型本地化和区域化的基础上,首次利用同化法的思路探讨了MODIS遥感信息与华北冬小麦生长模拟模型结合的可行性和方法,初步建立了潜在生产水平(水分适宜条件)下区域遥感-作物模拟框架模型(WSPFRS模型)。模拟结果显示:WSPFRS模型对区域尺度的出苗期重新初始化后,模拟的开花期、成熟期空间分布的准确性比Wofost模拟结果有所改进;利用遥感信息对区域尺度上返青期生物量重新初始化后,模拟贮存器官干重的空间分布更接近实际单产的分布,贮存器官干重的高值区与实际高产区基本相符。该研究将为下一步实际水分供应条件下基于遥感信息的冬小麦区域生长模拟研究奠定了基础。 相似文献
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利用1971—2014年河南103个台站地面气象逐日观测资料和冬小麦产量资料,选择对产量有明显影响的拔节-抽穗期干旱作为天气指数保险设计的气象灾害类型,分析了河南冬小麦拔节-抽穂期干旱发生基本规律,并开展干旱风险评估。定义降水负距平百分率作为冬小麦干旱天气指数,并利用173组典型灾害样本建立了冬小麦拔节-抽穗期干旱天气指数与减产率的关系模型;在此基础上,初步设计了冬小麦干旱天气指数保险产品,并基于风险评估结果对天气指数产品费率进行修订。结果表明,河南冬小麦干旱程度总体由西南向东北增强;拔节-抽穂期,豫北地区的干旱风险最高;其次是豫西北、豫东和豫中;豫西南和豫南的风险相对较低;基于天气指数模型和历史赔付状况分析,将降水负距平百分率60%作为触发值,并确定了不同干旱天气指数等级的赔付标准;基于干旱风险评估结果修订后的河南各地区的天气指数保险费率在9. 2%～11. 2%,单位面积保费在29. 8～36. 3元·亩~(-1)。 相似文献
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全球气候变暖已经成为一个不争的事实,开展气候变化对冬小麦产量影响的数值模拟对制定农业政策以适应气候变化具有重要意义。本文使用荷兰瓦赫宁根大学开发的WOFOST模型,利用太谷2000年和2001年的数据对WOFOST模型进行验证,确定该模型在山西太谷地区的适用性。文章分析了太谷地区气温变化趋势,假定以1985年-2007年的变暖趋势增温,假设其它条件不变,从而构建了100年内每10a的时间间隔的气象情形。以这些气象情形驱动验证好的模型模拟100年内每10a的时间间隔气候变暖对冬小麦产量的影响。模拟结果表明,气温变化对冬小麦产量的影响不是单一的,未来冬小麦的产量是波动变化的。 相似文献
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气候变暖对鲁西南冬小麦播种期的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
用鲁西南1954～2007年冬小麦越冬前气象观测资料.分1954～1980年和1981～2007年两个阶段分别统计其气候要素特征和变化,采用相关分析等数理统计方法对比分析气候变暖对冬小麦播种期和越冬期的影响.结果表明:鲁西南地区1981年以来比1980年前冬小麦播种期间的平均气温约上升0.5℃,冬前积温增加17.8℃,冬小麦越冬期间的平均气温上升近1.0℃.由于气候变暖和品种更换的共同影响.冬小麦的适宜播种期较前27年推迟7天左右.为鲁西南冬小麦确定适宜播种期,减少冬小麦冻害、形成壮苗提供了依据. 相似文献
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在试验研究的基础上,文中尝试利用数值模拟方法评估O3和CO2浓度变化对作物的影响.以农田生态系统碳氮生物化学模型(DNDC)为基础,对其中的作物子模型进行改进,加入O3对冬小麦光合作用和叶片生长影响的模拟,结合原模型中有关CO2对冬小麦光合作用影响的模拟,建立反映O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦生长发育和产量形成影响的作物模型.文章对DNDC模型进行了参数修正以适用于中国华北地区;文章参考前人的工作,引用了两种O3对作物光合作用影响的模拟方法进行比较,分别是O3对初始光利用率的影响和O3对叶片光合作用的直接影响;在此基础上,进一步考虑O3对冬小麦叶片生长的影响,根据试验资料,建立了O3对叶片生长影响系数. 相似文献
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以1981—2010年河南省113个气象观测站影响冬小麦生长及产量形成的主要气象因素为区划指标,利用K均值聚类算法,将河南省划分为5个农业气候生态区。根据2013—2017年地面农业气象观测数据,利用Sobol全局敏感性分析方法,各分区选择总敏感指数大于0.01的作物参数,得到9种敏感参数。以产量与叶面积指数为代价函数,采用差分进化马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛方法对敏感参数进行分区标定,并使用2018—2019年观测数据进行验证。结果表明:分区进行参数标定时,叶面积指数动态模拟精度和产量模拟精度均显著优于使用默认参数或整个研究区使用同一套优化参数时的精度,其中,使用分区调参后验平均值模拟关键生育期叶面积指数的总均方根误差为0.655,其模拟产量的均方根误差为672.016 kg·hm-2。该方法将农业气候学知识与差分进化马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛优化算法相结合,通过合理、高效地分区域标定作物模型参数,可为作物模型区域应用和模型参数调整优化提供科学依据。 相似文献
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小麦和水稻是世界最重要的粮食作物。利用河南省小麦和水稻的历史观测资料,结合DSSAT-CERES小麦和ORYZA2000水稻模拟模型,分析和模拟河南省稻麦类作物在历史气候变化条件下生育期和产量的变化。结果表明:冬小麦全生育期长度呈缩短趋势,但播种-越冬天数平均每10 a增加1.7 d,开花到乳熟天数平均每10 a增加2-4 d,返青后各生育期均表现出不同程度的提前;水稻各生育期均有不同程度的提前,尤其是拔节期以前,分蘖前的生育期间隔天数以缩短为主,拔节后以延长为主。雨养小麦模拟产量和水氮增产潜力均呈减少趋势;随着播种期的提前,水稻减产趋势逐渐减弱。 相似文献
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小麦和水稻是世界最重要的粮食作物。利用河南省小麦和水稻的历史观测资料,结合DSSAT-CERES 小麦和ORYZA2000水稻模拟模型,分析和模拟河南省稻麦类作物在历史气候变化条件下发育期和产量的变化。结果表明：冬小麦全育期长度呈缩短趋势,但播种-越冬天数平均每10年增加1.7天,开花到乳熟天数平均每10年增加2-4天,返青后各发育期均表现出不同程度的提前;水稻各发育期均有不同程度的提前,尤其是拔节期以前,分蘖前的发育期间隔天数以缩短为主,拔节后以延长为主。雨养小麦模拟产量和水氮增产潜力均呈减少趋势;随着播种期的提前,水稻减产趋势逐渐减弱。 相似文献
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在WCSODS（小麦模拟优化决策系统）中增加了过量土壤水对小麦光合作用、干物质分配、叶片衰老等影响模块,实现了渍害条件下对冬小麦生长和产量的模拟。用试验资料和区域统计单产对模型进行了检验,结果表明:模拟误差在10%以内。灵敏度分析的结果亦表明:随着渍水持续天数的增加,小麦渍害加重,10 d渍水对产量影响不大,而30 d渍水可造成减产7%~32%;当渍水天数相同时,以孕穗期的渍害对产量影响最大;灌浆期、拔节期次之,冬前分蘖期的影响较小。这与当地小麦专家的看法相一致,说明小麦渍害模型具有一定的合理性。利用本模型和南京、南通两地的历史气象和产量资料,对大面积小麦平均单产进行了试预报,结果基本令人满意。 相似文献
14.
基于WOFOST模型的河北省保定市冬小麦最佳灌溉方案研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用WOFOST模型对保定地区冬小麦不同年型灌溉方案进行模拟分析,确定最佳灌溉量及灌溉时间,力争灌溉效益最大化,对缓解农业生产和水资源匮乏的尖锐矛盾尤显重要。文章以河北省保定市为例,应用WO)FOST模型对不同降水年型的2003/2004、2005/2006和2008/2009年3个代表生长季,分别进行一次灌溉、两次灌溉、三次灌溉的不同灌溉方案进行模拟,试图揭示冬小麦产量随灌溉时间及灌溉量的变化规律,选择最佳灌溉方案,为干旱缺水的河北省保定市小麦节水、高产提供理论依据。模拟研究结果表明:在冬小麦全生育期中最佳灌溉时期为拔节—孕穗期和抽穗—灌浆期,这两个时期的灌溉对产量的贡献率最高。与此同时,总结出了既可以满足冬小麦生长又可以获得较大经济效益的两次灌溉及三次灌溉的最佳灌溉方案。 相似文献
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The Effect of Spatial Scale of Climatic Change Scenarios on Simulated Maize, Winter Wheat, and Rice Production in the Southeastern United States 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
E. A. Tsvetsinskaya L. O. Mearns T. Mavromatis W. Gao L. McDaniel M. W. Downton 《Climatic change》2003,60(1-2):37-72
We use the CERES family of crop models to assess the effect of different spatial scales of climate change scenarios on the simulated yield changes of maize (Zea mays L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.),and rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the Southeastern United States. The climate change scenarios were produced with the control and doubled CO2 runs of a high resolution regional climate model anda coarse resolution general circulation model, which provided the initial and lateral boundary conditions for the regional model. Three different cases were considered for each scenario: climate change alone, climate change plus elevated CO2, and the latter with adaptations. On the state level,for most cases, significant differences in the climate changed yields for corn were found, the coarse scale scenario usually producing larger modeled yield decreases or smaller increases. For wheat, however, which suffered large decreases in yields for all cases, very little contrast in yield based on scale of scenario was found. Scenario scale resulted in significantly different rice yields, but mainly because of low variability in yields. For maize the primary climate variable that explained the contrast in the yields calculated from the two scenarios is the precipitation during grain fill leading to different water stress levels. Temperature during vernalization explains some contrasts in winter wheat yields. With adaptation, the contrasts in the yields of all crops produced by the scenarios were reduced but not entirely removed. Our results indicate that spatial resolution of climate change scenarios can be an important uncertainty in climate change impact assessments, depending on the crop and management conditions. 相似文献
16.
Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric O3 and CO2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part II: Simulation Results and Analyses 
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下载免费PDF全文 With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the enrichment of tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide concentration at striking rates has caused effects on biosphere, especially on crops. It is generally accepted that the increase of CO2 concentration will have obverse effects on plant productivity while ozone is reported as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. The Model of Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry in Agroecosystems (DNDC) was adapted to evaluate simultaneously impacts of climate change on winter wheat. Growth development and yield formation of winter wheat
under different O3 and CO2 concentration conditions are simulated with the improved DNDC model whose structure has been described in another paper. Through adjusting the DNDC model applicability, winter wheat growth and development in Gucheng Station were simulated well in 1993 and 1999, which is in favor of modifying the model further. The model was validated against experiment observation, including development stage data, leaf area index, each organ biomass, and total aboveground biomass. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that the simulated results in development stage and biomass were sensitive to temperature change. The main conclusions of the paper are the following: 1) The growth and yield of winter wheat under CO2 concentration of 500 ppmv, 700 ppmv and the current ozone concentration are simulated respectively by the model. The results are well fitted with the observed data of OTCs experiments. The results show that increase of CO2 concentration may improve the growth of winter wheat and elevate the yield. 2) The growth and yield of winter wheat under O3 concentration of 50 ppbv, 100 ppbv, 200 ppbv and the based concentration CO2 are simulated respectively by the model. The simulated curves of stem, leaf, and spike organs growth as well as leaf area index are well accounted with the observed data. The results reveal that ozone has negative e ects on the growth and yield of winter wheat. Ozone accelerates the process of leaf senescence and causes yield loss. Under very high ozone concentration, crops are damaged dramatically and even dead. 3) At last, by the model possible effects of air temperature change and combined effects of O3 and CO2 are estimated respectively. The results show that doubled CO2 concentration may alleviate negative effect of O3 on biomass and yield of winter wheat when ozone concentration is about 70-80 ppbv. The obverse effects of CO2 are less than the adverse effects of O3 when the concentration of ozone is up to 100 ppbv. Future work should determine whether it can be applied to other species by adjusting the values of related parameters, and whether the model can be adapted to predict ozone e ects on crops in farmland environment. 相似文献
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Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric O_3 and CO_2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part Ⅱ: Simulation Results and Analyses 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the enrichment of tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide concentration at striking rates has caused effects on biosphere, especially on crops. It is generally accepted that the increase of CO2 concentration will have obverse effects on plant productivity while ozone is reported as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. The Model of Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry in Agroecosystems (DNDC) was adapted to evaluate simultaneously impacts of climate change on winter wheat. Growth development and yield formation of winter wheat under different O3 and CO2 concentration conditions are simulated with the improved DNDC model whose structure has been described in another paper. Through adjusting the DNDC model applicability, winter wheat growth and development in Gucheng Station were simulated well in 1993 and 1999, which is in favor of modifying the model further. The model was validated against experiment observation, including development stage data, leaf area index, each organ biomass, and total aboveground biomass. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that the simulated results in development stage and biomass were sensitive to temperature change. The main conclusions of the paper are the following: 1) The growth and yield of winter wheat under CO2 concentration of 500 ppmv, 700 ppmv and the current ozone concentration are simulated respectively by the model. The results are well fitted with the observed data of OTCs experiments. The results show that increase of CO2 concentration may improve the growth of winter wheat and elevate the yield. 2) The growth and yield of winter wheat under O3 concentration of 50 ppbv, 100 ppbv, 200 ppbv and the based concentration CO2 are simulated respectively by the model. The simulated curves of stem, leaf, and spike organs growth as well as leaf area index are well accounted with the observed data. The results reveal that ozone has negative effects on the growth and yield of winter wheat. Ozone accelerates the process of leaf senescence and causes yield loss. Under very high ozone concentration, crops are damaged dramatically and even dead. 3) At last, by the model possible effects of air temperature change and combined effects of O3 and CO2 are estimated respectively. The results show that doubled CO2 concentration may alleviate negative effect of O3 on biomass and yield of winter wheat when ozone concentration is about 70-80 ppbv. The obverse effects of CO2 are less than the adverse effects of O3 when the concentration of ozone is up to 100 ppbv. Future work should determine whether it can be applied to other species by adjusting the values of related parameters, and whether the model can be adapted to predict ozone effects on crops in farmland environment. 相似文献
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安徽淮北平原冬小麦气候适宜度分析及作物年景评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取安徽省淮北平原37个气象站1960-2016年逐日气象资料,构建气温、降水、日照及气候适宜度模型,分析气候变暖背景下冬小麦气候适宜度时空演变特征,揭示冬小麦生育期气候风险,评判农业气候年景。结果表明：淮北平原冬小麦不同生育期对气候因子适宜程度不同,单要素各生育期适宜度均为灌浆-乳熟期较高,返青-拔节期较低,其中降水适宜度分蘖期最低;全生育期温度适宜度最高、日照适宜度次之、降水适宜度最低,水分是冬小麦生长的限制因子。气候综合适宜度灌浆-乳熟期最高,分蘖期降水适宜度最低,并且其序列变异系数大,常遭遇秋冬连旱,引起产量波动;全生育期气候适宜度呈东高西低分布,淮北中东部较高,而淮北西部及沿淮地区较低,冬小麦生产风险相对较高。1961-2016年全生育期温度适宜度线性增大趋势显著,降水适宜度线性趋势不明显,而日照适宜度呈显著的线性减小趋势;综合来看,全生育期气候适宜度无明显线性增减趋势,空间上淮北东部略有增大,而西部及沿淮地区略有减小,气候风险增加。淮北平原多数年份气候适宜度适中,适宜性偏差年发生概率高于偏好年。基于气候适宜度评判冬小麦气候年景等级,评估结果与实际产量增减情况基本相符,表明农业气候年景模型评估精度能满足业务服务需求,具有推广应用价值。 相似文献