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对内蒙古春季沙尘暴的时空分布特征以及沙尘暴与大风、气温、降水、冷空气活动的关系进行了统计分析。得出沙尘暴空间分布不均匀，在自西向东减少的同时，有4个中心；绝大多数测站自70年代中后期以来明显减少，只是近年来略有增加；大风与沙尘暴统计关系密切，但个例分析则不然，少数测站沙尘暴比大风更容易发生；降水抑制沙尘暴发生；近期增温有利于沙尘暴的发生；冷空气与沙尘暴的关系各地情况不一。 相似文献
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利用内蒙古地区沙尘暴实测资料和北半球NCEP再分析资料（1955—2000年），分析了内蒙古地区沙尘暴的气候变化特征；厄尔尼诺、拉尼娜事件发生后，北半球大气环流异常和温、湿分布异常及其对沙尘暴发生的可能影响关系与机制。分析表明：内蒙古中西部地区1960、1970年代强沙尘暴过程频繁，1980、1990年代沙尘暴明显减少。拉尼娜事件发生后，冰島冷高压与欧亚大陆暖低压的相互作用是沙尘暴频发的重要因素。拉尼娜事件对华北沙尘暴频发有重要气象作用。春季北半球干旱地区处于易发生沙尘暴的天气系统背景下。改善生态环境，减小沙化程度是治理沙尘暴的有效途径。 相似文献
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以实况资料作初始场，利用中尺度自适应模式对西北地区2000年4月12日强沙尘暴的天气形势和风场进行了数值模拟，对此分析得出西部地区沙尘暴的形成、发展机制和中小尺度系统对于沙尘暴发生发展的触发和指示作用。由于模式的输出结果是每3小时一次，比常规资料更能表现出沙尘暴的内在机制及时间和空间尺度较短的系统。结果表明：在沙尘暴发生前河西走廊西部就出现偏西大风，高空急流对沙尘暴发生区有很好的指示作用，强沙尘暴发生在200hPa高空急流入口区右倒，上升运动区内；高空急流发生变异时，导致对流层中下部锋区加强和大气层结不稳定，为中尺度系统的发生、发展和沙尘暴的产生提供了适宜的大尺度环流背景；西北地区干暖舌的形成和维持对沙尘暴的发生区有很好的指示作用，当冷锋过境时，干暖区是沙尘暴发生的最有利的环境。 相似文献
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根据内蒙古阿拉善地区1985-2005年21年的沙尘暴气象资料，分析了沙尘暴发生、发展变化规律，其结果表明：阿拉善地区确实是一个沙尘暴的高发区；按年平均计算的沙尘暴发生次数具有明显的波动性，有高发期和低发期；阿拉善沙尘暴的成因主要与自然因素有关。 相似文献
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河西走廊盛夏一次强沙尘暴天气综合分析 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP／NCAR月平均再分析资料，对2003年7月20日甘肃河西走廊一次历史上少见的区域性夏季沙尘暴天气进行了分析。研究发现：高空小槽、切变线、热低压是引发夏季沙尘暴的主要天气系统。夏季沙尘暴发生过程中，各测站出现了气压跃升、风速猛增、气温下降、湿度增加等现象，但变化幅度小于春季。夏季沙尘暴云图特征表现为中小尺度云团，TBB≤-35℃的云团在一定程度上能够反映沙尘暴天气的变化。诊断分析表明，沙尘暴爆发前散度场呈低层辐合高层辐散状态，沙尘暴发生在最大垂直速度出现以后，同时水平螺旋度对夏季沙尘暴预报有较好的指示意义，螺旋度正值越大，沙尘暴越强。 相似文献
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喀什地区近43年沙尘暴、扬沙天气 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据喀什地区11个气象观测站的地面气象记录月报表，分析了1961～2003年沙尘暴和扬沙天气现象资料，给出了近43年喀什地区沙尘暴和扬沙天气的时空分布特征及其历史演变特征。结果表明：喀什地区沙尘暴和扬沙发生频率较高，大部分县市是沙尘暴的多发区和易发区、扬沙的高频区和多发区；沙尘暴和扬沙平原地区主要发生春季中后期及夏初，山区主要发生在春季；沙尘暴历史演变总体以减少为主，扬沙平原地区逐渐减少，相反高山站塔什库尔干呈增加态势，沙尘暴和扬沙的减少均是在波动中减少的。 相似文献
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文章对2005年5月8～10日呼和浩特地区一次强沙尘暴过程进行了天气学分析及物理量诊断，结果表明：本次过程系统发展的主要强迫来自对流层高层，高空锋区的动量下传导致强地面风产生是沙尘暴发生的动力条件；沙尘暴发生前层结稳定度的降低及沙尘暴发生期间中性混合层的维持，为沙尘暴发生提供了适宜的层结条件。同时，大气整层的正涡度和对流层中低层的上升运动，也是沙尘暴形成和增强的重要原因。 相似文献
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小麦干热风灾害是危害我国北方麦区的主要农业气象灾害之一。基于已有研究成果和实际灾情,从干热风的概念、分类及研究方法出发,对小麦干热风灾害的危害机理、气象环境成因、致灾指标、时空分布、监测预报及防御措施等方面进行了系统归纳阐述,并对未来小麦干热风灾害研究方向进行展望。我国小麦干热风灾害主要分为高温低湿型、雨后青枯型及旱风型3种,形成的气象环境成因主要受干热风天气系统、气候变暖、土壤墒情的影响,致灾指标主要分为形态学、气象学、综合指数指标。小麦干热风灾害的危害总体呈东西两边重、中间轻的分布格局,主要发生在黄淮海平原、河西走廊和新疆3个地区。气候变暖背景下,大部分地区的干热风年日数在20世纪80—90年代出现突变,近30年呈明显加重扩大趋势。基于土壤墒情影响的小麦干热风灾害等级指标构建、小麦干热风过程的灾害监测预警方法、气候变化背景下小麦干热风灾害时空分布新变化及其气象环境成因等是今后研究的重点方向。 相似文献
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Regenerative agriculture, an alternative form of food and fiber production, concerns itself with enhancing and restoring resilient systems supported by functional ecosystem processes and healthy, organic soils capable of producing a full suite of ecosystem services, among them soil carbon sequestration and improved soil water retention. As such, climate change mitigation and adaptation are incidental to a larger enterprise that employs a systems approach to managing landscapes and communities. The transformative potential of regenerative agriculture has seen growing attention in the popular press, but few empirical studies have explored the processes by which farmers enter into, navigate, and, importantly, sustain the required paradigm shift in their approach to managing their properties, farm businesses, and personal lives. We draw on theories and insights associated with relational thinking to analyze the experiences of farmers in Australia who have undertaken and sustained transitions from conventional to regenerative agriculture. We present a conceptual framework of “zones of friction and traction” occurring in personal, practical, and political spheres of transformation that both challenge and facilitate the transition process. Our findings illustrate the ways in which deeply held values and emotions influence and interact with mental models, worldviews, and cultural norms as a result of regular monitoring; and how behavioral change is sustained through the establishment of self-amplifying positive feedbacks involving biophilic emotions, a sense of well-being, and an ever-expanding worldview. We conclude that transitioning to regenerative agriculture involves more than a suite of ‘climate-smart’ mitigation and adaptation practices supported by technical innovation, policy, education, and outreach. Rather, it involves subjective, nonmaterial factors associated with culture, values, ethics, identity, and emotion that operate at individual, household, and community scales and interact with regional, national and global processes. Findings have implications for strategies aimed at facilitating a large-scale transition to climate-smart regenerative agriculture. 相似文献
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从电力气象服务需求出发,利用2001—2010年5—9月河北省南电网逐日电力日峰负荷、日谷负荷与对应时间的气象资料,探讨晴热天气和闷热天气对电力日峰负荷、日谷负荷的影响特征。分析发现持续3 d以上的闷热天气相对晴热天气使电力日峰负荷、日谷负荷增长更显著;日最高气温32℃是引起河北省南电网日峰负荷增长的初始气温敏感点,35℃为强气温敏感点,38℃为极强气温敏感点,日最低气温25℃为引起日谷负荷增加的敏感气温临界点;建立了引入积温热累积效应的日峰负荷、日谷负荷多元回归气象预测模型,经2011—2013年应用检验,日峰负荷、日谷负荷预测平均相对误差分别为4.8%和3.5%,提高了预测准确率,对电力调度具有参考价值。 相似文献
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The present study investigates meteorological conditions for the day-to-day changes of particulate matter (PM) concentration in Beijing city during the period 2008–2015. The local relationship of PM concentration to surface air temperature, pressure, wind speed, and relative humidity displays seasonal changes and year-to-year variations. The average correlation coefficient with PM10 in spring, summer, fall, and winter is 0.45, 0.40, 0.38, and 0.30 for air temperature; –0.45, –0.05, –0.40, and –0.45 for pressure; 0.13, 0.04, 0.53, and 0.50 for relative humidity; and –0.18, –0.11, –0.45, and –0.33 for wind speed. A higher correlation with wind speed is obtained when wind speed leads by half a day. The heavily polluted and clean days, which are defined as the top and bottom 10% of the PM values, show obvious differences in the regional distribution of air temperature, pressure, and wind. Polluted days correspond to higher air temperature in all the four seasons, lower sea level pressure and anomalous southerly winds to the south and east of Beijing in spring, fall, and winter, and a northwest–southeast contrast in the pressure anomaly and anomalous southerly winds in summer. Higher relative humidity is observed on polluted days in fall and winter. The polluted days are preceded by an anomalous cyclone moving from the northwest, accompanied by lower pressure and higher air temperature, in all four seasons. This feature indicates the impacts of moving weather systems on local meteorological conditions for day-to-day air quality changes in Beijing. 相似文献
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热带气旋所引发的暴雨、大风、风暴潮以及由此造成的衍生灾害对人身安全、基础设施、财产、农业生产活动均可造成严重影响。因此,做好灾前预评估对于提出防御对策、指导启动相应防灾预案及科学合理开展防灾工作等至关重要。在明确“预评估”定义后,将以往国内外研究中与热带气旋灾害预评估相关的模型分为统计模型、动力模型和动力统计模型三类进行回顾总结,并对其中一些典型例子进行详细介绍。最后,针对模型研究及业务开展现状和存在的问题,给出一定建议、意见和展望。深入了解各种热带气旋灾害预评估模型的建立思想,对今后逐步提升风险评估与防控技术的精细化、客观化、定量化水平具有重要指示意义。 相似文献
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朱跃建 《南京气象学院学报》2010,33(3):266-270
世界各国和各地区的环境预报中心的主要任务是向本国、本地区和全球公众发布科学的环境预报,包括天气、水、气候和空间天气的预报。气象学家与其他科学家合作,一起制作可靠、及时、准确的分析结果、指导意见、预报及预警,以确保人们的生命和财产安全,促进全球经济的发展,以满足人们日益增长的对环境信息的需求。为了更准确地制作预报、更好地服务大众以及最大限度地减少生命和财产损失,这里提出了＂预报科学＂思想。预报科学包括现代观测系统的资料收集、观测与预报信息的实时交流、各种科学技术的发展、无缝隙预报以及公共服务等。预报科学可以概括为三个相互独立的部分,即科学性、工程性和艺术性,且三者存在相互作用。总之,天气预报是大气与环境服务的重要组成部分;预报科学的科学性、工程性和艺术性均服务于天气预报、服务于人民。 相似文献
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农业气象业务技术是开展农业气象服务的基础和前提,因此,农业气象业务技术的研发一直是国家级农业气象业务服务的核心工作。近年来,国家级农业气象业务技术已逐步迈向精细化、定量化,涵盖了农业气象监测评价、作物产量预报、农业气象灾害监测评估与影响预报、农用天气预报、农林病虫害发生发展气象等级预报等诸多领域。随着农业气象业务技术的发展,支撑农业气象服务的客观产品更加丰富和多样化,既有站点产品,又有格点产品,涵盖了日、周、月、季、年等不同时间尺度。以农业气象指标、数理统计模型、作物生长模拟、卫星遥感、地理信息系统、大数据等技术为核心的国家级农业气象业务平台（CAgMSS）已成为全国农业气象业务系统的重要品牌。面向现代农业发展对气象服务日益增长的需求,精细化、精准化的农业气象灾害监测与风险评估技术、作物长势评估与产量预报综合集成技术、农业应对气候变化技术以及农业气象大数据挖掘与人工智能技术将是未来国家级农业气象业务技术发展的重点。 相似文献
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This article reviews the advances in severe convection research and operation in China during the past several decades.The favorable synoptic situations for severe convective weather(SCW),the major organization modes of severe convective storms(SCSs),the favorable environmental conditions and characteristics of weather radar echoes and satellite images of SCW and SCSs,and the forecasting and nowcasting techniques of SCW,are emphasized.As a whole,Chinese scientists have achieved a profound understanding of the synoptic patterns,organization,and evolution characteristics of SCW from radar and satellite observations,and the mechanisms of different types of convective weather in China.Specifically,in-depth understanding of the multiple types of convection triggers,along with the environmental conditions,structures and organization modes,and maintenance mechanisms of supercell storms and squall lines,has been obtained.The organization modes and climatological distributions of mesoscale convective systems and different types of SCW,and the multiscale characteristics and formation mechanisms of large hail,tornadoes,downbursts,and damaging convective wind gusts based on radar,satellite,and lightning observations,as well as the related features from damage surveys,are elucidated.In terms of operational applications,different types of identification and mesoanalysis techniques,and various forecasting and nowcasting techniques using methods such as the"ingredients-based"and deep learning algorithms,have been developed.As a result,the performance of operational SCW forecasts in China has been significantly improved. 相似文献
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基于2009年5月1日积层混合云降水2架飞机观测数据分析,使用中尺度模式WRFV3对此次过程积云区和层云区的微物理特征和转化过程进行数值模拟比较研究。飞机观测数据分析表明,此次积层混合云中的层云区和积云区冰粒子形状和形成过程有明显差别,层云区的粒子形状组成比较复杂,包含针状、柱状和辐枝状等,而积云区主要以辐枝状粒子为主,聚并、凇附过程明显。数值模式能较好地模拟出此次积层混合云降水过程的基本特征,包括回波分布、飞行路径上降水粒子的数浓度和液态水含量等。数值模拟结果表明,云水相对丰富、上升气流强的层云区凇附过程较强,产生的雪在低层融化为雨水,为后期高层形成的雪和霰提供丰富的液态水,能发展成对流较强的积云区,存在播种—供给机制。在积云区,水成物的比例从大到小依次为雪（51.9%）、霰（31.0%）和雨水（16.0%）;雪的主要源项包括淞附增长（56.8%）和凝华增长（40.1%）,霰的主要源项包括凇附增长（46.6%）、雨水碰并雪成霰（42.6%）和凝华增长（16.1%）,雨水的主要源项是霰（77.6%）和雪（22.4%）的融化。而相对云水较少、上升气流较弱的层云区将保持层云的状态,层云区水成物的比例从大到小依次为雪（90.4%）、雨水（6.1%）、冰晶（3.5%）;高层冰晶和雪通过凝华过程增长,雪在零度层下融化为弱的降水。 相似文献
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Forest-driven water and energy cycles are poorly integrated into regional, national, continental and global decision-making on climate change adaptation, mitigation, land use and water management. This constrains humanity’s ability to protect our planet’s climate and life-sustaining functions. The substantial body of research we review reveals that forest, water and energy interactions provide the foundations for carbon storage, for cooling terrestrial surfaces and for distributing water resources. Forests and trees must be recognized as prime regulators within the water, energy and carbon cycles. If these functions are ignored, planners will be unable to assess, adapt to or mitigate the impacts of changing land cover and climate. Our call to action targets a reversal of paradigms, from a carbon-centric model to one that treats the hydrologic and climate-cooling effects of trees and forests as the first order of priority. For reasons of sustainability, carbon storage must remain a secondary, though valuable, by-product. The effects of tree cover on climate at local, regional and continental scales offer benefits that demand wider recognition. The forest- and tree-centered research insights we review and analyze provide a knowledge-base for improving plans, policies and actions. Our understanding of how trees and forests influence water, energy and carbon cycles has important implications, both for the structure of planning, management and governance institutions, as well as for how trees and forests might be used to improve sustainability, adaptation and mitigation efforts. 相似文献