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1.
冬季一次引发华北暴雪的低涡涡度分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
利用NCEP FNL 1°×1°再分析资料和WRF模式,模拟了2010年1月2～3日我国华北地区的一次由涡旋造成的冬季降雪过程,并采用位涡和涡度方程对引发暴雪的涡旋发展机制进行了诊断分析。结果表明,这次降雪过程中,对流层中层高空浅槽东移、加深及发展,并引导低空和地面系统自西向东移动,高空位涡的下传强迫加强了对流层中低层涡旋的发展。平均通量和涡旋区域的辐合、辐散作用对涡旋涡度的增长贡献最大,扰动通量和类倾斜项的作用较小。在中层涡旋成熟期,环境场的风速小于中层涡旋的移动速度时,环境场相对于涡旋区域为辐散,涡旋涡度减小;当环境场风速大于涡旋的移动速度时,环境场相对于涡旋区域为辐合,涡旋涡度增加。在涡旋衰减期,向涡旋外输送的绝对涡度通量使得涡旋涡度逐渐减弱。这次过程中,高空位涡强迫、低空辐合和涡旋边界平均气流对扰动涡度的输送是涡旋发展的主要机制。  相似文献   

2.
Based on 6-hourly sensible heat flux and latent heat flux from the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and circulation data from the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), the initial developing process of tropical cyclone Mindulle (1005) in 2010 has been diagnosed to reveal the impact of air-sea interaction over the South China Sea (SCS) on the genesis of its incipient vortex. The results show that the incipient vortex first occurred east of the Luzon Island on 0000 UTC 20 August, suggesting that the topographic forcing of the Luzon Island for easterly winds over the western Pacific might be one of the factors responsible for the formation of the incipient vortex. During the formation stage of the incipient vortex, strong southeasterlies over the SCS caused warm water of the middle and eastern SCS to flow toward the Luzon Island due to Ekman transport resulting from wind stress, leading to an increase of the sea surface temperature and sensible heat flux into the atmosphere. Although the anomalous sensible heating favored surface pressure to reduce, it was not conducive to the increase of local vorticity associated with the vortex above the heating area because, according to the atmospheric thermal adaptation theory, the anticyclonic vorticity would be created in the lower troposphere due to the decreased vertical gradient of the sensible heating. However, the ascending motions occurred over the eastern area of the anomalous sensible heating due to the augmentation of the vorticity advection with increasing height, causing water vapor to condense in the middle and upper troposphere. In turn, cyclonic vorticity was generated in the lower troposphere due to the increased vertical gradient of the condensation latent heating, resulting in the formation and further growth of the incipient vortex. Therefore, the vorticity creation due to the condensation heating played a dominant role during the subsequent enhancing stage of the incipient vortex.  相似文献   

3.
We describe laboratory experiments on the instability and later evolution of a front in a two-layer rotating fluid. In particular, we focus on the influence of a nearby boundary on instability growth and eddy formation. The front is produced through the adjustment of a buoyant fluid initially confined within a bottomless cylinder. Typically a front in quasi-cyclostrophic balance establishes after two rotation periods, after which it becomes unstable. Measurements of the velocity and vorticity fields at the surface are made which provide detailed information on the evolution of the front as the instability grows to finite amplitude. We focus on the time evolution of the vorticity and distinguish between the cyclonic and anticyclonic components. The spatial averages of the cyclonic and anticyclonic vorticity first grow exponentially. This growth saturates when eddies form and are advected across the front. The growth rate depends upon two nondimensional parameters: the width W of the upwelling region in units of the internal radius of deformation and the depth ratio δ between the two layers. Measurements of the growth rates for the average of the cyclonic and anticyclonic vorticity are compared to the values inferred from a simplified model for baroclinic instability. A good agreement is obtained when the front develops far from the boundary (i.e. W1). However, the agreement is only qualitative when the front is near the boundary (i.e. W1). We find that, as W decreases, the growth of cyclonic eddies consisting of dense—“coastal”—water is enhanced compared to that of anticyclonic vorticity consisting of buoyant—“off-shore”—water. This crucial effect of the boundary with respect to the instability of the front has significant impact on exchanges across the front.  相似文献   

4.
Island wakes in shallow water are investigated using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). In contrast to deep water where bottom stress can be neglected in island wakes, shallow water implies that inhomogeneity in the bottom stress plays an important role in the wake vorticity generation. A series of numerical experiments are conducted to investigate wake formation and evolution in shallow water. It is found that the vertical structures of shallow-water and deep-water wakes are significantly different because of the presence of a density frontal jet, which results from the interaction between stratification and bottom topography. The frontal jet reaches its maximum within the bottom boundary layer over the shelf, giving rise to vorticity. The potential vorticity (PV) balance analysis reveals that frictional and diapycnal processes play different roles in the PV anomalies. With the absence of lateral stress (i.e., a sea mountain case), the surface vorticity becomes much weaker than that in the presence of an island.  相似文献   

5.
Heat balance and eddies in the Peru-Chile current system   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
The Peru-Chile current System (PCS) is a region of persistent biases in global climate models. It has strong coastal upwelling, alongshore boundary currents, and mesoscale eddies. These oceanic phenomena provide essential heat transport to maintain a cool oceanic surface underneath the prevalent atmospheric stratus cloud deck, through a combination of mean circulation and eddy flux. We demonstrate these behaviors in a regional, quasi-equilibrium oceanic model that adequately resolves the mesoscale eddies with climatological forcing. The key result is that the atmospheric heating is large (>50 W m?2) over a substantial strip >500 km wide off the coast of Peru, and the balancing lateral oceanic flux is much larger than provided by the offshore Ekman flux alone. The atmospheric heating is weaker and the coastally influenced strip is narrower off Chile, but again the Ekman flux is not sufficient for heat balance. The eddy contribution to the oceanic flux is substantial. Analysis of eddy properties shows strong surface temperature fronts and associated large vorticity, especially off Peru. Cyclonic eddies moderately dominate the surface layer, and anticyclonic eddies, originating from the nearshore poleward Peru-Chile Undercurrent (PCUC), dominate the subsurface, especially off Chile. The sensitivity of the PCS heat balance to equatorial intra-seasonal oscillations is found to be small. We demonstrate that forcing the regional model with a representative, coarse-resolution global reanalysis wind product has dramatic and deleterious consequences for the oceanic circulation and climate heat balance, the eddy heat flux in particular.  相似文献   

6.
Based on the observation data analysis and numerical simulation, the development of an eastwardmoving vortex generated in Southwest China during the period 25 27 June 2003 is studied. The water vapor budget analysis indicates that water vapor in the lower troposphere over Southwest China is transported downstream to the Yangtze and Huaihe River valleys by the southwesterly winds south of the vortex center. A potential vortieity （PV） budget analysis reveals that a positive feedback between latent heat release and low-level positive vortieity plays a vital role in the sudden development and eastward movement of the vortex. Numerical simulations are consistent with these results.  相似文献   

7.
In this paper, we consider boundary-layer effects on atmospheric fronts. For this purpose we developed a dry, hydrostatic, two-dimensional numerical model with turbulence parameterized with the 1/2 -order eddy viscosity closure of Mellor and Yamada. In the surface layer we use Monin–Obukhov similarity and there is an interactive soil model to obtain lower boundary conditions for the atmospheric model. First, effects of turbulence are studied without thermal forcing at the surface and comparisons are made between inviscid and turbulent conditions. Sensitivity studies with respect to surface roughness are also performed. Subsequently we study effects of surface thermal forcing on fronts. The results show that, during summer, fronts display strong diurnal variation. Vertical velocities increase significantly during the day while gradients in temperature and vorticity across the front strengthen in the evening and at night. In winter the diurnal variation is much less pronounced. We attempt to find physical mechanisms responsible for such frontal behaviour and we compare our results with available observations.  相似文献   

8.
位涡外部源汇是驱动大气环流的原动力。文中详细介绍了地表位涡制造和位涡密度强迫的联系,讨论了不同坐标系中位涡密度方程的特点及其在应用中应当注意的问题。还以2008年初南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害为例,探讨了青藏高原地表位涡密度强迫及东传对下游地区对流性天气发生的影响,拟由此揭示青藏高原位涡密度强迫激发中国东部激烈天气发生的一种新机制。伴随着青藏高原地表正位涡密度的东传,下游地区对流层中高层出现纬向正绝对涡度平流,气旋性环流增强,从而促使低空南风发展,为南方地区提供充沛的水汽条件。另外,南风的增强有利于低空经向负绝对涡度平流的加强,从而使南方地区高、低空形成绝对涡度平流随高度增大的大尺度环流背景,有利于上升运动的发展。上升运动的加强又促进低空南风气流的增强,使高、低空绝对涡度平流随高度增大的环流背景进一步增强,最终导致降水的产生。   相似文献   

9.
In a two-and-a-half-layer quasi-geostrophic model, a process study is conducted on the interaction between a vortex and a zonal jet, both with constant potential vorticity. The vortex is a stable anticyclone, initially located north of the eastward jet. The potential vorticity of the jet is allowed to have various vertical structures, while the vortex is concentrated in only one layer. The flow parameters are set to values characteristic of the Azores region.First, the jet is stable. Weak vortices steadily drift north of the jet without crossing it while strong vortices can cross the jet and tear off a cyclone with which they pair as a heton (baroclinic dipole). This heton often breaks later in the shear exerted by the jet; the two vortices finally drift apart. When crossed by deep anticyclones, the jet develops meanders with 375 km wavelength. These results exhibit a noticeable similarity with the one-and-a-half-layer case studied in Part I.Secondly, the jet is allowed to be linearly unstable. In the absence of the vortex, it develops meanders with 175 km wavelength and 25-day e-folding time on the β-plane. For various vertical structures of the jet, baroclinic instability is shown to barely affect jet–vortex interaction if the linear growth rate of unstable waves is smaller than 1/(14 days). Further simulations with a linearly unstable, nonlinearly equilibrated jet evidence its strong temporal variability when crossed by a deep vortex on the β-plane. In particular, long waves can dominate the spectrum for a few months after jet crossing by the vortex. Again in this process, the deep vortex couples with a surface cyclone and both drift southwestward.  相似文献   

10.
The South China Sea(SCS) is an eddy-active area. Composite analyses based on 438 mesoscale ocean eddies during 2000–2012 revealed the status of the atmospheric boundary layer is influenced remarkably by such eddies. The results showed cold-core cyclonic(warm-core anticyclonic) eddies tend to cool(warm) the overlying atmosphere and cause surface winds to decelerate(accelerate). More than 5% of the total variance of turbulent heat fluxes, surface wind speed and evaporation rate are induced by mesoscale eddies. Furthermore, mesoscale eddies locally affect the columnar water vapor, cloud liquid water, and rain rate. Dynamical analyses indicated that both variations of atmospheric boundary layer stability and sea level pressure are responsible for atmospheric anomalies over mesoscale eddies. To reveal further details about the mechanisms of atmospheric responses to mesoscale eddies, atmospheric manifestations over a pair of cold and warm eddies in the southwestern SCS were simulated. Eddy-induced heat flux anomalies lead to changes in atmospheric stability. Thus, anomalous turbulence kinetic energy and friction velocity arise over the eddy dipole, which reduce(enhance) the vertical momentum transport over the cold(warm) eddy, resulting in the decrease(increase) of sea surface wind. Diagnoses of the model's momentum balance suggested that wind speed anomalies directly over the eddy dipole are dominated by vertical mixing terms within the atmospheric boundary layer, while wind anomalies on the edges of eddies are produced by atmospheric pressure gradient forces and atmospheric horizontal advection terms.  相似文献   

11.
In this study, we first show that tropical cyclone (TC) Usagi evolved from a mid-level vortex over the South China Sea (SCS) in August 2001. The initial disturbance of TC Usagi had a maximum potential vorticity (PV) near 500 hPa, and an anticyclonic circulation with a cold core near the surface. The cyclonic circulation and its warm core of the mid-level vortex developed gradually downward toward the surface when environmental easterly and dry air intruded from the upper troposphere; finally, the mid-level vortex evolved into TC Usagi under favorable environment conditions such as weak vertical wind shear, deep moist layer, etc. To investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic processes during TC Usagi genesis, the technique of piecewise PV inversion is employed. The results show that the actions of upper-layer PV and potential temperature anomalies were not important in TC Usagi genesis. Surface-layer thermal anomalies mainly produced negative disturbances of temperature at the vortex center below 800 hPa, which was unfavorable to the genesis of a cyclonic circulation near the surface. Middle-to-lower-layer latent heat played a key role in TC Usagi genesis and downward development of dynamic and thermodynamic processes. The actions of dry air intrusion from the upper troposphere, environmental westerly changing into easterly in the middle and lower troposphere, and baroclinic structure of the vortex were also important. The cyclonic circulation of the mid-level vortex could develop downward quickly from the middle troposphere toward the surface. However, whether the warm core of the vortex developed near the surface depended on the combined actions of surface-layer thermal anomaly and middle-to-lower-layer latent heat. Finally, we present a conceptual model of TC Usagi genesis induced by a mid-level vortex over the SCS.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Surface mesonet winds recorded at 10‐min intervals are used to estimate the propagation velocities of atmospheric fronts in East Coast winter storms during the Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP). The frontal motion is modelled locally as the translation of a line across which there is an abrupt shift in wind direction. The mesonet is used to detect the propagation velocity of the windshift line.

Frontal velocities estimated using mesonet winds for all cases in which fronts passed through the mesonet (two cold fronts and three warm fronts) are in close agreement with those deduced from synoptic charts. Recommendations are given for using the method as a research tool to estimate frontal motions in oceanographic studies of wind‐driven circulation.  相似文献   

13.
This paper attempts to resolve the long-standing contradiction between the observed longevity of oceanic vortices and their theoretical instability. Using the model of quasigeostrophic, two-layer ocean, we show that a vortex in the upper layer can be stabilised by a circulation in the lower layer, such that the potential vorticity (PV) there is uniform. It is also argued that the assumption of uniform PV in the ‘passive’ layer corresponds to the fact that most oceanic vortices are shed by frontal currents and are alien to the well-mixed water masses around them.  相似文献   

14.
A time-dependent semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary-layer model based on the geostrophic momentum approximation is used to study the diurnal wind variation in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the evolution of the low-level nocturnal jet (LLJ). The coefficient of eddy viscosity varies periodically with time, varies linearly with height in the surface layer and is constant above the surface layer. The influence of horizontal advection of momentum on the diurnal wind variation in the PBL, the development of inertial oscillations (IOs) and the formation of the LLJ are examined.In comparison with the Ekman solutions, the diurnal wind variation in semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary-layer dynamics has the following features: (1) the phase angle of the diurnal wind wave shifts with height, the rate of shifting is increased in anticyclonic regions and decreased in cyclonic regions, (2) the time of occurrence of the low-level maximum wind speed is later in anticyclonic regions and earlier in cyclonic regions, (3) the height of occurrence of the maximum wind speed is higher in the anticyclonic and lower in cyclonic regions, (4) the wind speed maximum and the amplitude of the diurnal wind variation are larger in anticyclonic and smaller in cyclonic regions, (5) the period of IOs is larger in anticyclonic regions and smaller in cyclonic regions, (6) anticyclonic vorticity is conducive to the generation of LLJ in the PBL. These features are interpreted by means of the physical properties of semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary-layer dynamics and inertial oscillation dynamics.  相似文献   

15.
In order to investigate the formation of the negative vorticity region over the northeast side of the Qinghai Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau,four sets of numerical experiments have been performed in this paper with a quasigeostrophic barotropical model considering large-scale topography,diabatic heating and dissipation.The diabatic heating in the model contains a constant forcing and timevarying forcing.The time-varying characters are determined by the continuous evolution of the sensible heat flux at Damxung Station (30°29'N,91°06'E) from 31 May to 4 June 1998.Results suggest that there are three types of processes significantly contributing to the formation of the negative vorticity region over the northeast side of the Qinghai Xizang Plateau,and they are the advection of the anticyclonic vortex at the upstream by the basic flow,the energy dispersion of the cyclonic vortex over the south side of the Plateau,and the strengthening of anticyclonic systems produced by the thermal forcing of the Plateau.  相似文献   

16.
利用高分辨率观测资料和ERA5再分析资料, 分析造成2021年11月7—8日东北极端暴雪的温带气旋结构特征及爆发性发展机制, 结果表明:温带气旋发生在高空冷涡背景下, 地面气旋在黄海形成后出现爆发性快速增强并沿东北地区东部北上。地面降雪区主要分布在气旋西侧, 且降雪强度与气旋的发生发展密切相关;地面气旋在爆发性发展后由叶状云系演变为逗点涡旋云系, 并表现出明显的锋面断裂和暖锋包卷;其垂直结构也先后出现高空锋区断裂、干暖核形成和中性锢囚锋区加强;西伯利亚高压脊、华北高空槽和东北高压脊3个异常中心构成Rossby波列, 随着高度异常中心不断东移及波能量向下游地区频散, 华北高空槽区的波作用通量明显增大导致华北冷涡快速增强, 涡度因子的急剧增大有利于地面气旋爆发性发展;随着平流层位涡高值区沿等熵面不断向南发展和向下传播, 导致中层冷涡快速发展并向下伸展, 诱发地面气旋爆发性增强。  相似文献   

17.
Numerical simulations of a jet with large amplitude meanders are used to explore chaotic advection processes and underlying geometry changes as functions of the ambient potential vorticity gradient β. Variations in β in the 2D model qualitatively simulate changes in depth in 3D, surface-intensified jets such as the Gulf Stream. As β is reduced, corresponding to motion on increasingly deep isopycnal surfaces, a number of geometrical transitions take place in the flanges and across the core of the jet. The most important is a joining (or separatrix reconnection) of heteroclinic cat’s eyes structures lying to the north and south of the jet core. The jet core acts as a barrier to transport, but this barrier is breached when the cat’s eyes merge. The subsequent chaotic transport across the jet is demonstrated by calculations of effective invariant manifolds (EIMs) originating in hyperbolic regions to the north and south of the core. Destruction of the central barrier occurs as β is lowered through a narrow window W about β=0 and is marked by transitions form a meandering jet through a vortex street with no central meandering flow to a vortex street with a retrograde meander. Such small values of β are deemed reasonable in view of measurements of low potential vorticity gradients in the deep Gulf Stream. The strength of the central barrier for β outside W is tested by varying β about a mean value β0 and detecting the minimum amplitude of fluctuation necessary for destruction of the barrier. It is found that the barrier is stronger for β0>0, at least by this measure. A striking difference is that, for β<0, some disturbances may destroy the barrier without oscillating across W; whereas for β>0, destruction of the barrier may only occur when β passes through W. Changes in underlying geometry also occur in the flanges of the jet and these changes alter the locations in which fluid is preferentially stirred and mixed. Float trajectories can be regular or irregular depending upon where the instrument is launched and this is demonstrated by plotting trajectories from inside and outside regions of chaotic advection.  相似文献   

18.
通过实况资料以及WRF模式对广西地区的一次飑线过程进行数值模拟,根据模拟结果对飑线内中尺度涡旋MVs(Mesoscale Vortices,MVs)和后向入流与地面大风的成因关系进行了分析。通过涡度收支和涡线分析得出,弓状回波中存在东西涡旋对,其生成主要是散度项造成,中间相对弱的反气旋涡旋是涡线拱起产生的水平涡度向垂直涡度转换引起。通过计算正负涡旋对引起的旋转风从而量化了涡旋对对地面大风的贡献。结果发现,本次过程中涡旋对引起的旋转风在地面大风中占有较大比重,约40%～50%。当去除涡旋对引起的旋转风时,地面大风的强度减弱,位置偏移。由三维流线可以看出后向入流的下沉是产生地面大风的另一个影响因子。通过对浮力加速度和动力加速度进行诊断发现,后向入流的下沉主要是由于负的浮力加速度引起,水平方向的密度不均匀是负浮力加速度产生的主要因子,但在风速突然加强时,动力加速度也有明显的影响。  相似文献   

19.
This study examines the features and dynamical processes of subseasonal zonal oscillation of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) during early summer, by performing a multivariate empirical orthogonal function (MVEOF) analysis on daily winds and a diagnosis on potential vorticity (PV) at 500 hPa for the period 1979–2016. The first MV-EOF mode is characterized by an anticyclonic anomaly occupying southeastern China to subtropical western North Pacific regions. It has a period of 10–25 days and represents zonal shift of the WPSH. When the WPSH stretches more westward, the South Asian high (SAH) extends more eastward. Above-normal precipitation is observed over the Yangtze–Huaihe River (YHR) basin. Suppressed convection with anomalous descending motion is located over the subtropical western North Pacific. The relative zonal movement of the SAH and the WPSH helps to establish an anomalous local vertical circulation of ascending motion with upper-level divergence over the YHR basin and descending motion with upper-level convergence over the subtropical western Pacific. The above local vertical circulation provides a dynamic condition for persistent rainfall over the YHR basin. An enhanced southwest flow over the WPSH’s western edge transports more moisture to eastern China, providing a necessary water vapor condition for the persistent rainfall over the YHR basin. A potential vorticity diagnosis reveals that anomalous diabatic heating is a main source for PV generation. The anomalous cooling over the subtropical western Pacific produces a local negative PV center at 500 hPa. The anomalous heating over the YHR basin generates a local positive PV center. The above south–north dipolar structure of PV anomaly along with the climatological southerly flow leads to northward advection of negative PV. These two processes are conducive to the WPSH’s westward extension. The vertical advection process is unfavorable to the westward extension but contributes to the eastward retreat of the WPSH.  相似文献   

20.
Response of the Kuroshio Current to Eddies in the Luzon Strait   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
The impact of eddies on the Kuroshio Current in the Luzon Strait (LS) area is investigated by using the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) satellite observation data and the sea surface height (SSH) assimilation data. The influence of the eddies on the mean current depends upon the type of eddies and their relative position. The mean current is enhanced (weakened) as the cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddy becomes slightly far from it, whereas it is weakened (enhanced) as the cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddy moves near or within the position of the mean current; this is explained as the eddy-induced meridional velocity and geostrophic flow relationship. The anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy can increase (decrease) the mean meridional flow due to superimposition of the eddy-induced meridional flow when the eddy is within the region of the mean current. However, when the eddy is slightly far from the mean current region, the anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy tends to decrease (increase) the zonal gradient of the SSH, which thus results in weakening (strengthening) of the mean current in the LS region.  相似文献   

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