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1.
A prototype space-based cloud radar has been developed and was installed on an airplane to observe a precipitation system over Tianjin,China in July 2010.Ground-based S-band and Ka-band radars were used to examine the observational capability of the prototype.A cross-comparison algorithm between different wavelengths,spatial resolutions and platform radars is presented.The reflectivity biases,correlation coefficients and standard deviations between the radars are analyzed.The equivalent reflectivity bias between the S-and Ka-band radars were simulated with a given raindrop size distribution.The results indicated that reflectivity bias between the S-and Ka-band radars due to scattering properties was less than 5 dB,and for weak precipitation the bias was negligible.The prototype space-based cloud radar was able to measure a reasonable vertical profile of reflectivity,but the reflectivity below an altitude of 1.5 km above ground level was obscured by ground clutter.The measured reflectivity by the prototype space-based cloud radar was approximately 10.9 dB stronger than that by the S-band Doppler radar(SA radar),and 13.7 dB stronger than that by the ground-based cloud radar.The reflectivity measured by the SA radar was 0.4 dB stronger than that by the ground-based cloud radar.This study could provide a method for the quantitative examination of the observation ability for space-based radars. 相似文献
2.
Comparison of the observation capability of an X-band phased-array radar with an X-band Doppler radar and S-band operational radar 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
An X-band phased-array meteorological radar （XPAR） was developed in China and will be installed in an airplane to observe precipitation systems for research purposes.In order to examine the observational capability of the XPAR and to test the operating mode and calibration before installation in the airplane,a mobile X-band Doppler radar （XDR） and XPAR were installed at the same site to observe convective precipitation events.Nearby S-band operational radar （SA） data were also collected to examine the reflectivity bias of XPAR.An algorithm for quantitative analysis of reflectivity and velocity differences and radar sensitivity of XPAR is presented.The reflectivity and velocity biases of XPAR are examined with SA and XDR.Reflectivity sensitivities,the horizontal and vertical structures of reflectivity by the three radars are compared and analyzed.The results indicated that while the XPRA with different operating modes can capture the main characteristic of 3D structures of precipitation,and the averaged reflectivity differences between XPAR and XDR,and XDR and SA,were 0.4 dB and 6.6 dB on 13 July and-4.5 dB and 5.1 dB on 2 August 2012,respectively.The minimum observed reflectivities at a range of 50 km for XPAR,XDR and SA were about 15.4 dBZ,13.5 dBZ and-3.5 dBZ,respectively.The bias of velocity between XPAR and XDR was negligible.This study provides a possible method for the quantitative comparison of the XPAR data,as well as the sensitivity of reflectivity,calibration,gain and bias introduced by pulse compression. 相似文献
3.
Calibration and Data Quality Analysis with Mobile C-Band Polarimetric Radar 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4 
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下载免费PDF全文 LIU Liping HU Zhiqun FANG Wengui GE Runsheng CHEN Xiaohui CAO Junwu 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2010,24(4):501-509
A C-band mobile polarimetric radar with simultaneous horizontal and vertical transmission was built in the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. It was used in heavy rainfall and typhoon observations in 2008. It is well-known that radar calibration is essential and critical to high quality radar data and products. In this paper, the test and weather signals were used in calibration of reflectivity ZH, differential reflectivity ZDR, and differential phase ΦDP. Noise effects on correlation coefficient ρHV at low signal-noise-ratio (SNR) were analyzed. The polarimetric radar data for a heavy rain and a snow event were inspected to evaluate the performance of the calibration method and radar data quality, and S-band Doppler radar data were used to validate the reflectivity data quality collected by the polarimetric radar. The results show that the polarimetric and S-band Doppler radars have observed comparable reflectivity values and a similar structure of a heavy rainfall case at middle and low levels. The mismatch of two receivers produce obvious ZDR biases, which were verified by the radar data observed at
vertical incidence. The ZDR correction improved the radar data quality. The usage range for ρHV was defined. Application of the calibration method introduced in this paper can reduce the system biases caused by the di?erence of horizontal (H) and vertical (V) channels. After the calibration and correction, the polarimetric parameters observed by the polarimetric radar could be used in further relevant researches. 相似文献
4.
The removal of noise and velocity ambiguity and retrieval and verification of horizontal wind
field is a prerequisite to make the best and fullest use of Doppler radar measurements. This approach was
applied to the Doppler radar data collected during August 2005 for a landing typhoon Matsa (0509) in
Yantai, Shangdong Province, and the verified result shows that the quality control for this dataset was
successful. The horizontal wind field was retrieved and then verified by studying the characteristics of the
radar radial velocity and large-scale wind field and the vertical cross section of the radial velocity
determined with the typhoon center as the circle center and comparing it with satellite imagery. The results
show that the meso- and small-scale systems in Matsa and its horizontal and vertical structure could be
clearly retrieved using the dataset collected by single Doppler radar, and a shear or a convergence was
corresponding with a band of severe storm around Matsa. At the same time, the retrieved wind field from
single Doppler radar is proved to be a reliable and high-resolution dataset in analyzing the inner
meso-scale structure of Matsa. It is also proved that the method for removing the velocity ambiguity could
be an effective approach for preliminary quality control of the Doppler radar data, and the VAP method
could also be a reasonable solution for the analysis of mesoscale wind field. 相似文献
5.
The present study designs experiments on the direct assimilation of
radial velocity and reflectivity data collected by an S-band Doppler weather
radar (CINRAD WSR-98D) at the Hefei Station and the reanalysis data produced by
the United States National Centers for Environmental Prediction using the Weather
Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the WRF model with a three-dimensional
variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system and the WRF model with an ensemble
square root filter (EnSRF) data assimilation system. In addition, the present
study analyzes a Meiyu front heavy rainfall process that occurred in the Yangtze
-Huaihe River Basin from July 4 to July 5, 2003, through numerical simulation.
The results show the following. (1) The assimilation of the radar radial velocity
data can increase the perturbations in the low-altitude atmosphere over the heavy
rainfall region, enhance the convective activities and reduce excessive simulated
precipitation. (2) The 3DVAR assimilation method significantly adjusts the
horizontal wind field. The assimilation of the reflectivity data improves the
microphysical quantities and dynamic fields in the model. In addition, the
assimilation of the radial velocity and reflectivity data can better adjust the
wind fields and improve the intensity and location of the simulated radar echo
bands. (3) The EnSRF assimilation method can assimilate more small-scale wind
field information into the model. The assimilation of the reflectivity data alone
can relatively accurately forecast the rainfall centers. In addition, the
assimilation of the radial velocity and reflectivity data can improve the
location of the simulated radar echo bands. (4) The use of the 3DVAR and EnSRF
assimilation methods to assimilate the radar radial velocity and reflectivity
data can improve the forecast of precipitation, rain-band areal coverage and the
center location and intensity of precipitation. 相似文献
6.
In this paper,a scheme of dual-Doppler radar wind analysis based on a three-dimensional variational method is proposed and performed in two steps.First,the horizontal wind field is simultaneously recovered through minimizing a cost function defined as a radial observation term with the standard conjugate gradient method,avoiding a weighting parameter specification step.Compared with conventional dual-Doppler wind synthesis approaches,this variational method minimizes errors caused by interpolation from radar observation to analysis grid in the iterative solution process,which is one of the main sources of errors.Then,through the accelerated Liebmann method,the vertical velocity is further reestimated as an extra step by solving the Poisson equation with impermeable conditions imposed at the ground and near the tropopause.The Poisson equation defined by the second derivative of the vertical velocity is derived from the mass continuity equation.Compared with the method proposed by O’Brien,this method is less sensitive to the uncertainty of the boundary conditions and has better stability and reliability.Furthermore,the method proposed in this paper is applied to Doppler radar observation of a squall line process.It is shown that the retrieved vertical wind profile agrees well with the vertical profile obtained with the velocity–azimuth display(VAD)method,and the retrieved radial velocity as well as the analyzed positive and negative velocity centers and horizontal wind shear of the squall line are in accord with radar observations.There is a good correspondence between the divergence field of the derived wind field and the vertical velocity.And,the horizontal and vertical circulations within and around the squall line,as well as strong updrafts,the associated downdrafts,and associated rear inflow of the bow echo,are analyzed well.It is worth mentioning that the variational method in this paper can be applied to simultaneously synthesize the three-dimensional wind field from multiple-Doppler radar observations. 相似文献
7.
Millimeter-wavelength radar has proved to be an effective instrument for cloud observation and research. In this study, 8-mm-wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) with Doppler and polarization capabilities was used to investigate cloud dynamics in China for the first time. Its design, system specifications, calibration, and application in measuring clouds associated with typhoon are discussed in this article. The cloud radar measurements of radar reflectivity (Z), Doppler velocity (Vr), velocity spectrum width (Sw) and the depolar-ization ratio (LDR) at vertical incidence were used to analyze the microphysical and dynamic processes of the cloud system and precipitation associated with Typhoon Nuri, which occurred in southern China in August 2008. The results show the reflectivity observed using MMCR to be consistent with the echo height and the melting-layer location data obtained by the nearby China S-band new-generation weather radar (SA), but the Ka-band MMCR provided more detailed structural information about clouds and weak precipitation data than did the SA radar. The variation of radar reflectivity and LDR in vertical structure reveals the transformation of particle phase from ice to water. The vertical velocity and velocity spectrum width of MMCR observations indicate an updraft and strong turbulence in the stratiform cloud layer. MMCR provides a valuable new technology for meteorological research in China. 相似文献
8.
To improve the accuracy of short-term(0–12 h) forecasts of severe weather in southern China, a real-time storm-scale forecasting system, the Hourly Assimilation and Prediction System(HAPS), has been implemented in Shenzhen, China. The forecasting system is characterized by combining the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF-ARW)model and the Advanced Regional Prediction System(ARPS) three-dimensional variational data assimilation(3DVAR) package. It is capable of assimilating radar reflectivity and radial velocity data from multiple Doppler radars as well as surface automatic weather station(AWS) data. Experiments are designed to evaluate the impacts of data assimilation on quantitative precipitation forecasting(QPF) by studying a heavy rainfall event in southern China. The forecasts from these experiments are verified against radar, surface, and precipitation observations. Comparison of echo structure and accumulated precipitation suggests that radar data assimilation is useful in improving the short-term forecast by capturing the location and orientation of the band of accumulated rainfall. The assimilation of radar data improves the short-term precipitation forecast skill by up to9 hours by producing more convection. The slight but generally positive impact that surface AWS data has on the forecast of near-surface variables can last up to 6–9 hours. The assimilation of AWS observations alone has some benefit for improving the Fractions Skill Score(FSS) and bias scores; when radar data are assimilated, the additional AWS data may increase the degree of rainfall overprediction. 相似文献
9.
An ensemble three-dimensional ensemble-variational(3DEnVar)data assimilation(E3DA)system was developed within the Weather Research and Forecasting model’s 3DVar framework to assimilate radar data to improve convective forecasting.In this system,ensemble perturbations are updated by an ensemble of 3DEnVar and the ensemble forecasts are used to generate the flow-dependent background error covariance.The performance of the E3DA system was first evaluated against one experiment without radar DA and one radar DA experiment with 3DVar,using a severe storm case over southeastern China on 5 June 2009.Results indicated that E3DA improved the quantitative forecast skills of reflectivity and precipitation,as well as their spatial distributions in terms of both intensity and coverage over 3DVar.The root-mean-square error of radial velocity from 3DVar was reduced by E3DA,with stronger low-level wind closer to observation.It was also found that E3DA improved the wind,temperature and water vapor mixing ratio,with the lowest errors at the surface and upper levels.3DVar showed moderate improvements in comparison with forecasts without radar DA.A diagnosis of the analysis revealed that E3DA increased vertical velocity,temperature,and humidity corresponding to the added reflectivity,while 3DVar failed to produce these adjustments,because of the lack of reasonable cross-variable correlations.The performance of E3DA was further verified using two convective cases over southern and southeastern China,and the reflectivity forecast skill was also improved over 3DVar. 相似文献
10.
Constructing β-mesoscale weather systems in initial fields remains a
challenging problem in a mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model.
Without vertical velocity matching the β-mesoscale weather system,
convection activities would be suppressed by downdraft and cooling caused by
precipitating hydrometeors. In this study, a method, basing on the
three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) assimilation technique, was developed
to obtain reasonable structures of β-mesoscale weather systems by
assimilating radar data in a next-generation NWP system named GRAPES (the
Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System) of China.
Single-point testing indicated that assimilating radial wind significantly
improved the horizontal wind but had little effect on the vertical velocity,
while assimilating the retrieved vertical velocity (taking Richardson's
equation as the observational operator) can greatly improve the vertical
motion. Experiments on a typhoon show that assimilation of the radial wind
data can greatly improve the prediction of the typhoon track, and can
ameliorate precipitation to some extent. Assimilating the retrieved vertical
velocity and rainwater mixing ratio, and adjusting water vapor and cloud
water mixing ratio in the initial fields simultaneously, can significantly
improve the tropical cyclone rainfall forecast but has little effect on
typhoon path. Joint assimilating these three kinds of radar data gets the
best results. Taking into account the scale of different weather systems and
representation of observational data, data quality control, error setting of
background field and observation data are still requiring further in-depth
study. 相似文献
11.
地物回波对雷达数据应用会造成负面影响,是影响定量降水估测等产品精度的重要因素,识别并剔除地物回波是雷达基数据质量控制的一个重要内容。该文在现有S波段雷达地物识别方法的基础上,使用长治、哈尔滨两部CINRAD/CC雷达2011年观测数据,对C波段雷达地物回波特征进行分析,改进识别参量的隶属函数,建立适合C波段多普勒天气雷达的地物识别方法 (MCC方法),并对该方法进行效果检验。结果表明:S波段及C波段雷达地物回波与回波强度有关的参量分布较为相近,与降水回波的参量分布有明显区别;S波段雷达地物识别方法中与回波强度有关的参量可用于C波段雷达地物的识别,与速度有关的参量中仅中值速度可用于C波段雷达。通过统计分析与个例分析,相对于现有S波段雷达识别方法,MCC方法可显著提高C波段雷达地物回波的识别正确率,并可减少层状云降水回波的误判。 相似文献
12.
一种自动多普勒雷达速度退模糊算法研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
提出了一种能解决孤立风暴、高切变和强台风等情况下速度模糊问题的自动多普勒雷达速度退模糊算法。该算法首先通过搜索最弱风区,第一次确定的最多两组初始参考径向和参考速度库,其中使用了相邻仰角初始参考径向应具有方位连续性的约束条件,剔除假零速度线引起的不恰当备用初始径向;然后从初始参考径向和参考速度库开始,对其周围邻近的速度库进行连续性检查,如果当前库的径向速度与参考速度的差值大于给定阈值就对其进行纠正;完成两次全方位径向退模糊处理后,算法进行径向和方位方向的强风切变检查,如果还有强风切变存在,那么通过搜索弱风切变区中有效速度库最多的径向,第二次确定一组退模糊的初始参考径向和参考速度库,再重复前面的退模糊过程,这有利于远离雷达的孤立风暴的速度退模糊。在多次退模糊过程中,判断速度模糊的标准由紧到松,切变阈值由小到大,以确保用于后面退模糊处理的参考速度的可靠性。利用我国S波段多普勒天气雷达观测的龙卷、飑线、孤立强风暴及台风等事件的1 000多个体扫资料对该算法进行了测试和评估,结果表明,速度退模糊准确率>99.5%。对于孤立风暴、高切变及强台风等复杂情况下的速度退模糊来说,新算法要优于我国新一代天气雷达业务退模糊方案。 相似文献
13.
雷达径向风观测在华北区域数值预报系统中的实时三维变分同化应用试验 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
以实现业务应用为目标开展了区域多部雷达径向风观测资料的三维变分直接同化应用研究。重点对背景场误差协方差的方差和尺度因子进行调整,形成能够与其他常规观测资料协同同化的雷达径向风同化方案,并建立了京津冀6部多普勒雷达观测资料的实时预处理系统。基于上述工作开展2011年汛期京津冀多普勒雷达径向风观测资料在华北区域快速更新循环同化和预报系统中的实时同化和对比试验,并对应用效果进行了初步评估。实时同化试验期间京津冀地区6部雷达经过质量控制后的径向风数据质量和同化情况的分析结果表明,同化系统有效地吸收了雷达径向风的观测信息并形成合理的分析增量,其中,S波段雷达观测的径向风数据数量、质量和稳定度均明显优于C波段雷达;整体来看,雷达径向风同化对地面和高空要素预报性能的影响基本为中性,且主要影响时段集中在最初的6 h。但降水预报评分结果表明,雷达径向风同化从降水强度、落区和范围等方面均明显提升了系统对对流尺度降水的短时预报性能。同时也应该看到,受制于目前3 h一次的同化更新频率,雷达资料同化的效果往往到对流临近时次才能体现。 相似文献
14.
径向速度模糊问题限制了雷达速度资料的广泛应用,针对退速度模糊中孤立回波或被距离折叠隔离的回波出现模糊、受杂点干扰影响以及大多算法往往将径向直线作为初始参考等问题,提出了一种新的自动退模糊方法:（1）通过查找0速交界点插值得到两条0速线以进行正、负速度区域的大致分区;正、负分区后,分区域段识别杂点干扰区与非杂点干扰区;对杂点干扰区,逐点判断其是否满足模糊特征条件,对非杂点干扰区,识别模糊边界以圈定模糊区域块进行退模糊,并做遗留点的逐点扫尾退模糊处理。（2）对于未能确定0速线的情况,使用上层记录的0速线信息或搜索符合条件的径向直线0速线。（3）对于仍未能确定0速线的情况,用逐点判断的方法退模糊。利用S波段雷达观测的飑线、冰雹、强台风等事件11个个例3407个速度模糊体扫资料对该算法进行了验证,总体速度退模糊准确率高于98%。利用0速线确定正负分区、识别模糊区域块以及在逐点判断中考虑扩展邻域搜索,有助于孤立回波及被距离折叠隔离回波的退模糊处理,该方法比业务方法更有效, 2018年3月4日冰雹个例的速度退模糊准确率高于业务方法10%。对杂点干扰区使用逐点判断方法可正确退去模糊区,使其免受杂点影响。综合考虑上层0速线信息及图像中有助于确定0速线的相关信息,经严格把关和检验,确保0速线的准确性,有益于退速度模糊处理。 相似文献
15.
为有效地识别和提取多普勒天气雷达风场信息,对Gao和Droegemeier提出的基于变分技术的多普勒雷达径向速度数据退模糊方法进行了改进。原方法中将背景风场、方位和径向速度距离梯度信息同时作为约束条件,对Nyquist数进行校正。但是该方法在迭代过程中使用了大量的数值分析和偏微分方程计算,造成径向速度场过度平滑和数据失真。针对这个问题,改进算法在得到径向速度分析场后,结合原始径向速度观测场,通过图像变化检测法,自动识别存在速度模糊的区域及计算需要校正的Nyquist数,对观测场的模糊区域进行校正。利用强对流天气和台风过程的雷达体扫数据验证了改进算法的可行性,并与原始算法及业务应用的WSR-88D算法对比。结果表明:改进算法有效地解决了原始算法中的不足,恢复真实的风场结构和分布特征,改善了退速度模糊的质量,从而得到更为合理的径向速度观测场;并且该算法退模糊效果优于WSR-88D算法,有助于为科研和业务应用服务。 相似文献
16.
The velocity ambiguity in Doppler weather radars has inhibited the application of wind field data for long time. One effective solution is software-based velocity dealiasing algorithm. In this paper, in order to better design, optimize and validate velocity dealiasing algorithms for CINRAD-SA, data from operational radars were used to statistically characterize velocity ambiguity. The analyzed characteristic parameters included occurrence rate, and inter-station, inter-type, temporal, and spatial distributions. The results show that 14.9% of cloud-rain files and 0.3% of clear-air files from CINRADSA radars are ambiguous. It is also found that echoes of weak convections have the highest occurrence rate of velocity ambiguity than any other cloud types, and the probability of ambiguity is higher in winter than in summer. A detailed inspection of the occurrence of ambiguity in various cases indicates that ambiguous points usually occur in areas with an elevation angle of 6.0°, an azimuth of 70° or 250°, radial distance of 50–60 km, and height of 5–6 km, and that 99.4% of ambiguous points are in the 1st-folding interval. Suggestions for performing dealiasing at different locations and different time points are provided. 相似文献
17.
借鉴前人在S波段新一代天气雷达上探测森林火灾和城市大火烟尘的方法和研究成果,利用收集到的云南十部C波段新一代天气雷达的34次森林火灾个例资料,立足云南C波段高原高山雷达的一些特点,采用分类对比进行分析研究,得出C波段高山雷达森林火灾回波的一些特有指标。提出按雷达海拔高度分别设置森林火灾判别阈值、引入速度场特征、降水回波过滤等一些新指标和方法,进行这类地区的雷达森林火灾探测。随后开展了业务实践,经检验和实地踏勘,取得了一定效果。证明C波段雷达同样具有一定的探测森林火灾回波的能力,主要技术指标有:高山雷达由于海拔高差的影响,应分别针对不同雷达设置相应的阈值参数;根据森林火灾回波的上升和飘散特性,雷达回波速度场与周围回波有时呈现出一定差别;采用过滤晴空回波、过滤杂波、过滤地物回波、过滤二次回波、过滤降水回波、识别速度场特殊回波等办法,可得到滤出的火灾烟尘疑似回波。这些指标和方法对西部高山雷达探测应有一些参考作用。 相似文献
18.
多普勒天气雷达是监测强对流天气中尺度风场的重要手段。纠正速度模糊是多普勒雷达探测风场信息有效应用的前提。速度模糊纠正技术大多需要首先对模糊点集或非模糊点集进行识别，如果无法识别或识别错误，将造成纠正过程的失败或需要人工识别。文章提出了一种不需先对模糊点集或非模糊点集进行识别的纠正速度折叠的简便方法。它只需首先将存在折叠的速度场恢复为连续的速度场；然后对其速度数值是否存在整体偏移做出判断和调整。给出的存在严重模糊的台风个例的速度模糊纠正实例表明，这种方法对二次折叠也同样有效。 相似文献
19.
衰减是影响X波段雷达数据质量的主要因素之一,直接影响到X波段雷达在强对流监测预警中的应用效果。文中在分析中、外雷达衰减订正方法的基础上,选择并改进了一种利用雷达网中不同雷达相互订正的方法,该方法通过不断迭代运算,使订正误差达到最小,形成了适合于网络化X波段雷达的反射率因子衰减订正方法。订正结果与原始雷达数据以及差分相位（${\phi _{{}_{{\rm{DP}}}}}$）订正法结果进行对比,并且还同时与北京S波段雷达观测数据进行了对比。结果表明：衰减订正对X波段雷达穿透强降水后的回波以及探测距离较远的回波效果比较明显,订正后的回波与S波段雷达观测结果比较吻合。 相似文献
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X波段双偏振雷达具有时空分辨率高、易于布网的特点,但散射特性差异和衰减影响使现有S波段雷达的相态识别和拼图算法不适用于X波段双偏振雷达。该文针对X波段相态识别及拼图产品的关键技术开展研究,提出基于准垂直剖面的融化层识别方法、基于数据质量的置信度阈值调整方法、基于统计的隶属函数参数改进方法和基于衰减程度的拼图融合方法。通过对比改进后可有效提升水凝物相态识别结果的可靠性和多雷达拼图结果的合理性。在2016年汛期北京典型个例中,融合后的X波段雷达网与当地S波段业务雷达相比能够提供更精细的回波结构和水凝物相态分布,有效缓解S波段雷达在近处探测能力降低的问题,识别的降雹区与地面观测相符。 相似文献