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1.
用低阶大气环流谱模式就前期冬春季南海-热带东印度洋(10 oN～15 oS, 90～120 o E) 海温异常对南海夏季风的影响进行了数值试验。结果表明, 当南海-热带东印度洋海温异常偏暖时,其南北两侧大气低层出现异常气旋性环流,高层出现异常反气旋性环流,其东西两侧, 在南海-热带西太平洋大气低层出现强大的异常辐合,高层出现强大的异常辐散;在热带西印度洋大气低层为明显的辐散,高层为明显的辐合,得到了与Gill理论相一致的结论。此时大气低层赤道两侧异常气旋性环流阻挡了赤道索马里越赤道SW气流进入南海, 加强了赤道西风, 并明显减弱了澳大利亚越赤道SW气流,菲律宾以东的异常反气旋性环流加强了西太平洋副热带高压, 使其位置偏南偏西, 同时大气高层印度洋上空的异常东风加强了南亚高压, 从而导致南海夏季风强度减弱, 爆发可能推迟。在南海-热带东印度洋海温异常偏冷时,大气低层赤道两侧异常反气旋性环流减弱了赤道索马里越赤道SW气流, 加强了澳大利亚越赤道SW气流,菲律宾东北部的异常气旋性环流不利于其东侧的副热带高压发展, 同时大气高层印度洋上空的异常西风减弱南亚高压强度,有利于南海夏季风加强, 爆发可能提前。 相似文献
2.
关于东亚副热带季风若干问题的讨论 总被引：25，自引：4，他引：21
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料、TRMM卫星降水资料、中国东部站点降水资料和CMAP降水资料,重点讨论了东亚副热带季风雨季的起始时间、建立特征及其和南海夏季风的关系,同时也讨论了东亚副热带季风的可能机制.结果表明:(1)东亚副热带季风雨季于3月底-4月初(第16-18候)在江南南部和华南北部首先开始,伴随着降水的开始是偏南风的增强和对流性降水的显著增加,华南前汛期开始.(2)东亚副热带季风雨季的建立早于热带季风雨季,在热带季风建立后两者的雨带、强西南风带、强垂直运动带、强低空水汽辐合带均是分离的,南海热带季风在其建立后,与东亚副热带季风发生相互作用,促使副热带季风雨带季节性北进,两者共同影响中国的旱涝.(3)3月中下旬,东亚大陆(包括青藏高原)上空大气由冷源转为热源,东亚大陆与西太平洋之间的纬向热力差异及其相应的温度和气压对比均发生反转.东亚大陆(包括青藏高原)的动力和热力作用究竟是否是东亚副热带季风雨带提前建立的机制值得进一步研究.文章最后讨论了有关东亚副热带季风的共识与分歧. 相似文献
3.
东亚夏季风与1994年华南连续大暴雨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
１９９４年华南两次连续大暴雨期间，对华南暴雨有重要作用的东亚热带夏季风，主要由９０°Ｅ（８５°Ｅ）通道的越赤道气流和印度半岛南部洋面上强大的赤道西风所组成。在这两次连续大暴雨产生前，东亚热带夏季风都有持续爆发的现象。东亚夏季风常以东亚热带夏季风或东亚副热带夏季风的形式影响华南。 相似文献
4.
东亚副热带季风雨带建立特征及其降水性质分析 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
利用1961—2006年NCEP/NCAR再分析数据集和TRMM、CMAP多年平均逐候降水资料,分析了中国东部副热带季风雨季的起始时间、建立特征及其降水性质。结果表明,第16—18候,在中国江南南部和华南北部地区(25°30°N)日降水率达到6 mm/d,且范围较大,在低层该雨带的水汽主要来源于西太平洋副热带高压南侧转向的西南水汽输送,其源地即为西太平洋副热带季风雨季开始。雨带建立同时,东亚副热带地区中东太平洋的纬向海平面气压梯度首先在中纬度发生反转,即西低东高(相应于西暖东冷)。中国东部副热带地区出现加热中心并伴有上升运动,强度逐渐增强,并伸展至对流层顶,其强度及对流高度与热带地区相当,对流层中低层大气呈对流不稳定,降水已具有对流性降水性质。与此同时,南海西太平洋地区仍在副热带高压控制之下,盛行下沉运动,无降水产生,南海夏季风及其相应的水汽输送尚未建立。东亚副热带季风雨带的建立(3月底4月初)早于热带夏季风雨带,两雨带分别具有独立的热源中心和上升运动。南海夏季风即将爆发之际,赤道地区加热中心快速北移至南海地区,与副热带地区热源相互作用。 相似文献
5.
简要归纳了不同时期随着观测资料的更新对亚洲季风季节进程的若干认识。南海季风试验前,研究认识了东亚季风系统与南亚季风系统的区别。南海季风试验后,对季风进程有了更多的认识,江南副热带雨季开始于4月初,中印半岛热带雨季开始于4月底,南海热带雨季突然建立于5月中旬,都具有半年际的干湿转换。南海中部季风爆发后,亚洲季风在南亚、青藏高原东侧和东亚-太平洋地区全面爆发并由南向北推进。利用近年来高分辨率资料并考虑热带地区半岛陆海地形与热力的影响,认识到亚洲存在5个夏季季风槽与降水相联系的系统,它们分别是西南亚(阿拉伯海)夏季热带季风、南亚(孟加拉湾)夏季热带季风、东南亚(南海)夏季热带季风、西北太平洋夏季热带季风和东亚夏季副热带季风。 相似文献
6.
中国东部—西太平洋副热带季风和降水的气候特征及成因分析 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
利用1981—2000年候平均NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CMAP全球降水资料,分析了从中国东部大陆到西太平洋副热带地区季风和降水季节变化的特征及其与热带季风降水的关系,探讨了季风建立和加强的原因。夏季东亚—西太平洋盛行的西南风开始于江南和西太平洋副热带的春初,并向北扩展到中纬度,热带西南风范围向北扩展的迹象不明显。从冬到夏,中国西部和西太平洋副热带的表面加热季节变化可以使副热带对流层向西的温度梯度反转比热带早,使西南季风在副热带最早开始;从大气环流看,青藏高原东侧低压槽的加强和向东延伸,以及西太平洋副热带高压的加强和向西移动,都影响着副热带西南季风的开始和发展;初夏江南的南风向北扩展与副热带高压向北移动有关,随着高原东侧低压槽向南延伸,槽前的偏南风范围向南扩展。随着副热带季风建立和向北扩展,其最大风速中心前方的低层空气质量辐合和水汽辐合以及上升运动也加强和向北移动,导致降水加强和雨带向北移动。热带季风雨季开始晚,主要维持在热带而没有明显进入副热带,江淮梅雨不是由热带季风雨带直接向北移动而致,而是由春季江南雨带北移而致。在热带季风爆发前,副热带季风区水汽输送主要来自中南半岛北部和中国华南沿海,而在热带季风爆发后,水汽输送来自孟加拉湾和热带西太平洋。 相似文献
7.
南海季风爆发的年代际转折与东亚副热带夏季降水的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1979—2016年NCEP再分析资料, 分析了南海季风爆发的年代际转折与东亚副热带夏季降水的关系。结果表明:南海夏季风爆发时间在1993/1994年出现年代际转变, 1979—1993年爆发时间相对偏晚, 夏季华南降水偏少, 长江中下游至日本南部降水偏多; 1994—2016年爆发时间偏早, 夏季华南降水偏多, 长江中下游到日本南部降水偏少。南海季风爆发时间年代际转折与夏季东亚副热带降水关系可能受到菲律宾越赤道气流强度的调控, 季风爆发时间与菲律宾越赤道气流有显著正相关, 且均在1993/1994年间存在年代际转变。在1994—2016(1979—1993)年南海夏季风爆发偏早(晚), 菲律宾越赤道气流偏弱(强), 澳大利亚北部有偏北(南)风异常, 将暖池的热量往赤道输送, 使得赤道对流增强(减弱), 产生异常上升(下沉)运动汇入Hadley环流上升支, 增强(减弱)的Hadley环流导致下沉主体偏北(南), 促使副高脊线偏北(南), 从西北太平洋(孟加拉湾)往华南地区(江淮到日本南部)输送水汽增强, 所以华南(江淮到日本南部)夏季降水偏多。 相似文献
8.
1979年季风试验期间东亚地区夏季风爆发时期的观测研究 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：19
本文分析1979年季风试验期间5—7月从春到夏的季节转变过程。在亚洲南部和西北太平洋地区大范围夏季风爆发前1—2候,南半球40°—160°E之间中纬度地区高空西风急流有一次增强过程。南半球对流层中部的经向环流发展,对流层低层的越赤道偏南气流加强,这时亚洲南部和西北太平洋热带地区低空西南风风速增大,并且范围向北扩展,南亚地区对流层上部热带东风加大,季风环流圈加强,我国东部雨带出现季节性北移。看来南半球大气环流的变化对东亚地区夏季风的建立及其向北推进起着触发作用。 相似文献
9.
资料分析显示,与850 hPa风场相比,地面风的变化能更好地表征亚洲各季风系统的特征。基于地面风的季节性反转和降水的显著变化所构建的亚洲夏季风(ASM)爆发指数和等时线图表明:亚洲热带夏季风(TASM)在5月初首先在孟加拉湾(BOB)东南部爆发后不是向西传播,而是向东经中印半岛向东推进,于5月中到达中国南海(SCS),6月初到达热带西北太平洋。印度夏季风的表面低压系统源于近赤道阿拉伯海地区,于6月初到达印度西南部喀拉拉邦,印度夏季风随之爆发。亚洲副热带夏季风(STASM)5月初在西北太平洋日本本州东南的海区发生后向西南伸展,于6月初与南海季风降水区连接,形成东北—西南向雨带,夏季风在中国东南沿海登陆,日本的“梅雨”(Baiu)开始。6月中该雨带向北到达长江流域和韩国,江淮梅雨和韩国的“梅雨”(Changma) 开始。本文还回顾了亚洲热带夏季风爆发的动力学研究的若干近期进展。春季青藏高原和南亚海陆分布的联合强迫作用使海表温度(SST)在BOB中东部形成短暂但强盛的暖池,在高层南亚高压的抽吸作用下,常伴有季风爆发涡旋(MOV)发展,使冬季连续带状的副高脊线在孟加拉湾东部断裂,导致亚洲热带季风首先在BOB爆发。BOB东/西部有东/西风型垂直切变,利于激发/抑制对流活动,并增加/减少海洋向大气的表面感热加热,从而使得亚洲夏季风爆发的向西传播在BOB西海岸遇到屏障。季风爆发逐渐向东伸展引发南海和热带西太平洋夏季风相继爆发。季风降水释放的强大潜热使南亚高压发展西伸,纬向非对称位涡强迫显著增强;在阿拉伯半岛强烈的表面感热加热所诱发的中层阿拉伯反气旋的共同作用下,位于阿拉伯海近赤道的低压系统北移发展成为季风爆发涡旋,导致印度季风爆发。由此可见,历时约一个月的亚洲热带夏季风爆发的三个阶段(孟加拉湾、南海和印度季风爆发)是发生在特定的地理环境下受特定的动力—热力学规律驱动的接续过程。 相似文献
10.
中国气象科学研究院曾长期组织和从事东亚季风及其对中国天气和旱涝影响的研究。该文对中国气象科学研究院在东亚季风研究方面取得成果进行综述, 并回顾了20世纪50年代以来国内有关季风的研究活动, 也回顾了影响我国天气气候、东亚季风环流系统的提出及其后续的有关东亚和印度季风系统的相互作用, 引发中国大陆暴雨生成的水汽输送, 表达中国大陆季风活动的季风指数设计等研究结果。综述了南海夏季风爆发、梅雨开始、中国雨季开始及传播等有关研究成果; 东亚季风系统中副热带地区低频振荡纬向和经向传播特征及与赤道地区不同之处, 东亚低频振荡对El Ni?o形成及夏季东亚热带和副热带季风爆发的可能影响, 东亚热带和副热带季风低频振荡对中国天气气候的影响等有关成果; 亚洲地区大气热源的计算及其分布, 青藏高原夏季热源对东亚夏季风及降水的可能影响, 青藏高原冬季冷源对El Ni?o生成的可能影响等有关成果; 东亚季风及降水的年际变化特征, 准4年年际振荡的分析及与ENSO形成间的相互作用, 极地对东亚夏季降水的影响及东亚季风年代际变化特征等成果。综述东亚季风系统形成的可能机制, 特别是亚洲大陆—西太平洋海陆热力差异及非洲、印度半岛、中南半岛及澳大利亚陆地与周围海洋对冬夏季风形成、印度和东亚季风系统形成、南海夏季风形成作用的结果。 相似文献
11.
Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 and NCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,the distribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in this paper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asian region from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropical monsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and the recurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.The latter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South China Sea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northward shift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-flood rainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfall appeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China then formed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998 is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into South China Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow. 相似文献
12.
ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 andNCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,thedistribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in thispaper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asianregion from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropicalmonsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and therecurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.Thelatter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South ChinaSea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northwardshift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-floodrainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfallappeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China thenformed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoononset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into SouthChina Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow. 相似文献
13.
Characteristics of Subtropical Monsoon and Rainfall over Eastern China and Western North Pacific 
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下载免费PDF全文 Using the NCAR/NCEP (National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Centers for Environmental
Prediction) reanalysis and the NOAA Climate Prediction Center's merged analysis of precipitation (CMAP)during 1981-2000, we investigated the seasonal evolution of the southwesterly wind and associated precipitation over the eastern China-subtropical western North Pacific area and its relationship with the tropical monsoon and rainfall, and analyzed the reasons responsible for the onset and development of the wind. It was found that the persistent southwesterly wind appears over southern China and the subtropical western Pacific the earliest in early spring, and then expands southwards to the tropics and advances northward to the midlatitudes. From winter to summer, the seasonal variation of surface heating over western China and the subtropical western Pacific may result in an earlier reversal of the westward tropospheric temperature gradient over the subtropics relative to the tropics, which may contribute to the earliest beginning of the subtropical southwesterly wind. Additionally, the strengthening and eastward expanding of the trough near the
eastern Tibetan Plateau as well as the strengthening and westward moving of the western Pacific subtropical high also exert positive influences on the beginning and development of the subtropical southwesterly wind.In early summer,the northward expansion of the southwesterly wind over southern China is associated with a northward shift of the subtropical high, while the southward stretch of the southwesterly wind is associated with a southward stretch of the trough in the eastern side of the plateau. With the beginning and northward expansion of the subtropical southwesterly wind (namely southwest monsoon), convergences of the low-level air and water vapor and associated upward motion in front of the strongest southwesterly wind core also strengthen and move northward, leading to an increase in rainfall intensity and a northward shift of the rain belt. Accordingly, the subtropical rainy season occurs the earliest over southern China in spring, moves northward to the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley in early summer, and arrives in North China in mid summer.Compared with the subtropical rainy season, the tropical rainy season begins later and stays mainly over the tropics, not pronouncedly moving into the subtropics. Clearly, the Meiyu rainfall over the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley in early summer results from a northward shift of the spring rain belt over southern China,instead of a northward shift of the tropical monsoon rain belt. Before the onset of the tropical monsoon,water vapor over the subtropical monsoon region comes mainly from the coasts of the northern Indo-China Peninsula and southern China. After the onset, one branch of the water vapor flow comes from the Bay of Bengal, entering into eastern China and the subtropical western Pacific via southwestern China and the South China Sea, and another branch comes from the tropical western North Pacific, moving northwestward along the west edge of the western Pacific subtropical high and entering into the subtropics. 相似文献
14.
1998 SCSMEX期间亚洲30－60天低频振荡特征的分析 总被引：34，自引：0，他引：34
对１９９８年 ５－８月南海季风试验（ＳＣＳＭＥＸ）期间东亚地区 ８５０ ｈＰａ中低纬环流指数、东亚季风指数和长江中下游降水进行了Ｍｏｒｌｅｔ 小波分析,结果表明在此期间这些要素均有明显的３０－６０天周期低频振荡。在此基础上对 ５－８月每隔 ５天的 ８５０ ｈＰａ低频流场进行分析,结果表明：（１）１００°－１５０°Ｅ间东亚从中国东中部大陆经南海和西太平洋的南北半球中明显的存在一个以３０－６０天低频荡为特征的东亚季风低频环流系统,东亚季风活动主要受东亚季风系统中低频活动影响;（２）５月第５候南海热带季风爆发、６月中旬长江中下游人梅及产生大暴雨以及７月中旬以后的该地区大暴雨均与低频气旋带在该地区活动有关,而８月长江上游大暴雨则与低频反气旋伸人到大陆有关;（３）ＳＣＳＭＥＸ期间东亚低频振荡系统的源地有二个,即南海赤道和北半球中太平洋中高纬。南海低频系统向北传播,而中高纬低频系统自东北向西南传播为主。长江中下游６、７月二次大暴雨均与上述二个低频气旋系统自热带向北和中高纬向西南传播并于长江中下游汇合有关;（４）５－８月间东亚季风系统中有二次低频气旋带和二次低频反气旋带活动,这些低频环流系统的活动与印度季风低频环流系统活动并无明 相似文献
15.
The wavelet analysis is performed of the mid- and low-latitude circulation index at 850 hPa over East Asia, the East Asian
monsoon index and the precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during 1998 South China Sea Monsoon
Experiment (SCSMEX) from May to August. Analysis shows that distinct 30–60 day low-frequency oscillation (LFO) exists in all
of the above elements during the exper-iment period. Analysis of low-frequency wind field at 850 hPa from May to August with
5 days interval is performed in this paper. Analysis results reveal that: (1) A low-frequency monsoon circulation system over
East Asia, characterized by distinct 30–60 day low-frequency oscillation, exists over 100°-150°E of East Asian area from the
middle and eastern parts of China continent and the South China Sea to the western Pacific in both the Northern and Southern
Hemisphere. The activity of East Asian monsoon is mainly af-fected by the low-frequency systems in it; (2) All of the tropical
monsoon onset over the South China Sea in the fifth pentad of May, the beginning of the Meiyu period and heavy rainfall over
the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in mid-June and the heavy rainfall after mid-July are related to the activity
of low-frequency cyclone belt over the region, whereas the torrential rainfall over the upper reaches of the Yangtze River
in August is associated with the westward propagation of low-frequency anticyclone into the mainland; (3) There are two sources
of low-frequency oscillation system over East Asia during SCSMEX. i.e. the equatorial South China Sea (SCS) and mid-high latitudes
of the middle Pacific in the Northern Hemisphere. The low-frequency system over SCS propagates northward while that in mid-high
latitudes mainly propagates from northeast to southwest. Both of the heavy rainfall over the middle and lower reaches of the
Yangtze River in June and July are associated with the northward propagation of the above-mentioned SCS low-frequency systems
from the tropical region and the southwestward propagation from mid-high latitudes respectively and their convergence in the
middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; (4) There are two activities of low-frequency cyclone and anticyclone belt
each in the East Asian monsoon system during May to August. However the activity of these low-frequency circulation systems
is not clearly relevant to the low-frequency circulation system in the Indian monsoon system. This means that the low-frequency
circulation systems in Indian monsoon and East Asian monsoon are independent of each other. The concept previously put forward
by Chinese scholars that the East Asian monsoon circulation sys-tem (EAMCS) is relatively independent monsoon circulation
system is testified once more in the summer 1998.
This work was supported by the key project A of the State Ministry of Science and Technology “South China Sea Monsoon Experiment”
and the fruit of it. 相似文献
16.
利用1979—2013年夏季全球2.5°×2.5°逐日环流资料和中国气象站点降水观测资料,采用动力学因子(西南风)与热力学因子(Radiation Longwave covting, OLR)相结合定义了标准化的亚洲热带夏季风指数(Tropical Summer Monsoon Index, TSMI)。结果表明,该指数能够很好地描述亚洲热带夏季风的年际变化和准4 a变化特征,并能够指示中国南方夏季降水的异常变化和东亚大气环流特征。强(弱)亚洲热带夏季风年,印度夏季风槽和南海夏季风槽加强加深(减弱),孟加拉湾海域一致西南风(东风)异常,越赤道急流向北输送偏强(偏弱),南海季风槽位置偏西(东),南海区域一致西南风异常,西太平洋副热带高压和南亚高压纬向位置分离(重叠),低层气流在长江流域辐散(辐合),华南地区辐合(辐散),长江中下游流域出现异常下沉(上升)运动,造成长江流域降水偏少(偏多),华南地区降水比常年偏多(偏少)。 相似文献
17.
Impact of the Thermal State of the Tropical Western Pacific on Onset Date and Process of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Since the early or late onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon （SCSM） has a large impact on summer monsoon rainfall in East Asia, the mechanism and process of early or late onset of the SCSM are an worthy issue to study. In this paper, the results analyzed by using the observed data show that the onset date and process of the SCSM are closely associated with the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific in spring. When the tropical western Pacific is in a warming state in spring, the western Pacific subtropical high shifts eastward, and twin cyclones are early caused over the Bay of Bengal and Sumatra before the SCSM onset. In this case, the cyclonic circulation located over the Bay of Bengal can be early intensified and become into a strong trough. Thus, the westerly flow and convective activity can be intensified over Sumatra, the Indo-China Peninsula and the South China Sea （SCS） in mid-May. This leads to early onset of the SCSM. In contrast, when the tropical western Pacific is in a cooling state, the western Pacific subtropical high anomalously shifts westward, the twin cyclones located over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean and Sumatra are weakened, and the twin anomaly anticyclones appear over these regions from late April to mid-May. Thus, the westerly flow and convective activity cannot be early intensified over the Indo-China Peninsula and the SCS. Only when the western Pacific subtropical high moves eastward, the weak trough located over the Bay of Bengal can be intensified and become into a strong trough, the strong southwesterly wind and convective activity can be intensified over the Indo-China Peninsula and the SCS in late May. Thus, this leads to late onset of the SCSM. Moreover, in this paper, the influencing mechanism of the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific on the SCSM onset is discussed further from the Walker circulation anomalies in the different thermal states of the tropical western Pacific. 相似文献