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1.
江苏近10 a高架雷暴特征分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
对2007—2016年发生在江苏地区的冬半年雷暴进行特征分析,筛选出12次典型的高架雷暴天气过程,揭示江苏发生高架雷暴的时空分布特征和典型的环流形势,发现逆温层顶之上的不稳定浅层和上下层强垂直风切变分别为高架雷暴的发生提供弱热力不稳定和强动力不稳定条件。强垂直风切变、850 hPa附近强烈的锋生导致的锋面次级环流,高空槽前正涡度平流随高度增加以及高层辐散、低层辐合造成的抽吸作用,为高架雷暴的发生和维持提供逆温层之上的动力抬升条件。高架雷暴发生时高仰角反射率因子呈现出类似零度层亮带的环形特征,对流单体不断生成在圆环附近。初步归纳了江苏高架雷暴的预报着眼点:500 hPa先后高空槽东移,700 hPa有16 m·s~(-1)以上的西南急流,850 hPa切变线东伸,存在逆温层顶高于1. 5 km,逆温强度大于5℃的较强逆温,0～6 km垂直风切变超过18 m·s~(-1),700 hPa与500 hPa温度差在15℃以上以及700hPa的相对湿度高于80%,且比湿在5～6 g·kg~(-1)。 相似文献
2.
2012年早春河南一次高架雷暴天气成因分析 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
利用常规观测、新一代天气雷达、雷电定位监测和1°×1°NCEP分析资料对2012年早春河南一次伴有多种天气现象的高架雷暴(elevated convection)成因进行了天气学分析,建立了高架雷暴天气的流型配置模型。结果表明:(1)本次高架雷暴发生在中纬度暖性低槽发展东移的环流形势下,边界层顶以上近中性条件不稳定性层结(偏向于很弱的条件不稳定)在高空槽前正涡度平流和低层暖湿平流的强迫作用下,使得700 hPa以上出现较大范围的较强上升运动,地面冷高压后部偏东气流对高架对流的产生具有冷垫作用。(2)出现高架雷暴的大气低层存在较强的逆温层,700 hPa暖温度脊前的西南暖湿低空急流为高架雷暴的产生提供了充足的水汽和能量,并使低层逆温层顶以上出现弱条件不稳定层结和较高的露点,两者结合导致弱的最不稳定对流有效位能MUCAPE,其值在10~50 J·kg~(-1)之间,高架对流是由逆温层顶附近及其以上的暖湿气块被抬升而造成的,对应1.0~3.0 m·s~(-1)的雷暴内最大上升气流。(3)此次高架雷暴发生在强斜压环境中,有较强的动力不稳定,中低层0~6 km和0~3 km垂直风切变值分别为(3.0~3.7)×10~(-3)和(5.0~5.3)×10~(-3)s~(-1)。(4)本次过程-10℃、-20℃层高度分别在5、6.5 km,弱对流云顶高度多在6~8 km或以上,超过了冻结层高度,易导致雷电发生。(5)从流型配置模型看,高空暖性低槽、中高层强烈发展的温度脊、700 hPa强西南暖湿低空急流和边界层冷中心、冷温度槽、地面冷高压等是值得关注的影响系统,当这些天气系统有利配置时,应注意低层逆温层、中层弱条件不稳定层结的建立以及高架雷暴发生的可能性。 相似文献
3.
《气象与环境学报》2017,(6)
利用常规气象观测资料和美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)逐6 h再分析资料对2015年早春郑州地区一次高架雷暴天气过程的特征进行分析,探讨此次雷暴天气过程的成因。结果表明:地面冷垫、850 hPa和700 hPa强盛的暖湿急流及500 hPa高空槽为此次郑州地区高架雷暴天气过程的产生提供了有利的动力、热力和水汽条件,850—700 hPa之间的强垂直风切变和700—500 hPa之间较大的温差均表明逆温层以上对流不稳定度增大,有利于高架雷暴天气的产生。低空强比湿平流和负水汽通量散度为高架雷暴天气提供了丰富的水汽条件。高架雷暴天气过程发生前,700 hPa与500 hPa的θ_(se)差值Δθ_(se)大于0℃,表明700 hPa以上大气为对流不稳定,低层湿位涡的第一分量(MPV1)为负值又表明大气为湿对称不稳定,强雷暴落在对流不稳定区和MPV1负值区,因而此次高架雷暴天气过程是由对流不稳定和湿对称不稳定共同作用产生的。地面冷垫以上的暖湿气团逐步加强,进一步加剧了逆温层以上大气的层结不稳定度。通过与历史个例对比分析可知,郑州地区两次高架雷暴天气过程共同之处为:500 hPa高空槽前辐散气流的抽吸作用、低空切变线和低空急流左侧的辐合上升运动、地面冷垫的抬升作用均为高架雷暴天气预报的着眼点。 相似文献
4.
中国冷季高架对流个例初步分析 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
通过对3个中国冷季高架对流个例进行详细分析,试图揭示中国冷季不同类型高架对流在环境背景、雷达回波结构、产生的天气类型和主要形成机理方面的主要特征,包括共同点和差异。利用常规高空和地面观测、NCEP分析和雷达回波资料,采用对不同类型多个典型个例分析的方法进行研究。首先给出了中国冷季高架对流的定义,然后分别仔细分析了3个不同类型冷季高架对流个例,探讨他们各自的环境背景特征,生成与发展机理,对他们的相同点和差异进行了对比。3个个例的共同特点是斜压性和深层风垂直切变都很强,对流发生区在地面锋面冷区一侧数百千米。不同点是前2个个例为条件不稳定结合水汽和抬升触发等条件导致的垂直对流,低层暖平流都很强,但对流有效位能差异很大,对流强度和导致的天气差异很大。第3个个例为条件对称不稳定结合水汽等条件形成的倾斜对流个例,倾斜对流区在地面锋面以北500-600 km处,冷垫非常深厚。第1个例子于2012年2月27日发生在华南,最不稳定气块对流有效位能只有100 J/kg左右,深层风垂直切变很强,850-700 hPa的辐合切变线触发了该高架对流,对流较弱,最强反射率因子在40-45 dBz,只产生了雷电、霰和小冰雹。第2个例子于2007年3月30日晚上出现在山东半岛,最不稳定气块对流有效位能达1400 J/kg,0-6 km风垂直切变（风矢量差）达32 m/s,形成数个结构类似超级单体的对流风暴,多个多单体强风暴,和大量多单体风暴,最强反射率因子将近70 dBz,导致6个站出现冰雹,其中1个站观测到直径23 mm的大冰雹,另1个站点出现21 m/s对流大风。其最有可能的触发机制是以泰山为中心的山地激发出来,在低层为稳定层,以上为深层条件不稳定层和强风垂直切变环境下形成的较大振幅俘获中尺度重力波。该俘获重力波可能还对对流生成后对流的组织形态和对流群的整体结构具有显著调制作用。最后1个例子是发生在2008年1月中国南方大范围冰冻雨雪期间1月27日安徽、江苏和浙江的区域性大暴雪,分析表明,条件对称不稳定导致的倾斜对流是产生此次大暴雪的主要原因之一。 相似文献
5.
利用常规观测资料、加密地面自动站、闪电定位仪和ERA5再分析资料,将2011—2020年湖北冷季91次高架雷暴事件,按照形成机制分为雷雨型、强对流型和雷打雪型3类,并细致归纳了3类事件的时空分布特征、大气环流背景及关键环境参数等特征。(1) 湖北冷季高架雷暴雷雨型最多,强对流型次之,雷打雪型最少。3类型存在明显的时空分布差异,雷雨型主要发生在秋末冬初(11月)和冬末初春(1—2月),强对流型及雷打雪型常出现在早春2月,3月基本以强对流型为主。(2) 低槽冷锋、850 hPa切变线及低空西南急流是冷季高架雷暴发生的有利环流背景,近地面为稳定的冷气团控制,逆温明显,西南低空急流沿着锋面逆温层以上的850 hPa附近触发抬升,水汽、上升运动及不稳定层结均出现在850 hPa以上。雷雨型和雷打雪型距离冷锋超过100 km以上,强对流型不足100 km。(3) 850 hPa是风场转换的重要层次。强对流型850 hPa露点温度(Td850)、K指数、850 hPa与 500 hPa温差(ΔT85)、850 hPa假相当位温(θse850)、西南急流厚度和强度(I700)、切变线强度(S850)最大,中低层(850~700 hPa)垂直风切变(SL78)最小;雷打雪型对水汽和不稳定能量的要求最低,SL78最大。 相似文献
6.
利用常规观测资料、ERA5再分析资料、闪电定位仪资料、福建龙岩双偏振多普勒天气雷达资料,分析了2020年春季闽西南地区的一次强对流过程。结果表明,此次过程发生在地面锋线北侧冷区内,属于典型的高架雷暴过程,产生的灾害性天气包括冰雹、短时强降水、高山站雷雨大风。500 hPa冷平流、850 hPa暖湿平流、925 hPa闽西南地区的假相当位温高能舌为高架雷暴的发生发展提供了有利的环境条件。探空显示逆温层深厚且逆温层顶温度高,暖湿气流沿着锋面被强迫抬升,至逆温层之上饱和假相当位温随高度递减,存在显著的条件不稳定,对流得到快速发展。雷达分析表明,本次高架雷暴冰雹回波自低层快速倾斜向上发展,具有发展快、强度强、降雹时间长的特征。其双偏振参数演变特征与基于地面抬升的雷暴基本一致,降雹阶段表现为CC谷、ZDR接近零、KDP小于零。降雹前回波单体中存在强ZDR和KDP柱,可以作为冰雹预报的参考,提前量达到半小时。 相似文献
7.
利用气象观测资料、雷电定位资料、ERA5再分析资料和双偏振雷达资料,分析了2021年11月6—7日发生在山东西北部一次极端“雷打雪”天气过程。结果表明：①雷暴和降雪出现在冷锋后部150 km以外,属于冬季冷锋型高架对流。雷电维持时间和出现频数与降雪量有较好的对应关系。②环流形势具有下冷上暖的特点,低层为冷锋后的冷层,800 hPa附近为西南暖湿气流形成的暖层。西南低空急流和东北风超低空急流异常强盛,不仅提供了有利于对流产生的充足水汽,也使得深层垂直风切变达到6.7×10-3 s-1。③“雷打雪”发生前,鲁西北地区上空大气具有对流不稳定,随着冷空气侵入,冷垫逐渐增厚,鲁西北上空锋面附近具有条件对称不稳定,800 hPa中尺度低涡在逆温层之上触发了对流,产生雷电。④通过双偏振雷达产品可以看到,雷打雪发生时,站点周围存在明显的2层回波,-10 ℃层高度（约为600 hPa）冰相粒子浓度较大,可能是雷电机制之一。 相似文献
8.
利用常规观测、加密自动气象站、三维闪电定位仪、天气雷达和地基微波辐射计资料等,对湖北冷季（2014年11月）发生的3次高架雷暴过程进行了分析。（1）3次过程发生在地面冷锋后部地面冷气团中,主要以短时强降水和频繁的雷电活动为主,是典型的冷季“高架雷暴”,对流区位于地面冷锋后部500 km左右。（2）地面到925 hPa的冷垫,迫使暖湿气流爬升,在925 hPa逆温层附近触发对流,冷垫之上西南暖湿气流越强,对流越旺盛,雷达径向速度剖面可以明显看到1 km之下的冷垫。（3）冷季高架雷暴雷电活动剧烈,CG（地闪）占总闪比例60%以上,而+CG则占CG的40%左右,闪电频次和降水有很好的时空对应关系,CG出现在较强降水中心附近及周围,IC和CG突增对降水均有一定的时间提前量。CG更靠近强回波中心,且和≥30 dBZ的回波位置对应较好,IC则分布在雷暴单体外侧回波强度≥15 dBZ的区域。0 ℃等温线以上的（最大）回波强度达到43 dBZ以上或者18 dBZ回波顶高超过7.5 km是湖北冷季高架雷暴是否发生雷电的重要预警因子。（4）地基微波辐射计温度、湿度廓线和探空曲线基本吻合,可以看到明显的冷垫、逆温层及西南急流。基于微波辐射计资料计算的不稳定指数变化特征对冷季高架雷暴的短临预报有重要的实际应用价值。当A指数、TT指数、K指数和T850-500出现快变抖动时,伴随抖动加剧可以判断将会有雷暴天气发生,当波动曲线开始下降并变得平稳,表示雷暴减弱消亡;θse 850在雷暴出现后跃增并在320 K附近抖动,雷暴结束后下落到290 K的平稳状态;Td850在雷暴活跃阶段近乎为0 ℃;T850-500在雷暴发生前是一个缓慢下降的过程,雷暴结束后大气趋于稳定。 相似文献
9.
利用常规地面、高空观测、雷达及ERA5再分析等资料，对山东初冬一次极端降水、大风天气成因分析，结果表明：低槽东移发展，冷空气南压，低空切变线配合东北、西北地区地面高压坝形成的“阻挡”形势利于极端降水的产生。本次水汽条件具有较强的极端性，水汽通量辐合远强于气候平均态，925 hPa和700 hPa水汽通量辐合大值区分别与雨、雪区域配合较好。降雨时垂直上升运动中心在边界层，升至600 hPa时转为降雪，降雨时低层辐合、高层辐散，降雪时由低到高呈辐散-辐合-辐散分布。冷锋过境条件对称不稳定触发产生对流，随后在冷锋后侧逆温层上由锋生过程的上升支环流强迫产生高架对流。强冷空气扰动从内蒙古高原下滑至华北平原，与近地面冷平流汇合增强，产生较强变压风，同时促进了势能向动能转换和动量下传。地形强迫造成下沉运动增强，华北地区低层形成锋面次级环流，环流前部锋区暖界面为地转偏差辐合，冷界面为地转偏差辐散。环流内有水平动能和地转偏差大值区，偏北气流和下沉运动使水平动能向南、向下输送，导致地面极端大风。 相似文献
10.
利用单站要素和天气图资料,分析了2004年3月17~18日洛阳地区出现的强寒潮伴随雷暴天气的成因,结果表明:700 hPa至500 hPa为不稳定层结,700 hPa以下为逆温层。地面强冷空气的入侵,把近地面空气抬升至700 hPa以上,引发对流即雷暴天气。 相似文献
11.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
12.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
13.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
14.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
15.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
16.
17.
<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
18.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
19.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
20.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2012,(3):273
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences 相似文献