共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 531 毫秒
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总日射表热偏移订正方法研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
准确的太阳总辐射测量对于校准卫星观测数据、验证辐射传输模式以及研究气候变化、定量评估太阳能资源是非常重要的。由于大部分总日射表采用热电堆原理制成,环境热噪声不可避免地影响了总日射表的测量精度,造成"热偏移"误差。近年来随着气候变化研究的深入开展,对于地面观测辐射的精度要求越来越高,有关总日射表热偏移物理机制及其订正方法的研究引起了国内外诸多学者的关注。该文综述了国内外有关研究进展:①总日射表热偏移的提出;②总日射表热偏移特征及其物理机制;③总日射表热偏移订正方法。并对存在的问题进行适当的评述,从而为我国的国产总辐射表热偏移物理机制及其订正方法的研究工作提供一定的参考和启示。 相似文献
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介绍了5种总辐射表的校准方法,比较了这些方法的优点和不足。针对不同等级的总辐射表,采用不同的校准方法,对其进行量值传递,以满足不同用户的需求。通过对不同方法的对比试验,结果表明遮/不遮法校准的总辐射表灵敏度的准确度优于成分和法,而成分和法优于平行比对法,以人工光源校准误差最大。我国总辐射表的校准以太阳为光源,按WMO的规定在仪器的正常使用状态下进行。使用遮/不遮法校准国家散射辐射测量标准,用成分和法校准省级工作级标准总辐射表,用平行比对法校准台站用工作级总辐射表,确保了太阳辐射观测数据的准确可靠。 相似文献
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为了保证观测数据的准确性,必须建立全面的辐射表性能指标检测体系,对辐射仪器的性能指标进行测试.依据世界气象组织(WMO)和ISO 9060的相关规定,在总日射表检定规程的基础上,试验和研究总日射表的零偏移、分辨率、方向响应、非线性误差等性能指标.光电型总日射表与光热型总日射表相比有明显的光谱选择性,在光谱范围、响应时间、测量原理、结构材料等方面均存在不同,因此二者的测量方法也存在差异.在非线性测试中,双光源叠加法被用以取代传统的太阳模拟器法.研究表明,选择总日射表的方向响应误差来指定仪表在各方向上的性能以及规范总日射表的分类,比用余弦响应误差和方位响应误差有更多的优点. 相似文献
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通过对世界辐射基准传递到我国省级工作级标准总辐射表的不确定度进行分析和评估,确定了量值传递过程中不确定度来源主要包括测量重复性、输出电压值、太阳入射角变化、热偏移以及标准器等引入的不确定度,得出我国省级工作级标准总辐射表校准结果的不确定度为0.6%。我国采用"成分和"法对省级太阳总辐射标准量值进行传递,其标准器引入的不确定度系标准直接辐射表(0.3%)和标准散射辐射表(1.0%)的合成,标准器引入的不确定度所占比例达90%以上,因此提高标准直接辐射和标准散射辐射的测量确定度是减小量值传递不确定度的关键。此外太阳辐射量值传递的准确性受天气条件的影响较大,选择天气稳定,大气透明度高的天气以及太阳高度角大于30°的时段;增加测量次数以减小测量数据的分散性,降低重复性测量引入的不确定度;对被校准总辐射表进行通风,以减小热偏移的影响;保证仪器安装水平以及准确跟踪遮光,可以进一步减小量值传递的不确定度,提高我国短波辐射的测量水平。 相似文献
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本文较全面地介绍了1989年1月23日至2月4日在WMO第Ⅱ区域辐射中心——日本的筑波举行的WMO Ⅱ、Ⅴ区域第一次标准日射表比对的方法、采用的标准及比对结果等。並详细列出了我国参加比对的两台标准直接日射表和一台总日射表的比对结果。 相似文献
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采用国际通用的辐射数据质量评估方法对2005—2011年浙江临安、黑龙江龙凤山两个区域大气本底站辐射观测资料进行质量评估与比较分析。结果表明:两站辐射数据通过物理可能限制检验与极端罕见限制检验的百分比均超过99.5%,但通过相关要素比较限制检验的百分比上,临安与龙凤山站分别降至97.9%与95.9%;双轴定位追踪太阳出现偏差是造成直接辐射与散射辐射数据精度降低的主要原因。CM21表的热偏移在-5 W·m-2以内,而其进行热偏移订正可以显著提高数据的通过率。对应同一太阳天顶角,临安站晴空总辐射与直接辐射均低于龙凤山站,散射辐射则相反,其原因是临安的大气透明系数较低,大气浑浊度较高。2006—2011年,临安站的大气向下长波辐射呈下降趋势,达到了0.01的显著性水平,且其多年平均值 (363.7±59.3 W·m-2) 显著高于龙凤山站 (274.9±77.6 W·m-2);龙凤山站晴空太阳总辐射呈增加趋势,达到了0.1的显著性水平。 相似文献
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Due to the existence of thermal offsets, global solar irradiances measured by pyranometers are smaller than actual values, and errors are larger in the daytime. Until now, there is no universally-recognized correction method for thermal offset errors. Therefore, it is imperative to identify a convenient and effective correction method. Five correction methods were evaluated based on the data measured from a field experiment from 23 January to 15 November, 2011. Results have shown: 1) Temporal variation characteristics of thermal offsets in the four tested pyranometers are consistent. 2) Among the five methods, non-dimensional quantity method is suggested for use to correct thermal offsets, because it is convenient and no modification of instruments is required. If collocated net longwave radiation and wind speed data are available and their uncertainties are small, the historical solar radiation datasets can also be corrected. And correction effects by the method are better. 相似文献
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比较分析了2017年南极中山站3种仪器测量地面太阳紫外B（UVB）波段和紫外A（UVA）波段的辐照度。以Brewer光谱仪测值为参考,国产宽波段FSUVB日射表在UVB（波段280~315 nm）的辐照度相对误差为（55±75）%,误差随大气臭氧总量的增加呈上升趋势,但在南极“臭氧洞”期间偏低。Yankee UVB宽波段日射表在UVB（波段280~320 nm）的辐照度相对误差为（-31±22）%;国产宽波段FSUVA日射表在UVA（波段315~400 nm）的辐照度相对误差为（23±5.9）%。太阳天顶角低于80°的晴天以Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible（TUV）辐射模式计算结果为参考时,FSUVB,Yankee UVB和FSUVA辐照度的平均相对误差分别为（30±37）%,（-22±19）%和（27±6.4）%,而Brewer相对误差未超过3.5%。国产宽波段UV日射表测值偏高,反映出波长较长的杂散光对太阳辐照度测值影响明显。 相似文献
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Bu-Yo Kim Kyu-Tae Lee Il-Sung Zo Sang-Ho Lee Hyun-Seok Jung Se-Hun Rim Jeong-Pil Jang 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2018,54(4):639-648
The pyranometer for observing the solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth is manufactured by various companies around the world. The sensitivity of the pyranometer at the observatory is required to be properly controlled based on the reference value of the World Radiometric Center (WRC) and the observatory environment; otherwise, the observational data may be subject to a large error. Since the sensitivity of the pyranometer can be calibrated in an indoor or outdoor calibration, this study used a CSTM-USS-4000C Integrating Sphere by Labsphere Inc. (USA) to calibrate the sensitivity of CMP22 pyranometer by Kipp&Zonen Inc. (Netherlands). Consequently, the factory sensitivity of CMP22 was corrected from 8.68 μV·(Wm?2)?1 to 8.98 μV·(Wm?2)?1, and the result from the outdoor calibration according to the observatory environment was 8.90 μV·(Wm?2)?1. After the indoor calibration of the pyranometer sensitivity, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the observational data at the observatory on a clear day without clouds (July 13, 2017) was 7.11 Wm?2 in comparison to the reference pyranometer. After the outdoor calibration of the pyranometer sensitivity based on these results, the RMSE of the observational data was 1.74 Wm?2 on the same day. Periodic inspections are required because the decrease of sensitivity over time is inevitable in the pyranometer data produced at the observatory. The initial sensitivity after indoor calibration (8.98 μV·(Wm?2)?1) is important, and the sensitivity after outdoor calibration (8.90 μV·(Wm?2)?1) can be compared to the data at the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) or can be used for various studies and daily applications. 相似文献
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W. Kohsiek C. Liebethal T. Foken R. Vogt S. P. Oncley Ch. Bernhofer H. A. R. Debruin 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(1):55-75
An important part of the Energy Balance Experiment (EBEX-2000) was the measurement of the net radiation and its components.
Since the terrain, an irrigated cotton field, could not be considered homogeneous, radiation measurements were made at nine
sites using a variety of radiation instruments, including pyranometers, pyrgeometers and net radiometers. At several of these
sites multiple instruments were employed, which enabled us to compare instruments and assess accuracies. At all sites the
outgoing longwave and shortwave radiation and the net radiation were measured, while the incoming radiation was supposed to
be uniformly distributed over the field and was therefore measured at three sites only. Net radiation was calculated for all
sites from the sum of its four components, and compared with the direct measurement of net radiometers. The main conclusions
were: (a) the outgoing shortwave radiation showed differences of up to 30 W m−2 over the field; the differences were not clearly related to the irrigation events; (b) the outgoing longwave radiation showed
differences of up to 50 W m−2; the differences increased during the periods of irrigation; (c) the net radiation showed differences of several tens of
W m−2 across the field, rising to 50 W m−2 or more during the periods of irrigation; (d) the net radiation is preferably to be inferred from its four components, rather
than measured directly, and (e) attention should be paid to the characteristics of pyranometers that measure the outgoing
radiation, and thus are mounted upside down, while they are commonly calibrated in the upward position. The error in the net
radiation at EBEX-2000 is estimated at max (25 W m−2, 5%) per site during the day and 10 W m−2 at night.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
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C. R. Duguay 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1995,52(1-2):55-68
Summary An approach is proposed to estimate the net radiation load at the surface in mountain areas. The components of the radiation balance are derived using a radiative transfer model combined with remotely sensed and digital terrain data. Integrated shortwave (0.28–6.00 µm) and longwave irradiances (3.00–100.00 µm) are computed using a modified version of the Practical Improved Flux Method (PIFM) of Zdunkowski et al. (1982) which makes use of digital topographic data in order to account for slope, aspect, and shading effects. Surface albedo and thermal exitance estimates are obtained using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and digital terrain data combined with the LOWTRAN 7 atmospheric model (Kneizys et al., 1988). LOWTRAN 7 is utilized together with a set of terrain modeling programs to compute direct and diffuse sky irradiance for selected TM bands, and to remove atmospheric effects within the visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and thermal infrared bands of Landsat TM. Model testing in the Colorado alpine show a generally good correspondence between estimated values and field measurements obtained over comparable tundra surfaces during several field campaigns. The method is finally used to produce 1) maps of the components of the radiation balance at the time of Landsat TM overflight and 2) maps of daily totals of shortwave irradiance and net shortwave radiation on a typical summer day in the Colorado Rocky Mountains (i.e. including cloud cover effects). The results indicate that the proposed approach is particularly suitable for obtaining estimates of net radiation at the surface from the toposcale to the regional scale.With 6 Figures 相似文献
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国产总辐射表检定时,其测量结果的不确定度由重复性测量、标准器、温度变化、入射角、时间响应、非线性、零位漂移、数据采集器误差、操作误差和光谱响应误差多种因素引起。根据《JJF1059-1999测量不确定度评定与表示》规定的方法,对国产总辐射表检定结果的不确定度进行评定。分析并列出对测量结果有明显影响的不确定度来源。对各标准不确定度分量进行定量评定。结果表明,在满足检定环境要求的条件下,总辐射表检定结果的扩展不确定度为3.4%,其中入射角误差引起的标准不确定度分量最大。因此新出厂的总辐射表必须严格按照《JJG458-96总辐射表》检定规程进行余弦响应、方位响应、非线性等误差的测试,保证总辐射表的测量准确度。 相似文献
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Summary A measurement programme was conducted in G?teborg Sweden, to examine the spatial variations of incoming longwave irradiance
on calm, cloudless nights. Both regional and local spatial variations were examined. Incoming longwave irradiance data was
obtained from mobile car transects, and at a fixed site on a building roof at the city centre. Ancillary data included sky
view factor at various transect locations, and balloon soundings of air temperature and humidity on one night.
Measurements revealed that on average, incoming longwave irradiance at the fixed urban site was 11 W m
−2 higher than at the rural station, with varying differences for intervening sites. Bulk apparent sky emissivity was higher
at the most rural station compared to the fixed urban site, by about 0.03 on average. Nighttime balloon measurements and a
sensitivity analysis with a radiative transfer model argue that the bulk apparent sky emissivity differences stem mainly from
the temperature structure of the lower boundary layer which changes markedly from rural to urban areas.
A good relationship was found between sky view factor and incoming longwave irradiance for a range of urban and park locations.
The relationship applies to both individual nights and average data. Using a simple obstruction model, canyon wall temperatures
are derived, and the relationship between sky view factor and wall temperature is examined.
Received December 23, 1999 Revised May 5, 2000 相似文献
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A neighbourhood-scale multi-layer urban canopy model of shortwave and longwave radiation exchange that explicitly includes the radiative effects of tall vegetation (trees) is presented. Tree foliage is permitted both between and above buildings, and mutual shading, emission and reflection between buildings and trees are included. The basic geometry is a two-dimensional canyon with leaf area density profiles and probabilistic variation of building height. Furthermore, the model accounts for three-dimensional path lengths through the foliage. Ray tracing determines the receipt of direct shortwave irradiance by building and foliage elements. View factors for longwave and shortwave diffuse radiation exchange are computed once at the start of the simulation using a Monte Carlo ray tracing approach; for subsequent model timesteps, matrix inversion rapidly solves infinite reflections and interception of emitted longwave between all elements. The model is designed to simulate any combination of shortwave and longwave radiation frequency bands, and to be portable to any neighbourhood-scale urban canopy geometry based on the urban canyon. Additionally, the model is sufficiently flexible to represent forest and forest-clearing scenarios. Model sensitivity tests demonstrate the model is robust and computationally feasible, and highlight the importance of vertical resolution to the performance of urban canopy radiation models. Full model evaluation is limited by the paucity of within-canyon radiation measurements in urban neighbourhoods with trees. Where appropriate model components are tested against analytic relations and results from an independent urban radiation transfer model. Furthermore, system response tests demonstrate the ability of the model to realistically distribute shortwave radiation among urban elements as a function of built form, solar angle and tree foliage height, density and clumping. Separate modelling of photosynthetically-active and near-infrared shortwave bands is shown to be important in some cases. Increased canyon height-to-width ratio and/or tree cover diminishes the net longwave radiation loss of individual canyon elements (e.g., floor, walls), but, notably, has little effect on the net longwave loss of the whole urban canopy. When combined with parametrizations for the impacts of trees on airflow and hydrological processes in the urban surface layer, the new radiation model extends the applicability of urban canopy models and permits more robust assessment of trees as tools to manage urban climate, air quality, human comfort and building energy loads. 相似文献