共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
国产总辐射表检定时,其测量结果的不确定度由重复性测量、标准器、温度变化、入射角、时间响应、非线性、零位漂移、数据采集器误差、操作误差和光谱响应误差多种因素引起。根据《JJF1059-1999测量不确定度评定与表示》规定的方法,对国产总辐射表检定结果的不确定度进行评定。分析并列出对测量结果有明显影响的不确定度来源。对各标准不确定度分量进行定量评定。结果表明,在满足检定环境要求的条件下,总辐射表检定结果的扩展不确定度为3.4%,其中入射角误差引起的标准不确定度分量最大。因此新出厂的总辐射表必须严格按照《JJG458-96总辐射表》检定规程进行余弦响应、方位响应、非线性等误差的测试,保证总辐射表的测量准确度。 相似文献
2.
天空辐射表的检定,可以通过被检天空辐射表与标准仪器在有太阳照射的自然条件下进行比较;也可以在室内ПО-4光学装置上利用灯作为辐射源来进行,通过检定确定其灵敏度。如果,天空辐射表和电流表同时进行检定时,可测定两者配对使用的换算因数。对天空辐射表的检定误差过去已有研究。鉴于目前仪器发生了如下的变更,即用ΓСА-1 MA型电流表代替了ΓСА型电流表,用0.05级精度的ПП--63型表作为标准仪器。 相似文献
3.
通过对世界辐射基准传递到我国省级工作级标准总辐射表的不确定度进行分析和评估,确定了量值传递过程中不确定度来源主要包括测量重复性、输出电压值、太阳入射角变化、热偏移以及标准器等引入的不确定度,得出我国省级工作级标准总辐射表校准结果的不确定度为0.6%。我国采用"成分和"法对省级太阳总辐射标准量值进行传递,其标准器引入的不确定度系标准直接辐射表(0.3%)和标准散射辐射表(1.0%)的合成,标准器引入的不确定度所占比例达90%以上,因此提高标准直接辐射和标准散射辐射的测量确定度是减小量值传递不确定度的关键。此外太阳辐射量值传递的准确性受天气条件的影响较大,选择天气稳定,大气透明度高的天气以及太阳高度角大于30°的时段;增加测量次数以减小测量数据的分散性,降低重复性测量引入的不确定度;对被校准总辐射表进行通风,以减小热偏移的影响;保证仪器安装水平以及准确跟踪遮光,可以进一步减小量值传递的不确定度,提高我国短波辐射的测量水平。 相似文献
4.
在全球变暖的背景下,全球的净全辐射监测越来越受到人们的重视,逐渐成为研究区域天气气候的重要手段。为了研究国产FS-J1型四分量净全辐射表在极地条件下的各项性能,于2017年4月10—23日在美国阿拉斯加巴罗地区(203.5°E,71.4°N)进行了为期2周的地面净全辐射量实时监测,并与极地地区应用较广的CNR4型四分量净全辐射表进行对比测试。结果表明:(1)在表面无结冰/霜条件下,国产仪器FS-J1型四分量净全辐射表在不同晴空和日夜条件下都表现出较好的精度和线性关系,各项参数与CNR4的相对误差和相关系数总体分别在5%以内和0.9以上。(2)受极地条件影响,FS-J1表面结冰/霜后,会对辐射变化的响应出现延迟,对总辐射表和地球辐射表分别能造成最大约25%和7%的相对误差。所以针对极地辐射站加设合适的通风加热装置、发展较为合理的误差订正方案仍是国产仪器以后需要改进的关键点。 相似文献
5.
介绍了5种总辐射表的校准方法,比较了这些方法的优点和不足。针对不同等级的总辐射表,采用不同的校准方法,对其进行量值传递,以满足不同用户的需求。通过对不同方法的对比试验,结果表明遮/不遮法校准的总辐射表灵敏度的准确度优于成分和法,而成分和法优于平行比对法,以人工光源校准误差最大。我国总辐射表的校准以太阳为光源,按WMO的规定在仪器的正常使用状态下进行。使用遮/不遮法校准国家散射辐射测量标准,用成分和法校准省级工作级标准总辐射表,用平行比对法校准台站用工作级总辐射表,确保了太阳辐射观测数据的准确可靠。 相似文献
6.
利用中国辐射台站元数据集,收集整理了1990—2012年全国业务用总辐射表计量性能参数。对全国辐射观测站的总辐射表的稳定性进行统计分析,统计分析结果表明中国台站业务观测使用的国产总辐射表稳定性56.1%满足WMO高质量的要求,其中63.4%满足良好质量的要求,76.8%满足中等质量的要求。91%满足我国总辐射表计量检定规程1年稳定性在5%以内的要求,94.8%满足2年稳定性在8%以内的要求。国产总辐射表的稳定性基本满足使用要求,且其长期稳定性状态良好。同时分析处理形成了新的标记明显误差和疑问的总辐射表灵敏度统计分析结果的辐射台站元数据集,对全国辐射数据的应用和质量评估起到借鉴作用。 相似文献
7.
《高原气象》2015,(5)
利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的一级数据产品,通过三种不同的方法(两种通过估算各辐射分量来得到净辐射和一种直接通过短波辐射得到净辐射的方法)估算了2007年4-8月兰州大学半干旱气候与环境监测站(SACO/L)的短波辐射、长波辐射和净辐射值,进一步利用2006年6-8月SACOL站实测资料对第三种方法的系数进行修正,并将不同方法估算的净辐射与实测资料进行对比。结果表明,在MODIS一级数据产品基础上,估算的卫星过境时刻短波辐射精度较高,长波辐射稍差;在各辐射分量基础上得到的卫星过境时刻的净辐射较好,平均相对误差最小为9.98%,且通过时间尺度扩展得到的净辐射与实测值较为接近,平均相对误差25.0%;而使用短波辐射直接估算的净辐射较实测值偏大,但相关性较好;在利用实测数据对算法进行修正后得到的SACOL站净辐射较修正前有了较大的改善。值得注意的是,卫星过境时刻各辐射分量的计算不需要任何地面观测资料辅助,计算过程需要的所有参数可以直接由MODIS数据反演,且该方法得到的净辐射精度仅次于修正后的方法,普适性较好,所以,在缺乏地面观测资料的情况下,这种方法可以为大尺度的净辐射估算提供一条有效途径。而通过短波辐射直接估算净辐射的方法,其最大的优势就是避免了长波辐射的估算,可以直接利用短波辐射估算净辐射,对该方法的经验系数局地修正后估算的结果更优,但这种方法需要地面观测资料的辅助,所以在有地面观测资料的情况下,可以通过修正模型的系数获得更高精度的净辐射。 相似文献
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9.
主要研究的是内蒙古地区有云条件下地面辐射收支与卫星测值之间的关系 ,根据地面实测的净辐射值 ,与相应时刻的 GMS卫星测值 (可见光、红外通道 S— VISSR计数值 )进行逐步回归拟合 ,建立有云条件下内蒙古地区卫星测值与地面净全辐射值之间的关系 ,从而可以利用卫星资料通过所建立的关系式估算有云情况下地面净全辐射的分布。 相似文献
10.
晴天地表太阳辐射的参数化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
讨论了晴天地表太阳总辐射和地表太阳净辐射瞬时值的参数化方法。首先利用辐射传输模式和中纬度夏季标准大气廓线,分谱带计算晴天各种大气条件下地表反射率取定值时的地表太阳总辐射,并把所得的结果作为标准资料,提出参数化方案。然后将地表反射率的影响作为误差项进行订正,从而得到各种地表反射率条件下的晴天地表太阳净辐射的计算方法。该方法的拟合精度较高,拟合值与辐射模式标准值的平均相对误差在0.3%以下。该参数化公式可以用于大尺度数值模式中地表辐射平衡的计算,以期达到地表辐射平衡计算与模式积分同步进行的目的。 相似文献
11.
PSP总日射表在我国一直作为标准总日射表和质量优良的辐射仪器在使用,2006年以前还曾作为国家散射标准,在太阳辐射量值传递中测量标准散射辐射,通过成分和法计算标准总日射辐照度。总日射表的校准在晴天条件下进行,此时天空无云,由于热偏移为负值,导致对短波灵敏度系数被低估。2011年10月14日—11月15日在北京密云上甸子大气本底站进行了对比观测试验,通过对不同总日射表热偏移订正方法的试验与研究,进行了5种热偏移订正方法的比较。通过订正,在用于室外成分和法校准时,PSP表的灵敏度系数的准确度可提高1%,进而提高总辐射的测量准确度。 相似文献
12.
W. Kohsiek C. Liebethal T. Foken R. Vogt S. P. Oncley Ch. Bernhofer H. A. R. Debruin 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(1):55-75
An important part of the Energy Balance Experiment (EBEX-2000) was the measurement of the net radiation and its components.
Since the terrain, an irrigated cotton field, could not be considered homogeneous, radiation measurements were made at nine
sites using a variety of radiation instruments, including pyranometers, pyrgeometers and net radiometers. At several of these
sites multiple instruments were employed, which enabled us to compare instruments and assess accuracies. At all sites the
outgoing longwave and shortwave radiation and the net radiation were measured, while the incoming radiation was supposed to
be uniformly distributed over the field and was therefore measured at three sites only. Net radiation was calculated for all
sites from the sum of its four components, and compared with the direct measurement of net radiometers. The main conclusions
were: (a) the outgoing shortwave radiation showed differences of up to 30 W m−2 over the field; the differences were not clearly related to the irrigation events; (b) the outgoing longwave radiation showed
differences of up to 50 W m−2; the differences increased during the periods of irrigation; (c) the net radiation showed differences of several tens of
W m−2 across the field, rising to 50 W m−2 or more during the periods of irrigation; (d) the net radiation is preferably to be inferred from its four components, rather
than measured directly, and (e) attention should be paid to the characteristics of pyranometers that measure the outgoing
radiation, and thus are mounted upside down, while they are commonly calibrated in the upward position. The error in the net
radiation at EBEX-2000 is estimated at max (25 W m−2, 5%) per site during the day and 10 W m−2 at night.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
13.
The formation of dew, deposition of frost and accumulation of snow mainly on the upper domes of a non-ventilated net radiometer seriously affect the measurement of available energy (net radiation). Net radiometers measure radiation, and energy balances and are widely used for estimation of evapotranspiration throughout the world. To study the effects of dew, frost, and snow on a non-ventilated net radiometer, a radiation station was set up which uses 2 CM21 Kipp & Zonen pyranometers (one inverted), 2 CG1 Kipp & Zonen pyrgeometers (one inverted), along with a Q7.1 net radiometer (Radiation & Energy Balance Systems, Inc.; REBS) in a semi-arid mountainous valley in Logan, Utah, U.S.A. The pyranometers and pyrgeometers were ventilated using 4 CV2 Kipp & Zonen ventilation systems. The net radiometer was not ventilated. The ventilation of pyranometers and pyrgeometers prevents dew and frost deposition and snow accumulation which otherwise would disturb measurements. All sensors were installed at about 3.0 m above the ground, which was covered with natural vegetation during the growing season (May–September). The incoming and outgoing solar or shortwave radiation, the incoming (atmospheric) and outgoing (terrestrial) longwave radiation, and the net radiation have been continuously measured by pyranometers, pyrgeometers and a net radiometer, respectively, since 1995. These parameters have been measured every 2 s and averaged into 20 min. To evaluate the effects of dew, frost, and snow, three days were chosen: 26 April 2004 with early morning dew, 6 January 2005 with an early morning frost, and the snowy day of 24 February 2005. Dew formation, frost deposition, and snow accumulation occurred mainly on the upper dome of the non-ventilated Q7.1 net radiometer on the related days, while the ventilated Kipp & Zonen system was free of dew, frost and snow. Net radiation measured by the non-ventilated net radiometer Rn,unvent. during dew and frost periods of the above-mentioned days was greater than ventilated ones Rn,vent. (− 0.2 MJ m− 2 vs. − 0.8 MJ m− 2 during almost 4 h on 26 April 2004, and − 0.2 MJ m− 2 vs. − 0.7 MJ m− 2 during almost 6.5 h on 6 January 2005). The reason for higher reading by the non-ventilated net radiometer during dew and frost periods was due to emission of additional longwave radiation from water and ice crystals formed mainly on the upper dome of the Q7.1 net radiometer. In contrast, during the snowy day of 24 February 2005, the Rn,unvent. was less than Rn,vent. (− 4.00 MJ m− 2 vs. 0.77 MJ m− 2, mainly from sunrise to sunset). The extremely low Rn,unvent. measured by the non-ventilated net radiometer on 24 February 2005 is due to blocking of the incoming solar radiation (mainly diffuse radiation) by the snow-covered upper dome. 相似文献
14.
The radiative energy exchange between arctic sea-ice and stratiform clouds is studied by means of aircraft measurements and a two-stream radiation transfer model. The data have been obtained by flights of two identically instrumented aircraft during the Radiation and Eddy Flux Experiments REFLEX I in autumn 1991 and REFLEX II in winter 1993 over the arctic marginal ice zone of Fram Strait. The instrumental equipment comprised Eppley pyranometers and pyrgeometers, which measure the solar and terrestrial upwelling and downwelling hemispheric radiation flux densities, and a line-scan-camera on one aircraft to monitor the surface structure of the sea-ice. An empirical parametrization of the albedo of partly ice-covered ocean surfaces is obtained from the data, which describes the albedo increasing linearly with the concentration of the snow-covered sea-ice and with the cosine of the sun zenith angle at sun elevations below 10°. Cloud optical parameters, such as single scattering albedo, asymmetry factor and shortwave and longwave height-dependent extinction coefficient are determined by adjusting modeled radiation flux densities to observations. We found significant influence of the multiple reflection of shortwave radiation between the ice surface and the cloud base on the radiation regime. Consistent with the data, a radiation transfer model shows that stratus clouds of 400 m thickness with common cloud parameters may double the global radiation at the surface of sea-ice compared to open water values. The total cloud-surface-albedo under these circumstances is 30% larger over sea-ice than over water. Parametrizations of the global and reflected radiation above and below stratus clouds are proposed on the basis of the measurements and modeling. The upwelling and downwelling longwave emission of stratus clouds with thicknesses of more than 500 m can be satisfactorily estimated by Stefan's law with an emissivity of nearly 1 and when the maximum air temperature within the cloud is used. 相似文献
15.
Calbó Josep González Josep-Abel Sanchez-Lorenzo Arturo 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,129(3-4):1003-1015
Measurement of solar radiation was initiated in Girona, northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, in the late 1980s. Initially, two pyranometers were installed, one of them equipped with a shadowband for measuring the diffuse component. Two other pyranometers currently exist, both ventilated and one of them shadowed, with a sphere, and a pyrheliometer for measuring direct radiation. Additional instruments for other shortwave and longwave components, clouds, and atmospheric aerosols have been installed in recent years. The station is subject to daily inspection, data are saved at high temporal resolution, and instruments are periodically calibrated, all in accordance with the directions of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network. The present paper describes how the entire series of global solar radiation (1987–2014) and diffuse radiation (1994–2014) were built, including the quality control process. Appropriate corrections to the diffuse component were made when a shadowband was employed to make measurements. Analysis of the series reveals that annual mean global irradiance presents a statistically significant increase of 2.5 W m−2 (1.4 %) decade−1 (1988–2014 period), mainly due to what occurs in summer (5.6 W m−2 decade−1). These results constitute the first assessment of solar radiation trends for the northeastern region of the Iberian Peninsula and are consistent with trends observed in the regional surroundings and also by satellite platforms, in agreement with the global brightening phenomenon. Diffuse radiation has decreased at −1.3 W m−2 (−2 %) decade−1 (1994–2014 period), which is a further indication of the reduced cloudiness and/or aerosol load causing the changes.
相似文献16.
Due to the existence of thermal offsets, global solar irradiances measured by pyranometers are smaller than actual values, and errors are larger in the daytime. Until now, there is no universally-recognized correction method for thermal offset errors. Therefore, it is imperative to identify a convenient and effective correction method. Five correction methods were evaluated based on the data measured from a field experiment from 23 January to 15 November, 2011. Results have shown: 1) Temporal variation characteristics of thermal offsets in the four tested pyranometers are consistent. 2) Among the five methods, non-dimensional quantity method is suggested for use to correct thermal offsets, because it is convenient and no modification of instruments is required. If collocated net longwave radiation and wind speed data are available and their uncertainties are small, the historical solar radiation datasets can also be corrected. And correction effects by the method are better. 相似文献
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18.
Summary Energy balance components over a grassland surface were compared to those obtained above an adjacent, uniform Scots pine plantation during a five-day period of fine, sunny, spring weather. Soils were judged to contain ample water. Shortwave and total radiation flux densities were measured at both sites with pyranometers and total pyrradiometers. Soil heat flux densities were measured with heat flux plates at both sites, and additional storage changes were estimated for air and canopy at the forest site. The forest gained more shortwave energy than the grassland during daytime because of its lower albedo, but it lost more longwave radiation at night. The turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent energy were evaluated with the Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) method at both sites. Temperature and humidity gradients were measured with fixed psychrometers at the grassland site, and with interchanging psychrometers at the forest site. Mean daily evapotranspiration (ET) averaged 2.26 mm over the five days for the Scots pine, or only 57 percent of the 3.94 mm measured at the grassland site. The mean Bowen ratios were 2.6 and 0.8, respectively.An error analysis was carried out for the BREB estimates of latent heat flux at the two sites. For a given error in latent heat flux and at a specified Bowen ratio the demands on accuracy of dry- and wet-bulb temperature gradients above the rough forest canopy was found to be 10 times higher than above the smoother grassland. If additionally the observed differences in transpiration rates between the two sites were taken into account, the precision for temperature gradient measurements above the slowly transpiring forest becomes fortyfold greater than required above the rapidly transpiring grass. At present, BREB precision requirements for gradients above rougher, drier canopies appear achievable only through use of specialized instrumentation, such as measurement systems that incorporate interchangeable psychrometers into their design.With 9 Figures 相似文献
19.
Analysis of parameter sensitivity on surface heat exchange in the Noah land surface model at a temperate desert steppe site in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The dominant parameters in the Noah land surface model (LSM) are identified, and the effects of parameter optimization on the surface heat exchange are investigated at a temperate desert steppe site during growing season in Inner Mongolia, China. The relative impacts of parameters on surface heat flux are examined by the distributed evaluation of local sensitivity analysis (DELSA), and the Noah LSM is calibrated by the global shuffled complex evolution (SCE) against the corresponding observations during May–September of 2008 and 2009. The differences in flux simulations are assessed between the Noah LSM calibrated by the SCE with 27 parameters and 12 dominant parameters. The systematic error, unsystematic error, root mean squared error, and mean squared error decompositions are used to evaluate the model performance. Compared to the control experiment, parameter optimization by the SCE using net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground heat flux as the objective criterion, respectively, can obviously reduce the errors of the Noah LSM. The calibrated Noah LSM is further validated against flux observations of growing season in 2010, and it is found that the calibrated Noah LSM can be applied in the longer term at this site. The Noah LSM with 12 dominant parameters calibrated performs similar to that with 27 parameters calibrated. 相似文献