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1.
利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM)的测雨雷达(PR)、微波辐射计(TMI)和闪电成像仪(LIS)资料分析2012年8月25日甘肃省一次较强冰雹过程。结果表明,本次过程受3个分散的β中尺度对流系统影响,对流云像素点约为层云的1/2,对流云平均降水率是层云的8.2倍。冰雹云回波顶高度近13 km,回波强度大于55 dBZ的最大高度为7.5 km左右,降水率大于45 mm·h^-1的云层厚度约7 km。降水廓线反映出降水率垂直分布不均匀,对流降水中50、10 mm·h^-1的降水率随着高度的升高先增加后减小,在9 km左右减小明显。此次冰雹过程的闪电发生临近处6 km雷达反射率高于40 dBZ,85 GHz极化修正亮温低于210 K。 相似文献
2.
TRMM卫星对一次冰雹降水过程的观测分析研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
利用TRMM卫星上时空匹配较好的测雨雷达(PR)、微波成像仪(TMI)、可见光和红外扫描仪(VIRS)观测资料,研究了1999年5月9日发生在黄淮地区的一次冰雹降水过程。根据卫星接连3个轨道的观测,综合分析了此次强对流降水过程在不同阶段的降水结构、云顶亮温和降雨厚度以及相应的微波亮温变化特征。观测分析表明,此次降水过程由对流很强的冰雹降水逐渐演变到对流渐弱的暴雨降水。冰雹降水阶段,云中有多个强对流单体,云体中高层有大量的固态降水粒子,使得中高层降水量在降水柱含量中贡献远大于融化层降水量的贡献;暴雨降水阶段,若干对流单体被大面积的层云降水包围,降水高度逐渐降低,云体中高层降水量明显减少,融化层降水量对柱含量的贡献明显增加。降水率廓线中不同高度的降水量对降水柱含量贡献的比较表明:中高层降水量占的比例越大,降雨云对流越强,反之,融化层降水量占的比例越大,降雨云越趋向为稳定的层云。微波亮温信号在不同降雨阶段随雨强的响应程度大不相同,这表明在反演地面降雨时,最好结合降雨云的结构特征及其发展阶段,针对不同降雨类型选取最为有效的微波通道组合来建立最佳反演模式。 相似文献
3.
TRMM测雨雷达和微波成像仪对两个中尺度特大暴雨降水结构的观测分析研究 总被引：40，自引：16，他引：40
文中利用TRMM卫星的测雨雷达和微波成像仪探测结果,研究了1998年7月20日21时(世界时)和1999年6月9日21时发生在武汉地区附近和皖南地区的两个中尺度强降水系统的水平结构和垂直结构,以及TMI微波亮温对降水强弱和分布的响应。研究结果表明:这两个中尺度强降水系统中对流降水所占面积比层云降水面积小,但对流降水具有很强的降水率,它对总降水量的贡献超过了层云降水。降水水平结构表明,两个中尺度强降水系统由多个强雨团或雨带组成,它们均属于对流性降水;降水垂直结构分析表明,强对流降水的雨顶高度可达15km,强对流降水主体中存在垂直方向和水平方向非均匀降水率分布区,层云降水有清晰的亮度带,层云降水的上方存在多层云系结构。降水廓线分布表明:对流降水廓线与层云降水廓线有明显的区别,并且降水廓线清晰地反映了降水微物理过程的垂直分布。整个中尺度强降水系统中对流降水与层云降水的区别还反映在标准化的总降水率随高度的分布。微波信号分析表明:TMI85 GHz极化修正亮温,19.4与37.0,19.4与85.5,37.0与85.5 GHz的垂直极化亮温差均能较好地指示陆面附近的降水分布。 相似文献
4.
基于TRMM卫星对一次华南飑线的闪电活动及其与降水结构的关系研究 总被引：18，自引：4，他引：14
利用热带测雨计划任务卫星（TRMM）的测雨雷达(PR)、 闪电成像仪(LIS)和微波辐射计(TMI)资料, 研究了2005年5月6日发生在我国华南的一次强飑线过程的闪电活动及其与降水结构之间的关系。结果表明, 该飑线系统中对流降水面积仅为层云的一半, 但是总降水率却远大于层云的总降水率。绝大多数闪电发生在对流区, 有少数闪电出现在层云区域。在6 km高度上, 闪电发生附近的最大雷达反射率因子主要集中在35～50 dBZ区间, 峰值频数在40～45 dBZ, 35 dBZ以下较少。研究还表明, 对流单体的最大雷达反射率垂直廓线可以很好地指示单体的闪电频数和对流发展强度。对闪电与微波亮温的研究表明, 大多数闪电发生在低亮温区域, 特别是低于200 K亮温区, 而在240～260 K的区域也可观测到少量闪电, 这一般对应于飑线的层云区域。结合2003年4月17日黄淮地区的另一次强飑线系统的进一步研究发现, 在单体尺度上, 总闪电频数和冰相降水含量之间表现出非常密切而稳定的关系, 相关系数达0.92。总闪电频数和冰相降水含量之间的稳定关系在中尺度数值模式中闪电资料的同化和飑线系统的闪电参数化研究中均有较大的应用潜力。 相似文献
5.
利用TRMM卫星的测雨雷达,微波成像仪,闪电成像仪等探测数据,研究了2010年8月5日发生在江苏北部一次中尺度对流系统(MCS)的降水结构和闪电活动之间的关系.结果表明:MCS在发展阶段,对流云降水面积与层状云降水区相当;在减弱阶段,层状云降水区面积远大于对流云降水区.MCS的生命史中,大部分闪电发生在对流云区,仅有少数闪电发生在层状云区,在减弱阶段闪电多发生在对流云和层云的过渡区中.发生闪电的层云和对流云降水垂直廓线表明:在MCS的发展成熟和减弱中在4 km高度,层云降水率都达到最大值;在对流云降水区中发生闪电主要与对流云上空含丰富的冰相粒子和对流云发展厚度(顶高达17 km)有关.研究还表明闪电数目最大值一般回波强度在35～45 dBz之间,并非回波越强闪电越多.闪电主要发生在40～50 dBz之间,且明显向强回波区趋近,这对我们利用雷达回波预警闪电落区具有一定的参考意义. 相似文献
6.
两个中尺度对流系统的降水结构和闪电特征 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
对两个处于不同发展阶段的中尺度对流系统(MCS)降水结构的分析结果表明,处于初生至发展阶段的MCS,对流降水和层云降水的面积比相对较大,处于成熟至消亡阶段的MCS的相对较小。本文进一步分析了这两个MCS个例在6km高度处的雷达回波特征及其和闪电的关系,结果表明处于初生至发展阶段的MCS的绝大部分事件(闪电资料的一种)集中发生在MCS中的强对流单体回波区,而对处于成熟至消亡阶段的MCS,事件集中发生在对流区和对流云向层云转化的回波区。 相似文献
7.
《气象科学进展》2021,(4)
使用中国新一代FY-4A卫星、GPM卫星的降水雷达等多源观测数据,选择两次高原涡与西南涡相互作用的暴雨个例,分析了两涡作用下盆地中尺度降水云系的空间结构特征。结果表明:西南涡与高原涡耦合作用下产生中尺度对流复合体MCC云系,短时强降水主要发生在MCC发展至成熟阶段,强降水区的云顶亮温值低于-60℃,云顶高度在12 km左右;西南涡与高原涡相互作用时,云顶亮温低值区的中心位置和强度与同时刻强降水特征很好对应;降水云体中对流性降水粒子的反射率因子在低层快速增长,层云性降水粒子的反射率因子强度增长的区域为零度亮带层附近;对流性降水雨强远大于层云,其粒子半径也大于层云降水,而对流性降水粒子的浓度高于或等于后者;层云对总降水量的贡献大于对流云,且层云降水量表现出大小均匀的粒子积聚的结果;对流性降水率垂直分布柱状明显且有云墙,层云性降水率垂直分布呈不规则柱状且没有显著的云墙,降水率均随海拔高度的升高而减小,5 km以下对流层对总降水量的贡献最大。 相似文献
8.
《干旱气象》2018,(6)
利用GPM卫星探测的数据产品2A-DPR和1C-GMI以及三亚市30个自动气象站降雨数据对2017年第19号台风"杜苏芮"的降水率、雨顶高度、降水类型、降水微波信号、云水路径、冰水路径、降水三维结构等特征进行了分析。结果表明:"杜苏芮"加强阶段,近地面降水率主要集中在20. 0 mm·h-1以下,部分区域为40. 0～100. 0 mm·h-1,最大值高达299. 8 mm·h-1;雨顶高度集中在6～10 km,最大为12 km;降水率和雨顶高度的大值区均处在台风外围的螺旋雨带中;台风降水中层云降水占68. 5%,对流降水占27. 1%,对流云降水的平均降水率是层云降水的3. 2倍;低频(18. 9 GHz)、中频(89. 0 GHz)和高频(183. 31±8 GHz)的微波亮温表明台风云系中存在大量的水粒子和冰粒子,且高频对冰粒子的探测更为敏感;台风螺旋云带中对流发展旺盛,且存在大量的降水柱,近地面降水率较大的区域所对应的降水柱也较为密实,降水柱的高度也比较高。 相似文献
9.
台风麦莎与赤道穿透对流云团的初步比较分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用TRMM卫星的测雨雷达、微波成像仪、可见光和红外扫描仪资料详细分析比较了麦莎台风和位于南海南部的赤道穿透对流云团(EPCC)的云高以及降水结构特征.首先,对热带地区对流层到平流层的过渡带(TTL)以及进入TTL的穿透对流云团进行了阐述和定义.然后,分析对比了赤道穿透对流云团和台风麦莎不同生命史阶段的云高、降水结构特征,分析对比结果表明:(1)在强降水区:麦莎台风和EPCC的云顶上部均出现了冰粒子散射现象,但EPCC的散射强度强,微波亮温值均低于180 K,并且其雷达云高和红外云顶亮温云高相差较大、云顶亮温曲线平缓.(2)EPCC的深对流数量四分比、穿透对流数量百分比、尤其是穿透对流数量占深对流数量比,都比麦莎台风各阶段的高;在麦莎台风和EPCC(10-20 km)云体中大部分云高集中在10-12 km,但EPCC(10-20 km)的云高谱相对具有连续性、相对较宽.(3)麦莎台风以层云降水为主,对总降水量的贡献中也是从云降水贡献大,但是EPCC中却是对流性降水的贡献大,且EPCC对流降水与层云降水的像素数量比值和降水量比值也比麦莎台风的3个时次都高.(4)EPCC的降水廓线深度无论是从云降水还是对流降水都比麦莎台风深,层云廓线深度达11 km,对流廓线深度达18 km.另外,从EPCC的穿透对流数量百分比比麦莎台风多,层云、对流降水廓线比麦莎台风深这几方面,一定程度上说明了EPCC的局部垂直对流强度比麦莎台风强. 相似文献
10.
为研究GPM（Global Precipitation Measurement）资料对台风雨带降水结构的探测能力,利用GPM卫星资料、地基雷达资料和地面降水实况对2018 年第18号台风“温比亚”影响山东期间的降水结构进行分析。结果表明：台风螺旋雨带造成的降水远大于台风外围云系产生的降水;台风螺旋雨带的雨顶高度大于外围云系的雨顶高度,基本在7 km以上,最大雨顶高度达到15 km;台风螺旋雨带及其外围云系都以层云和对流云降水为主,其中螺旋雨带中对流云降水所占比例高于外围云系,对流云的平均降水率是层云的3倍左右,对流云降水对应近地面降水率和雨顶高度的大值区;台风螺旋雨带的降水柱与外围云系中的降水柱相比,具有数量多、密度大、高度高的特点,这与台风螺旋雨带中对流发展旺盛有关;2A DPR数据产品对降水估测具有较好的指示意义。研究结果为用GPM产品估测降水结构提供了参考依据。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
13.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
14.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
15.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
16.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
19.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
20.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献