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1.
假定几种痕量气体与云水组成的不同体系在很短时间内达到气—液平衡,进行了云水酸化的数值模式计算。计算结果表明,云水酸化程度与云水体系,空气中酸、碱性痕量气体浓度以及云含水量有关。并用Lowry-Bronsted的现代酸碱理论解释了云水体系P~H值随云含水量变化的现象。 相似文献
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3.
利用2021年3月—2022年2月ERA5再分析数据云量、云水凝物对中国气象局研发的全球数值预报系统CMA-GFS同期云量产品和由云量、云水凝物产品计算的云发生、云水凝物积分的偏差特征进行诊断评估, 初步探讨了CMA-GFS云预报偏差存在的可能原因。结果显示:CMA-GFS云量、云水凝物的分布较为合理, CMA-GFS能够描绘全球云量、云水凝物的分布特征, 并能够反映季节特征;CMA-GFS预报高云和中云的云量偏差大于低云的云量偏差, 而高云和中云的云量均方根误差较低云偏小, 说明模式高云和中云的预报稳定性优于低云;与ERA5再分析数据相比, CMA-GFS液相水凝物积分以负偏差为主, 冰相水凝物积分以正偏差为主;云量、云水凝物的偏差在不同地区成因不同, 在热带地区的偏差与对流参数化和微物理方案不协调有关, 在南北半球中高纬度地区的偏差与相对湿度偏差相关。 相似文献
4.
云化学模式及其若干研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文从云的微物理过程、云中化学反应、云水、雨水对污染气体和气溶胶的清除过程,云化学模式等方面,总结介绍了近几年来云化学模式的若干研究进展。 相似文献
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对流尺度数值预报中的云物理初始化方法改进及个例试验 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过在云初始化方案中增加由地表感热和潜热通量确定的对流尺度速度作为对流判据,同时增加层云云冰、云水计算方案,改进云分析方法,并基于第2代华东快速更新循环同化模式预报系统,针对2015年4月28日华东强对流个例,进行对比试验,分析了改进的云初始化方案对云分析结果和模式预报效果的影响。试验表明:在云分析中增加对流判据,使得平均40%左右的云分析格点判定为非对流格点,对流格点分布与正的感热通量分布相似,在陆地上有显著日变化。在对流和层云格点判定之后,增加层云云冰、云水计算方案分析层云格点,显著地减小了模式初始场的云冰、云水混合比,有效地减弱了模式积分初始阶段云冰、云水含量的剧烈调整,尤其是在陆地区域。采用改进的云初始化方案进行预报,可以减少模式前1 h和前6 h的降水强度;尤其在个例的循环试验中,强降水中心强度和面积的预报比原方案显著减弱。 相似文献
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《干旱气象》2015,(5)
利用NASA/CERES发布的L3级云资料,选取西南地区(云南、贵州、四川、重庆)2001~2010年水高层云、水雨层云、水层积云、水层云的云水含量数据,研究了该区域4种类型云的年和季节云水含量时空分布特征和变化趋势。结果表明:(1)4种类型云的年和季节云水含量均在海拔低的地方偏多,海拔高的地方偏少。重庆、贵州云水含量高于云南、四川;(2)水雨层云年和季节云水含量最大,其次为水层云和水高层云,水层积云云水含量最少;(3)近10 a来,整个西南地区4种类型云的年平均云水含量均呈递减趋势;(4)4种类型云的云水含量秋季高于春季;(5)春季,中云(水高层云、水雨层云)云水含量既有增加区域,也有减少区域,低云(水层积云、水层云)云水含量呈递减趋势;秋季,中云、低云云水含量均为递减趋势;水雨层云和水层云年和季节云水含量的递减趋势最显著。 相似文献
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利用欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)发布的第5代全球大气再分析资料(ERA5),结合中国气象局人工影响天气中心发布的CWR-MEM方案云水资源监测评估方法,对广西区域2009—2018年云水资源进行评估研究,结果表明:广西年均云水资源总量约5107.8×10~8 t,其中年均空中留存云水总量约1422.2×10~8 t,云水以区域内生成为主,年均约净输出197.1×10~8 t云水资源。广西云水资源存在明显的季节变化特征,呈单峰分布,夏季6月最高,冬季2月最低,空中留存云水无明显季节变化。广西云水水平分布总体呈东北部高,向西和向南逐渐降低的分布特征。广西秋、冬和春季云水主要分布在低层925～600hPa,是以液相水滴构成的暖性层状云云水为主,夏季云水则主要分布在中层600～400hPa,是以过冷液水滴和冰相粒子构成的混合态云水为主,低层云水显著减少。 相似文献
8.
GRAPES-Meso模式浅对流云辐射效应的改进试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在万子为等（2015）对GRAPES-Meso模式浅对流参数化改进的基础上,进一步引入了浅对流云量诊断计算,并设计旨在完善浅对流云辐射效应的浅云云量和云中水凝物的补偿方案,以改进模式低层云量偏少和浅对流云辐射效应不足的问题。通过对数值试验结果的诊断和对比分析以及与观测的比较,重点考察了浅对流云量计算与浅对流激发的协调性、浅对流云对低云补偿后所产生的辐射效应以及对模式地面要素预报的影响等,验证了改进方案的合理性与有效性。结果表明:（1）浅对流云量诊断计算合理,其云覆盖区与浅对流激发区相吻合,引入浅对流云量的计算可减小模式云量的计算偏差、使其向观测结果靠近;（2）改进方案在浅对流发生区低层0.5-4 km高度范围内,对影响模式云辐射过程的浅云云量和云中水凝物形成有效补偿,最明显的浅云补偿在1-1.5 km高度处,浅对流活跃时期浅对流过程对浅云水凝物（云水和雨水之和）的补偿量可达20%-55%;（3）云光学厚度对浅云水凝物的补偿响应合理,即水凝物的补偿引起云光学厚度增大,两者的变化特征在时空分布上十分相似,且云光学厚度之变化受云水补偿的影响比受雨水补偿的影响更明显;（4）在白天时段,浅云补偿所产生的辐射效应使模式地表太阳总辐射有所下降,缩小了与观测的偏差,进而使地表温度和地面2 m气温模拟偏差减小。改进方案在缓解模式云量偏少、地表太阳总辐射偏强和地面2 m气温偏高等方面的作用,在批量试验中得到了验证。 相似文献
9.
本文介绍了在微波辐射计资料处理中探空资料的选取及处理方法,水汽和云水含量的计算,判云标准的建立和理论亮温的计算。交叉反演系数选择的反演方法大大提高了反演精度和资料处理的全天候能力。 相似文献
10.
利用1983年7月～2001年9月国际卫星云气候计划ISCCP D2的月平均资料，对西北不同区域不同类型云的云量和云水路径的时空分布及其与降水的关系进行了研究。结果表明:高原气候区是各种云出现最多的地区，特别是积状云的云量明显高于其他两区，但这些云的云水路径值低；西北地区大多数云云量的高值区出现在天山山区、北疆地区、陕西东南部和青藏高原的部分地区。高云和部分中云云量空间分布特征与降水有着较好的一致性:沿着天山—昆仑山—祁连山一带以及陕南和／或陇南地区是高值区，低值区在塔里木盆地—内蒙古西部戈壁沙漠—黄土高原西北部一带；绝大多数云类春夏季节云量维持较高，秋冬季节云量较少。云水路径值较大的层状云类的云量多寡与降水多寡相一致；积状云类和层积云类云量多少与降水没有一定的关系，在降水偏少时，这类云的云量大多与降水正常时相近，有些云的云量甚至比降水偏多时还要多。 相似文献
11.
The numerical simulation on the acidification of cloud water has been carried out withthe assumption that the cloud droplets forming on the sulfuric acid, sulfate and nitrate nucleidissolve acidic and alkaline gases and achieve a gas-liquid equilibrium in a very short time. The resultshows that the acidification of cloud water is not only related to the initial concentration ofacidic, alkaline gases and aerosol of cloud air, but also to the cloud water content. 相似文献
12.
本文计算了降水与大气CO_2和SO_2处于平衡态时,干净地区和污染地区的降水酸度。结果是,中纬度干净地区降水的pH值在5以下。在气溶胶浓度较高的北京地区,由于气溶胶中的氯化物和CaO与降水中的酸性物质反应,降水的pH值增加。降水pH值与云中液态水含量、降水量以及气溶胶中Cl和Ca的浓度有关。用这种机制可以解释在SO_2和气溶胶浓度都很高的北京地区所观测到的非酸性降水。 相似文献
13.
This paper describes a diagnostic study of the feedback mechanism in greenhouse effects of increased CO_2 and oth-er trace gases(CH_4,N_2O and CFCs),simulated by general circulation model.The study is based on two sensitivity exper-iments for doubled CO_2 and the inclusion of other trace gases,respectively,using version one of the community climatemodel(CCM1)developed at the National Centre for Atmospheric Research.A one-dimensional(1-D)and atwo-dimensional(2-D)radiative-convective models are used to diagnose the feedback effect.It shows that thefeedback factors in global and annual mean conditions are in the sequence of surface albedo,water vapor amount,watervapor distribution,cloud height,critical lapse rate and cloud cover,while in zonal and annual mean conditions in thetropical region the above sequence does not change except the two water vapor terms being the largest feedback compo-nents.Among the feedback components,the total water vapor feedback is the largest(about 50%).The diagnosis alsogives a very small feedback of either the cloud cover or the lapse rate,which is substantially different from the 1-Dfeedback analysis by Hansen et al.(1984).The small lapse rate feedback is considered to be partly caused by theconvective adjustment scheme adopted by CCM1 model.The feedback effect for doubled CO_2 is very different from that of the addition of other trace gases because of theirdifferent vertical distributions of radiative forcing although the non-feedback responses of surface air temperature forboth cases are almost the same.For instance,the larger forcing at surface by the addition of other trace gases can causestronger surface albedo feedback than by doubled CO_2.Besides,because of the negative forcing of doubled CO_2 in thestratosphere,cloud height feedback is more intense.The larger surface forcing in the case of other trace gases can also in-fluence atmospheric water vapor amount as well as the water vapor distribution,which will in turn have strongerfeedback effects.All these indicate that it is incorrect to use“effective CO_2”to replace other trace gases in the generalcirculation model. 相似文献
14.
For investigating the physical reasons for the observed increase in rainfall, field observational programmes have been undertaken in the upwind and downwind of industrial complexes of the Bombay region. During these programmes, surface observations of trace gases ( SO2 and NOx), giant size hygroscopic and nonhygroscopic aerosols and rain water samples have been made in the years 1972, 1973 and 1974. Aircraft observations of trace gases (SO2 and NH3), giant size aerosols, cloud condensation nuclei as well as of cloud liquid water content, cloud droplet spectra and temperature have been made on limited days during August 1974. Results of the analysis of the surface and aircraft observations have indicated that the chemical, thermal and microphysical conditions of clouds are markedly different in the upwind and downwind regions of the industrial complexes in the Bombay region. It is hypothesised that observed increase in rainfall in the region following the industrialisation is due to the differences in the chemical and physical conditions in the downwind clouds. 相似文献
15.
未来甲烷排放增加对平流层水汽和全球臭氧的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用一个耦合的大气化学-气候模式(WACCM3)研究了地表甲烷排放增加对平流层水汽和全球臭氧变化的影响.结果表明,如果地表甲烷的排放量在2000年的基础上增加50%(达到政府间气候变化专门委员会A1B排放情景中2050年的值),平流层水汽体积分数将平均增加约0.8×10-6.南半球平流层甲烷转化为水汽的效率比北半球高.在北半球平流层中,1mol甲烷分子可以转化为约1.63mol的水汽分子,而在南半球1mol甲烷分子大概可以转化为约1.82mol的水汽分子.甲烷排放增加50%将使全球中低纬度地区以及北半球高纬度地区的臭氧柱总量增加1%-3%,使南半球高纬度地区臭氧柱总量增加近8%,而秋季(南半球春季)南极地区臭氧柱总量增加幅度可高达20%,南极臭氧的这种显着增加主要是由于甲烷增加造成的化学反馈所致.在北半球中高纬度地区,甲烷增加引起的臭氧变化主要与甲烷氧化导致的水汽增加有关.研究还表明,未来甲烷排放增加对臭氧的恢复作用其实与溴化物排放的减少一样重要. 相似文献
16.
通过对湿位涡（MPV）不守恒过程出现条件的讨论，理论上证明了：在中纬度突发性暴雨产生前，①必定存在着深对流高度范围内δθ^＊/δz迅速趋向于零的过程。②斜压向量沿广义位温梯度有一分量。③接近饱和的不饱和层足够厚。达到深对流高度。④处于含有大量水汽和液态水的云团和云块附近。1999年合肥2次突发性暴雨确实都有体现上述4个必要条件的2种共同特征现象。⑤在暴雨生成之前，在合肥上空存在着深厚的双层干区（在多普勒雷达VWP图上表现为深对流高度范围内的两层连续无资料区），首先，随着上层干区顶部的湿冷空气开始下滑，上层千区开始从上到下消失，接着，当下滑空气停止下滑而开始上升时，下层的干区开始消失，最后在两层干区完全消失时，带来突发性暴雨的中尺度对流系统就突然出现。⑥同时在云图上，南下冷锋云带在逼近合肥市分裂成两部分，以至在断裂处几乎没有云和雾，而在周围则存在着含有大量液态水和水汽的两块云团。而在冷锋云带通过合肥后，带来突发性暴雨的中尺度对流系统就在几乎没有云和雾的断裂处爆发。 相似文献
17.
T.P. DeFelice 《Atmospheric Research》1997,43(4):325-344
Cloud events whose wet deposition is comparable to that shown to trigger negative health symptoms in trees constitute environmentally significant episodes of wet deposition. They accounted for approximately one fourth of all cloud events that traversed the Mt. Mitchell State Park, NC, during the summer field seasons of 1986–1988 and 1993. The environmentally significant episodes of wet deposition most frequently occurred during the month of June. The June occurrence is equivalent to the frequency of acid mist treatments shown to initiate health related decline in Red Spruce. The slightly more than three seasons of data were analyzed for a possible relationship between cloudwater acidity, liquid water content, wind speed and wind direction. The data analysis shows: (i) A scatter plot of the liquid water flux versus the H+ ion flux differentiates between environmentally significant and non-environmentally significant cloud events of wet deposition. (ii) The synoptic and resulting local wind speed and direction are important in determining whether a cloud event will be environmentally significant or not, since they are related to the origin and the approach of the airflow into the Mt. Mitchell site. (iii) A characteristic 850 mb height field associated with the most frequently occurring environmentally significant cloud only event of wet deposition. Further investigation of wet acidic deposition episodes capable of damaging Red Spruce in the Mt. Mitchell State Park 相似文献
18.
In this paper,the variation of annual rainfall in Xinjiang by variation coefficient (Cv) widely used in statistics and hydrology is studied.Based on analysing of 25 years' observational data in 98 stations,the authors found that the variation coefficient of annual rainfall has better relation with annual rainfall and sea level elevation,which can be expressed by a bivariate function.This discovery is no doubt valuable to the study of climatic theory and water resources in the area where data are rare. 相似文献
19.
台风的螺旋结构 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：14
本文从描写台风运动的动力方程组出发,讨论了台风的螺旋结构,给出了这种螺旋结构的图样,指出:(1)台风螺旋结构的形成是台风中重力惯性内波,特别是重力内波的作用所致,(2)台风螺旋结构的形式与波位相速紧密相关,北半球的曳式螺旋结构要求螺旋图样环绕台风眼逆时针且由中心向外运动,其向外运动的速度近于重力内波的传播速度,(3)台风的曳式螺旋倾角一般小于45°,而在台风边缘,倾角约为10°,螺旋臂间距在二旋臂结构中平均为220公里,而在四旋臂结构中平均为110公里,(4)台风螺旋波也有频散作用,在曳式螺旋中c_(gr)与c_r皆为正,且c_(gr)相似文献
20.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) regional climate model (RegCM2), together with initial conditions and time-dependent lateral boundary conditions provided by a 130-year transient increasing CO2 simulation of the NCAR Climate System Model (CSM), has been used to investigate the mechanism of ground warming over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The model results show that when CO2 in the atmosphere is doubled, a strong ground warming occurs in the TP. Two regions within it with the largest warming are in the eastern TP (region I) and along the southwestern and western slopes (region II). Moreover, in region I the ground warming in the winter half year is stronger than that in the summer half year, but in region II the warming difference between the seasons becomes opposite to that in region I, i.e., the warming is strong in the summer half year and weak in the winter half year. There are indications that the summer monsoon enhances but the winter monsoon weakens when CO2 is doubled. A strong elevation dependency of ground warming is found in region I for the winter half year, and in region II for both winter and summer half years at elevations below 5 km. The simulated characteristics of ground warming in the TP are consistent with the observations. In region I, when CO2 is doubled, the cloud amount increases at lower elevations and decreases at higher elevation for the winter half year. As a consequence, at lower elevations the short wave solar radiation absorbed at the surface declines, and the downward long wave flux reaching the surface enhances; on the other hand, at higher elevations the surface solar radiation flux increases and the surface infrared radiation flux shows a more uniform increase. The net effect of the changes in both radiation fluxes is an enhanced surface warming at higher elevations, which is the primary cause of the elevation dependency in the surface warming. In the summer half year the cloud amount reduces as a result of doubling CO2 in region I for all elevations, and there is no elevation dependency detected in the ground warming. Furthermore, there is little snow existing in region I for both summer and winter half years, and the impact of snow-albedo feedback is not significant. In region II, although the changes in the cloud amount bear a resemblance to those in region I, the most significant factor affecting the surface energy budget is the depletion of the snow cover at higher elevations, which leads to a reduction of the surface albedo. This reduction in turn leads to an enhancement in the solar radiation absorbed in the surface. The snow-albedo feedback mechanism is the most essential cause of the elevation dependency in the surface warming for region II. 相似文献