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1.
沙尘对南疆沙漠腹地太阳辐射的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中大气环境观测试验站(83°39'E,38°58'N)总辐射、散射辐射和直接辐射的观测资料,分析了塔中大气透明系数变化和沙尘对总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射的影响。结果表明,10-12月塔中大气透明系数最好,春、夏季最差;晴天大气透明系数最高(0.57),沙尘暴天气最低(0.07)。晴天、浮尘和扬沙天气总辐射最大可达1000 W·m-2以上,而沙尘暴天气最大可达700 W·m-2。晴天散射辐射值大多在400 W·m-2以下,主要集中在100~200 W·m-2范围内;有沙尘的天气大多在600 W·m-2以下。沙尘对直接辐射的衰减最大,晴天、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴天气下直接辐射200 W·m-2的概率依次为41.2%,72.5%,78.1%和100%。随着大气中沙尘增多,散射辐射逐渐向高值区域集中。沙尘天气下各辐射日变化曲线波动很大,其中总辐射和直接辐射减小很多;总辐射和散射辐射日变化曲线形态相似、量值接近。大气透明系数与总辐射、直接辐射和散射辐射关系密切。  相似文献   

2.
沙尘气溶胶对辐射有显著影响,利用耦合了Shao2004起沙参数化方案的WRF/Chem(大气/化学全耦合模式),模拟分析了沙尘天气过程中沙尘气溶胶对辐射的影响。结果发现沙尘气溶胶可以导致地面向下的短波辐射通量减小42.51%,平均减小-3.30~-49.46 W·m~(-2),最大可达-162.67 W·m~(-2);沙尘气溶胶可以通过自身向外发射长波辐射,导致地面向下的长波辐射通量增大,地面向下的长波辐射通量平均增加为17.49~50.49 W·m~(-2),最大可达99.17 W·m~(-2)。当PM10浓度为10~20 mg·m-3,沙尘气溶胶能够减小地面向下的长波辐射通量,即沙尘气溶胶在该地区对大气具有"保温"作用;白天沙尘气溶胶主要增加大气层顶向上的长波辐射通量,夜间则减少大气层顶向上的长波辐射通量,大气层顶向外的长波辐射通量平均变化为-25.29~28.83 W·m~(-2),最大可达87.22 W·m~(-2)。  相似文献   

3.
本文应用WRF-Chem(Weather Research and Forecasting—Chemistry)模式研究中国东部地区气溶胶及其部分组分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐和黑碳气溶胶)在天气尺度下的辐射强迫和对地面气温的影响。5个无明显降水时间段(2006年8月23~25日、2008年11月10~12日、2008年12月16~18日、2009年1月15~17日和2009年4月27~29日)的模拟显示,气溶胶浓度呈现显著的白天低,夜间高的日变化特征,且北方区域(29.8°~42.6°N,110.2°~120.3°E)平均PM2.5近地面浓度(40~80 μg m-3)高于南方区域(22.3°~29.9°N,109.7°~120.2°E,30~47 μg m-3)。气溶胶对地面2 m温度(地面气温)有明显的降温效果,在早上08:00(北京时,下同)和下午17:00左右最为显著,最高可降低约0.2~1 K,同时气溶胶的参与改善了模式对地面气温的模拟。本文还通过对2006年8月23~25日一次个例的模拟,定量分析了气溶胶及其部分组分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐和黑碳气溶胶)的总天气效应(直接效应+间接效应)、直接效应和间接效应分别对到达地面的短波辐射和地面气温的影响。北方区域平均气溶胶直接效应所造成的短波辐射强迫要高于南方区域,分别为-11.3 W m-2和-5.8 W m-2,导致地面气温分别降低了0.074 K和0.039 K。南方区域平均气溶胶间接效应所产的短波辐射强迫高于北方区域,分别为-14.4 W m-2和-12.4 W m-2,引起的地面气温的改变分别为-0.094 K和-0.035 K。对于气溶胶组分,硫酸盐气溶胶的直接效应和间接效应的作用相当,其总效应在北方和南方区域平均短波辐射强迫分别为-7.0 W m-2和-10.5 W m-2,对地面气温的影响为-0.062 K和-0.074 K,而硝酸盐气溶胶的作用略小。黑碳气溶胶使得北方和南方区域平均到达地表的太阳短波辐射分别减少了6.5 W m-2和5.8 W m-2,而地表气温则分别增加了0.053 K和0.017 K,相比于间接效应,黑碳气溶胶的直接效应的影响更加显著。  相似文献   

4.
邵振艳  周涛  史培军  龚道溢 《高原气象》2009,28(5):1105-1114
利用2000年6月\_2003年12月全国33个重点城市的PM10日监测数据与地面总辐射日观测数据, 结合总云量、 降水量等气象观测数据, 定量分析了人类活动排放的污染物质与地面总辐射的关系, 并分析了人类活动影响下的地面总辐射减少的时空分布特征。结果表明: 各观测站点的总辐射随着PM10浓度的增大而减小; 其空间特征表现为西北、 华北和华中地区的重点城市所受的影响较大, 而华南、 西南地区的重点城市所受影响较小; 其时间特征表现为春、 秋季影响较大, 而夏、 冬季影响相对较小\.总的来说, 在2001\_2003年人类活动产生的气溶胶使我国晴天地面总辐射减少20.1±1.9 W·m-2。  相似文献   

5.
浑善达克沙地沙尘气溶胶的辐射强迫   总被引:5,自引:7,他引:5  
利用2001年春季浑善达克沙地外场观测的辐射资料及大气辐射模式,对沙尘气溶胶的局地辐射强迫进行了分析和模拟估算。计算结果表明,浑善达克沙地大气透过率日变化显著,晴天可达0.80以上,沙尘天气最低在0.01以下;白天沙尘的辐射强迫对地表有冷却作用,夜间起保温作用。观测期间,平均大气透过率为0.6,白天沙尘对地面向下长波辐射的平均强迫增加量为16.76 W.m-2,对地面净辐射能收支的平均强迫减少量为62.76 W.m-2;夜间地表长波辐射净损失量因沙尘作用减少,平均为67.84 W.m-2。  相似文献   

6.
吴涧  符淙斌 《大气科学》2005,29(1):111-119
通过对2000~2004年2~4月东亚地区人为和生物质燃烧排放黑炭气溶胶的模拟,分析5年平均的结果,发现:春季,东亚地区印度、中南半岛、中国东部存在三个显著的黑炭气溶胶大值区,最大柱含量均在1 mg·m-2以上,印度半岛的排放能影响中国南方25°N~30°N之间区域,而中南半岛的排放能影响中国25°N以南的大陆地区.850~700 hPa是中南半岛排放输送进入中国的主要层次.中国华北和东北的排放向东输送影响朝鲜半岛、日本等地,但中国春季的输出量小于境外对中国的输入量;境外注入对中国西部和江南地区影响显著,对中国北方地区影响较小.黑炭气溶胶引起晴空和云天大气顶净向下辐射通量增大,地表净向下辐射通量减小,辐射通量变化最显著地区在中国四川、湖北一带,大气顶辐射通量增大最大为4 W·m-2,地表通量减小最大约-5.5 W·m-2.  相似文献   

7.
利用2010年春季民勤加强观测实验的地面辐射资料,分析了民勤沙漠干旱区总紫外辐射的变化特征,并对该地区的紫外辐射进行了估算和模拟。结果表明,紫外辐射和太阳总辐射表现出一致的变化特征,层云对两者的反射能力比卷云强。2010年6月紫外辐射的瞬时最大值为55.92 W·m-2,平均日总量为1.07 MJ·m-2,紫外辐射与太阳辐射比例的平均值为4.7%,其变化范围在3%~9%之间。根据晴空指数(Kt)与最大紫外辐射(UV0)及太阳总辐射(G)建立了民勤地区紫外辐射(UV)的估算方程:UV=2.94+1.22×(Kt×UV0)和UV=0.047G,均能较好地估计该地区的地表紫外辐射。由于受输入参数精度的限制,辐射传输模式SBDART低估了晴空条件下的紫外辐射,低估的总平均值为1.12 W·m-2(约5.6%),变化范围在-2.8~0.2 W·m-2之间。  相似文献   

8.
气溶胶的气候效应近年来备受关注。区域气候模式能够在有限的计算资源下取得更高的分辨率,成为一种研究区域气候的有力工具。本文使用意大利国际理论物理中心(ICTP)开发的区域气候模式(Reg CM3),对2008年12月~2009年11月我国硫酸盐气溶胶的时空分布及其直接气候效应进行了模拟。研究表明受大气环流影响,硫酸盐气溶胶空间分布在夏季分布最广,而其最大平均季度柱浓度出现在四川盆地,达到了27mg·m-2。受特殊地形的影响,四川盆地上空在全年一直维持着高浓度的硫酸盐。硫酸盐气溶胶对直接辐射强迫与其柱浓度的分布有很好的相关性。直接辐射强迫在夏季分布最广,其数值达到了-2.99W·m-2,全年平均为-2.4W·m-2。硫酸盐的直接气候效应造成了地面气温下降,在夏季达到了-0.26℃,全年平均为-0.09℃。直接气候效应对降水总体表现为微弱的抑制作用,但不同区域,不同季节差异较大。  相似文献   

9.
利用双向耦合的区域气候模式和大气化学模式系统, 研究了中国与邻近地区人为污染排放引起对流层臭氧变化和产生的辐射强迫.结果表明, 污染排放对对流层臭氧含量的影响有明显的季节变化, 对北方的影响不如南方显著, 西部的季节变化稳定且小于东部, 内陆污染地区各季节臭氧柱含量的变化量均较高.对整个模拟区域而言, 臭氧变化量的年平均值为30.928 DU, 春季最大为32.168 DU, 而空间分布变化在12~38 DU之间.臭氧变化量对北方地区辐射的影响较小, 而对低纬和华东地区影响较大, 臭氧变化量引起的晴空地气系统短波辐射强迫、长波辐射强迫的平均值分别是0.185 W·m-2和0.464 W·m-2, 标准化短波辐射强迫与净辐射强迫值为0.006 W·m-2·DU-1和0.021 W·m-2·DU-1.气候反馈过程对对流层臭氧含量的影响范围在-0.470~0.752 DU之间, 包含气候反馈过程的区域年平均臭氧变化量是30.942 DU.在气候反馈条件下, 臭氧变化量的短波和长波辐射强迫分别是0.249 W·m-2及 0.482 W·m-2, 标准化的短波与净辐射强迫值为0.008 W·m-2·DU-1和0.024 W·m-2·DU-1.臭氧变化量导致地表温度的变化范围在±0.80 K之间.  相似文献   

10.
黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫及其对东亚的气候效应仍有较大不确定性,同时在黑碳气溶胶气候效应的研究中对海洋的关注较少。为了量化分析黑碳气溶胶直接辐射效应和分析其通过海气相互作用对东亚夏季风的影响,用区域海气耦合模式进行黑碳气溶胶离线模拟的敏感试验。试验结果表明:东亚晴空大气顶和地面的净辐射强迫在春季分别为1. 58 W·m~(-2)和~(-2). 75 W·m~(-2),在夏季分别为1. 68 W·m~(-2)和~(-2). 62 W·m~(-2)。受黑碳气溶胶辐射效应影响,大气变暖,大气热力稳定度增加,云量减少。春季黑碳气溶胶的"热泵效应"引起华南降水增加和夏季风提前爆发。夏季孟加拉湾海表降温,南支槽加深,引起华南降水增加;另外中纬度附近经向温度梯度增大,进而增强冷空气势力和水汽辐散,引起华北降水减少。华南降水正异常和华北降水负异常有利于"南涝北旱"。黑碳气溶胶辐射效应能通过海气相互作用增加热带海表温度,减小经向温度梯度和海陆热力差异,进而减弱夏季风。此外,黑碳气溶胶辐射效应也能增强局域哈德莱环流及北风,进而减弱夏季风。  相似文献   

11.
本文利用2014年全年北京市12个空气质量监测站的逐小时PM_(2.5)地面观测资料,以及Terra卫星和Aqua卫星的MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品,分析了地面PM_(2.5)和两颗卫星AOD的时空分布特征,并在时空匹配的基础上,建立了AOD与PM_(2.5)浓度之间的回归模型。结果表明:PM_(2.5)浓度在城区高、郊区低,最低值位于定陵站,城区站和郊区站的逐时PM_(2.5)浓度的日变化分别呈"双峰型"和"单峰型";两颗卫星AOD数值也均是城区高、郊区低,沿山区的边界有明显的AOD梯度,且城区上午Terra卫星的AOD高于下午Aqua卫星的AOD,而郊区上、下午的AOD基本相同;Aqua卫星AOD与PM_(2.5)的确定系数(R2)较Terra卫星AOD与PM_(2.5)的确定系数平均高0.11,且城区站点两颗卫星AOD与PM_(2.5)相关性均较郊区站点AOD与PM_(2.5)相关性偏高;综合来看,Aqua卫星的AOD与城区的PM_(2.5)相关系数最高,即Aqua卫星的AOD更适于监测和反演城区地面的PM_(2.5)。  相似文献   

12.
Previous measurements of urban energy balances generally have been limited to densely built, central city sites and older suburban locations with mature tree canopies that are higher than the height of the buildings. In contrast, few data are available for the extensive, open vegetated types typical of low-density residential areas that have been newly converted from rural land use. We made direct measurements of surface energy fluxes using the eddy-covariance technique at Greenwood, a recently developed exurban neighbourhood near Kansas City, Missouri, USA, during an intensive field campaign in August 2004. Energy partitioning was dominated by the latent heat flux under both cloudy and near clear-sky conditions. The mean daytime Bowen ratio (β) values were 0.46, 0.48, and 0.47 respectively for the cloudy, near clear-sky and all-sky conditions. Net radiation (R n ) increased rapidly from dawn (−34 and −58W m−2) during the night to reach a maximum (423 and 630W m−2) after midday for cloudy and near clear-sky conditions respectively. Mean daytime values were 253 and 370W m−2, respectively for the cloudy and near clear-sky conditions, while mean daily values were 114 for cloudy and 171W m−2 for near clear-sky conditions, respectively. Midday surface albedo values were 0.25 and 0.24 for the cloudy and near clear-sky conditions, respectively. The site exhibited an angular dependence on the solar elevation angle, in contrast to previous observations over urban and suburban areas, but similar to vegetated surfaces. The latent heat flux (Q E ), sensible heat flux (Q H ), and the residual heat storage ΔQ s terms accounted for between 46–58%, 21–23%, and 18–31% of R n , respectively, for all-sky conditions and time averages. The observed albedo, R n , and Q E values are higher than the values that have been reported for suburban areas with high summer evapotranspiration rates in North America. These results suggest that the rapidly growing residential areas at the exurban fringe of large metropolitan areas have a surface energy balance that is more similar to the rural areas from which they were developed than it is to the older suburbs and city centres that make up the urban fabric to which they are being joined.  相似文献   

13.
气溶胶辐射效应在华东地区一次雾霾过程中的作用   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
张悦  樊曙先  李皓  康博识 《气象学报》2016,74(3):465-478
利用WRF/Chem(Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry)模拟了2013年12月华东地区一次雾、霾事件气溶胶辐射反馈效应对气象场和大气质量的影响。通过3个不同气溶胶浓度设置的试验区分气溶胶浓度不同辐射效应的影响。比较不同试验得出,本次雾、霾过程中,不论是气溶胶直接、半直接辐射效应还是间接效应均使污染地区短波辐射减少、2 m气温下降、大气边界层高度降低,不利于水汽与污染物的扩散,空气污染进一步加重,雾结构进一步稳定,并使雾的持续时间延长,发展高度更高;对于化学场来说,气溶胶直接、半直接辐射效应使污染地区PM_(2.5)浓度增大、消光系数增大、氮氧化物浓度增大,臭氧浓度降低;间接辐射效应使PM_(2.5)浓度和消光系数进一步增大,氮氧化物、臭氧浓度降低。综上所述,气溶胶辐射效应能使大气污染加重,并利于雾的发生、发展。  相似文献   

14.
The microphysical structure, chemical composition and prehistory of aerosol are related to the aerosol optical properties and radiative effect in the UV spectral range. The aim of this work is the statistical mapping of typical aerosol scenarios and adjustment of regional aerosol parameters. The investigation is based on the in situ measurements in Preila (55.55° N, 21.00° E), Lithuania, and the AERONET data from the Gustav Dalen Tower (58 N, 17 E), Sweden.Clustering of multiple characteristics enabled to distinguish three aerosol types for clear-sky periods: 1) clean maritime–continental aerosol; 2) moderately polluted maritime–continental aerosol; 3) polluted continental aerosol. Differences between these types are due to significant differences in aerosol number and volume concentration, effective radius of volume distribution, content of SO4 ions and Black Carbon, as well as different vertical profiles of atmospheric relative humidity. The UV extinction, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the Ångstrom coefficient α increased with the increasing pollution. The value α = 1.96 was observed in the polluted continental aerosol that has passed over central and eastern Europe and southern Russia. Reduction of the clear-sky UV index against the aerosol-free atmosphere was of 4.5%, 27% and 41% for the aerosol types 1, 2 and 3, respectively.  相似文献   

15.
《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):211-222
The microphysical structure, chemical composition and prehistory of aerosol are related to the aerosol optical properties and radiative effect in the UV spectral range. The aim of this work is the statistical mapping of typical aerosol scenarios and adjustment of regional aerosol parameters. The investigation is based on the in situ measurements in Preila (55.55° N, 21.00° E), Lithuania, and the AERONET data from the Gustav Dalen Tower (58 N, 17 E), Sweden.Clustering of multiple characteristics enabled to distinguish three aerosol types for clear-sky periods: 1) clean maritime–continental aerosol; 2) moderately polluted maritime–continental aerosol; 3) polluted continental aerosol. Differences between these types are due to significant differences in aerosol number and volume concentration, effective radius of volume distribution, content of SO4 ions and Black Carbon, as well as different vertical profiles of atmospheric relative humidity. The UV extinction, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the Ångstrom coefficient α increased with the increasing pollution. The value α = 1.96 was observed in the polluted continental aerosol that has passed over central and eastern Europe and southern Russia. Reduction of the clear-sky UV index against the aerosol-free atmosphere was of 4.5%, 27% and 41% for the aerosol types 1, 2 and 3, respectively.  相似文献   

16.
利用专门为太阳能资源评估应用的 WRF-Solar数值模式系统,结合 MODIS 气溶胶光学厚度(AOD550 nm)数据,设置了5种山东区域总辐射模拟方案,使用山东济南、福山、吉县3个太阳辐射站总辐射观测数据,对晴天、阴天、雨天以及四季代表月等逐时总辐射模拟结果进行了对比检验。 结果表明:WRF-Solar数值模式对总辐射模拟能力在晴天和少云天最好,阴雨天较差,四季代表月中,天气过程较少的秋季和冬季模拟效果较好,春季次之,夏季相对较差;晴天和少云天、阴天和雨天以及不考虑天气过程的四季代表月所有日条件下,长、短波辐射方案分别采用RRTMG方案、new Goddard 方案,积云对流参数化方案均采用Grell 3D集合方案,同时使用AOD550 nm的气溶胶数据的总辐射模拟能力最强;WRF-Solar模式中加入 MODIS 气溶胶光学厚度资料后,山东区域晴天总辐射模拟结果明显改善,秋季、冬季代表月亦明显改善,但阴天和雨天总辐射模拟结果改善不明显,低能见度日总辐射模拟结果有所改善。  相似文献   

17.
Anthropogenic aerosols play an important role in the atmospheric energy balance. Anthropogenic aerosol optical depth (AOD) and its accompanying shortwave radiative forcing (RF) are usually simulated by nu- merical models. Recently, with the development of space-borne instruments and sophisticated retrieval algorithms, it has become possible to estimate aerosol radiative forcing based on satellite observations. In this study, we have estimated shortwave direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols over oceans in all-sky conditions by combining clouds and the Single Scanner Footprint data of the Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES/SSF) experiment, which provide measurements of upward shortwave fluxes at the top of atmosphere, with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol and cloud products. We found that globally averaged aerosol radiative forcing over oceans in the clear-sky conditions and all-sky conditions were -1.03±0.48 W m-2 and -0.34 ±0.16 W m-2, respectively. Direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols shows large regional and seasonal variations. In some regions and in particular seasons, the magnitude of direct forcing by anthropogenic aerosols can be comparable to the forcing of greenhouse gases. However, it shows that aerosols caused the cooling effect, rather than warming effect from global scale, which is different from greenhouse gases.  相似文献   

18.
北京地区气溶胶光学厚度中长期变化特征   总被引:15,自引:1,他引:15  
李放  吕达仁 《大气科学》1996,20(4):385-394
利用1977~1985年北京地区太阳直接辐射谱资料,分析获得了气溶胶光学厚度谱特性,使用PIS光谱仪从1993年3月到1995年3月,持续观测了北京地区晴天和少云天气的太阳直射光谱。得到了至今较为长期系统的城市大气气溶胶光学性能及特征。研究表明:(1)气溶胶光学厚度有春夏季大,秋冬季小的统计规律;(2)能见度分级后,同一能见度下气溶胶光学厚度各季节之间的差别大为减小,地面能见度对整层光学厚度表现出了较强的约束作用,文中给出了统计关系;(3)气溶胶光学厚度有逐年增高的趋势,1977年至1994年间增长了约三分之二。  相似文献   

19.
Surface solar radiation (SSR) can affect climate, the hydrological cycle, plant photosynthesis, and solar power. The values of solar radiation at the surface reflect the influence of human activity on radiative climate and environmental effects, so it is a key parameter in the evaluation of climate change and air pollution due to anthropogenic disturbances. This study presents the characteristics of the SSR variation in Nanjing, China, from March 2016 to June 2017, using a combined set of pyranometer and pyrheliometer observations. The SSR seasonal variation and statistical properties are investigated and characterized under different air pollution levels and visibilities. We discuss seasonal variations in visibility, air quality index (AQI), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and their correlations with SSR. The scattering of solar radiation by particulate matter varies significantly with particle size. Compared with the particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 μm and 10 μm (PM2.5?10), we found that the PM2.5 dominates the variation of scattered radiation due to the differences of single-scattering albedo and phase function. Because of the correlation between PM2.5 and SSR, it is an effective and direct method to estimate PM2.5 by the value of SSR, or vice versa to obtain the SSR by the value of PM2.5. Under clear-sky conditions (clearness index ≥0.5), the visibility is negatively correlated with the diffuse fraction, AQI, PM10, and PM2.5, and their correlation coefficients are ?0.50, ?0.60, ?0.76, and ?0.92, respectively. The results indicate the linkage between scattered radiation and air quality through the value of visibility.  相似文献   

20.
利用MODIS光学厚度遥感产品研究北京及周边地区的大气污染   总被引:53,自引:2,他引:53  
对2001年在北京地区利用太阳光度计观测的气溶胶光学厚度和NASA发布的MODIS气溶胶产品进行了比较,验证了这一卫星遥感产品的可靠性;比较了2001年MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品和由空气污染指数(API)计算的每日平均可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度,得到了比较高的相关系数,证实该气溶胶产品可用于污染分析.将北京地区AOD与气象能见度观测资料进行比较,得到了不同季节的气溶胶"标高".利用统计的不同季节的气溶胶标高,从光学厚度的季节分布得到了能见度(能见距离)的季节分布.气溶胶光学厚度图像的个例分析表明,除局地排放外,周边区域(主要为西南和南向)的输送对北京市区的空气污染贡献份额较大.卫星遥感气溶胶可以比较直观地再现污染物的区域分布和输送,不仅为研究全球气候变化也为研究区域环境的空气质量提供了一种有效手段.  相似文献   

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