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1.
夏季青海湖局地环流及大气边界层特征的数值模拟 总被引：5，自引：8，他引：5
使用美国NCAR新版MM5V3.6非静力模式,采用两重嵌套方法,模拟了青海湖区域的局地环流及大气边界层特征,并且与无湖试验进行了比较。结果表明:白天由于青海湖的存在有很好的降温作用,夜晚则有保温效应,表现出明显的冷(暖)湖效应;青海湖对感热和潜热的影响有很强的日变化,白天湖面感热、潜热都小,夜间情况相反,这使得白天青海湖是冷干岛,夜间是暖湿岛;青海湖使得白天湖面边界层顶低,陆面边界层顶高,夜间相反。这样的边界层顶高度和温度、地面能量通量相配合,形成了一个很好的保护机制,对青海湖的水土保持和生态环境的维持有正效应;青海湖使得湖面上空大气下沉,陆面上空大气上升,从而产生了湖面上空大气冷干,陆面上空大气暖湿的边界层特征;青海湖边缘的陆面形成的较大的湿气柱围绕着湖面,起到了保护湖面的作用;青海湖低空白天有明显的湖面向四周的辐散气流,而夜间则为从北偏东方向来的陆风。 相似文献
2.
We estimate the effects of climatic changes, as predicted by six climate models, on lake surface temperatures on a global scale, using the lake surface equilibrium temperature as a proxy. We evaluate interactions between different forcing variables, the sensitivity of lake surface temperatures to these variables, as well as differences between climate zones. Lake surface equilibrium temperatures are predicted to increase by 70 to 85 % of the increase in air temperatures. On average, air temperature is the main driver for changes in lake surface temperatures, and its effect is reduced by ~10 % by changes in other meteorological variables. However, the contribution of these other variables to the variance is ~40 % of that of air temperature, and their effects can be important at specific locations. The warming increases the importance of longwave radiation and evaporation for the lake surface heat balance compared to shortwave radiation and convective heat fluxes. We discuss the consequences of our findings for the design and evaluation of different types of studies on climate change effects on lakes. 相似文献
3.
R. G. Bill Jr. R. A. Sutherland J. F. Bartholic E. Chen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1978,14(4):543-556
Moderating effects of Lake Apopka, Florida on downwind surface temperatures were evaluated under cold-air advective conditions. Point temperature measurements north and south of the lake and data obtained from a thermal scanner flown at 1.6 km indicate that surface temperatures directly downwind may be higher than surrounding surface temperatures by as much as 5 °C under conditions of moderate winds (~4 m s–1). No substantial temperature effects were observed with surface wind speed less than 1 m s–1. Fluxes of sensible and latent heat from Lake Apopka were calculated from measurements of lake temperature, net radiation, relative humidity and air temperature above the lake. Bulk transfer coefficients and the Bowen ratio were calculated and found to be in agreement with reported data for non-advective conditions.IFAS Journal Series No. 1006. 相似文献
4.
5.
一维热扩散湖模式在太湖的应用研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用在太湖获得的2010年8月11-28日的观测资料研究了一维热扩散湖模式在太湖的适用性,通过对比模拟进一步研究了影响太湖湖表温度模拟的主要因子。该湖模式对太湖最初的模拟结果并不理想,模拟的湖表面温度与观测有较大的系统性偏差,温度的日变化幅度与观测相比也偏小。通过分析该模式对太湖的模拟效果不理想的可能原因,针对太湖的生态环境和污染情况,设计了18个测试参数的敏感性试验,从敏感性试验的结果分析得到,适用于太湖的、依赖于湖泊类型的3个参数应做如下修改:消光系数（η0）应放大3倍,湖泊表层吸收的太阳辐射系数（β）应取0.8,粗糙长度（z0）采用公式计算得到。用新得到的适用于太湖的3个参数,模拟得到的结果与最初的模拟结果和观测资料对比,发现采用新的参数后,模拟结果比最初的模拟结果有了很大的改进,模拟的湖表温度基本接近观测,模拟的湖水垂直剖面时间序列图也跟观测吻合得较好,随之的感热、潜热通量的模拟也都与观测接近。最后,对输入湖模式的主要大气参量（太阳辐射、2 m气温及风场）±10%的误差引起的模式模拟的湖表面温度误差进行分析,结果表明该湖模式对大气强迫场的误差敏感度不高;相比之下,模拟结果对风场敏感性最小,对辐射和气温的敏感度相当。 相似文献
6.
Lake Baikal is the oldest, deepest, and most voluminous freshwater lake on Earth. Despite its enormous depth, episodically (almost twice a year) large amounts of surface, cold, and oxygenated water sink until the bottom of the lake due to thermobaric instability, with consequent effects on the ecology of the whole lake. A minimal one-dimensional model is used to investigate how changes in the main external forcing (i.e., wind and lake surface temperature) may affect this deep ventilation mechanism. The effect of climate change is evaluated considering the IPCC RCP8.5 and some idealized scenarios and is quantified by (i) estimating the mean annual downwelling volume and temperature and (ii) analyzing vertical temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles. The results suggest that the strongest impact is produced by alterations of wind forcing, while deep ventilation is resistant to rising lake surface temperature. In fact, the seasons when deep ventilation can occur can be shifted in time by lake warming, but not dramatically modified in their duration. Overall, the results show that Lake Baikal is sensible to climate change, to an extent that the ecosystem and water quality of this unique lacustrine system may undergo profound disturbances. 相似文献
7.
The aquatic eco-environment is significantly affected by temporal and spatial variation of the mixed layer depth(MLD) in large shallow lakes.In the present study,we simulated the three-dimensional water temperature of Taihu Lake with an unstructured grid with a finite-volume coastal ocean model(FVCOM) using wind speed,wind direction,short-wave radiation and other meteorological data measured during 13-18 August 2008.The simulated results were consistent with the measurements.The temporal and spatial distribution of the MLD and the possible relevant mechanisms were analyzed on the basis of the water temperature profile data of Taihu Lake.The results indicated that diurnal stratification might be established through the combined effect of the hydrodynamic conditions induced by wind and the heat exchange between air and water.Compared with the net heat flux,the changes of the MLD were delayed approximately two hours.Furthermore,there were significant spatial differences of the MLD in Taihu Lake due to the combined impact of thermal and hydrodynamic forces.Briefly,diurnal stratification formed relatively easily in Gonghu Bay,Zhushan Bay,Xukou Bay and East Taihu Bay,and the surface mixed layer was thin.The center of the lake region had the deepest surface mixed layer due to the strong mixing process.In addition,Meiliang Bay showed a medium depth of the surface mixed layer.Our analysis indicated that the spatial difference in the hydrodynamic action was probably the major cause for the spatial variation of the MLD in Taihu Lake. 相似文献
8.
The effects of terrestrial ecosystems on the climate system have received most attention in the tropics, where extensive deforestation and burning has altered atmospheric chemistry and land surface climatology. In this paper we examine the biophysical and biogeochemical effects of boreal forest and tundra ecosystems on atmospheric processes. Boreal forests and tundra have an important role in the global budgets of atmospheric CO2 and CH4. However, these biogeochemical interactions are climatically important only at long temporal scales, when terrestrial vegetation undergoes large geographic redistribution in response to climate change. In contrast, by masking the high albedo of snow and through the partitioning of net radiation into sensible and latent heat, boreal forests have a significant impact on the seasonal and annual climatology of much of the Northern Hemisphere. Experiments with the LSX land surface model and the GENESIS climate model show that the boreal forest decreases land surface albedo in the winter, warms surface air temperatures at all times of the year, and increases latent heat flux and atmospheric moisture at all times of the year compared to simulations in which the boreal forest is replaced with bare ground or tundra. These effects are greatest in arctic and sub-arctic regions, but extend to the tropics. This paper shows that land-atmosphere interactions are especially important in arctic and sub-arctic regions, resulting in a coupled system in which the geographic distribution of vegetation affects climate and vice versa. This coupling is most important over long time periods, when changes in the abundance and distribution of boreal forest and tundra ecosystems in response to climatic change influence climate through their carbon storage, albedo, and hydrologic feedbacks. 相似文献
9.
Ka Lai Christine Ngai Brian J. Shuter Donald A. Jackson Sudeep Chandra 《Climatic change》2013,118(3-4):841-855
Predicted increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration are expected to cause increases in air temperatures in many regions around the world, and this will likely lead to increases in the surface water temperatures of aquatic ecosystems in these regions. Using daily air and littoral water temperature data collected from Lake Tahoe, a large sub-alpine lake located in the Sierra Nevada mountains (USA), we developed and tested an empirical approach for constructing models designed to estimate site-specific daily surface water temperatures from daily air temperature projections generated from a regional climate model. We used cluster analysis to identify thermally distinct groups among sampled sites within the lake and then developed and independently validated a set of linked regression models designed to estimate daily water temperatures for each spatially distinct thermal group using daily air temperature data. When daily air temperatures projections, generated for 2080–2099 by a regional climate model, were used as input to these group models, projected increases in summer surface water temperatures of as much as 3 °C were projected. This study demonstrates an empirical approach for generating models capable of using daily air temperature projections from established climate models to project site specific impacts on littoral surface waters within large limnetic ecosystems. 相似文献
10.
采用考虑沉水植物影响的E-ε湍流动能闭合湖泊热力学过程模型,模拟2013年8月东太湖湖-气交换过程,并利用太湖的站点观测数据对模型进行了验证。太湖水温的模拟值与观测值吻合较好,模型计算的各层水温与观测值相比,均方根误差均未超过1℃。同时模型也较好地模拟出太湖表面感热通量和潜热通量,潜热通量的模拟值与观测值的标准差为54.7 W/m2。由于湖水较浅,太湖的水温层结会明显受到天气状况的影响。晴朗小风条件下的湖水呈现显著的热分层现象,当风速为0.8 m/s,高层和底层的温差达到7.9℃。大风天气条件驱动较强的水体湍流混合,水温的热分层消失,风速为12 m/s,湖泊上层与底层的水温差仅0.12℃。此外,模拟结果较好地呈现出了东太湖沉水植物的存在通过增大湖体消光系数,减小到达湖体内部的热量,并增加对湖水的阻力,影响湖体中湍流动能的分布,并进而影响湖水温度的分布。综上所述,该模型能够较好地模拟出浅水大湖湖-气交换的过程。 相似文献
11.
12.
Uncertainty in future climate change presents a key challenge for adaptation planning. In this study, uncertainty arising from internal climate variability is investigated using a new 40-member ensemble conducted with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3) under the SRES A1B greenhouse gas and ozone recovery forcing scenarios during 2000–2060. The contribution of intrinsic atmospheric variability to the total uncertainty is further examined using a 10,000-year control integration of the atmospheric model component of CCSM3 under fixed boundary conditions. The global climate response is characterized in terms of air temperature, precipitation, and sea level pressure during winter and summer. The dominant source of uncertainty in the simulated climate response at middle and high latitudes is internal atmospheric variability associated with the annular modes of circulation variability. Coupled ocean-atmosphere variability plays a dominant role in the tropics, with attendant effects at higher latitudes via atmospheric teleconnections. Uncertainties in the forced response are generally larger for sea level pressure than precipitation, and smallest for air temperature. Accordingly, forced changes in air temperature can be detected earlier and with fewer ensemble members than those in atmospheric circulation and precipitation. Implications of the results for detection and attribution of observed climate change and for multi-model climate assessments are discussed. Internal variability is estimated to account for at least half of the inter-model spread in projected climate trends during 2005–2060 in the CMIP3 multi-model ensemble. 相似文献
13.
We describe the initial bias of the climate simulated by a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. The atmospheric component is a
state-of-the-art atmospheric general circulation model, whereas the ocean component is limited to the upper ocean and includes
a mixed layer whose depth is computed by the model. As the full ocean general circulation is not computed by the model, the
heat transport within the ocean is prescribed. When modifying the prescribed heat transport we also affect the initial drift
of the model. We analyze here one of the experiments where this drift is very strong, in order to study the key processes
relating the changes in the ocean transport and the evolution of the model's climate. In this simulation, the ocean surface
temperature cools by 1.5°C in 20 y. We can distinguish two different phases. During the first period of 5 y, the sea surface
temperatures become cooler, particularly in the intertropical area, but the outgoing longwave radiation at the top-of-the-atmosphere
increases very quickly, in particular at the end of the period. An off-line version of the model radiative code enables us
to decompose this behaviour into different contributions (cloudiness, specific humidity, air and surface temperatures, surface
albedo). This partitioning shows that the longwave radiation evolution is due to a decrease of high level cirrus clouds in
the intertropical troposphere. The decrease of the cloud cover also leads to a decrease of the planetary albedo and therefore
an increase of the net short wave radiation absorbed by the system. But the dominant factor is the strong destabilization
by the longwave cooling, which is able to throw the system out of equilibrium. During the remaining of the simulation (second
phase), the cooling induced by the destabilization at the top-of-the-atmosphere is transmitted to the surface by various processes
of the climate system. Hence, we show that small variations of ocean heat transport can force the model from a stable to an
unstable state via atmospheric processes which arise wen the tropics are cooling. Even if possibly overestimated by our GCM,
this mechanism may be pertinent to the maintenance of present climatic conditions in the tropics. The simplifications inherent
in our model's design allow us to investigate the mechanism in some detail.
Received: 18 February 1998 / Accepted: 22 April 1999 相似文献
14.
Bilel Fathalli Thierry Castel Benjamin Pohl 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2020,140(1):231-250
The potential effects on the regional climate induced by partially immersing the arid pre-Saharan playa basin of Chott el-Jerid (south of Tunisia) are investigated by comparing two multi-year (1991–2011) sets of numerical simulations each consisting of ten-member ensemble and performed using the WRF regional climate model. The first WRF ensemble is performed under current land use and land cover, while the second is carried out after introducing a virtual large and shallow surface water reservoir (a lake) in Chott el-Jerid. The most pronounced effects generated by the artificial lake are circumscribed over its surface and slightly spread downwind to the other parts of the Chott. The lake has a clear moderating effect on near-surface air temperatures by increasing (decreasing) the wintertime (summertime) air temperatures. Sensible heat fluxes are remarkably increased in winter and decreased in summer over the lake following the temperature gradient between the lake surface and the overlying atmosphere. Latent heat fluxes, moisture convergence, and water vapor mixing ratio are increased over the lake throughout the year, especially in winter. The lake also induces domain-wide decreased (increased) surface pressures and land (lake) breeze circulation in winter (summer). Simulated rainfall amounts are most increased over the lake in winter likely because of an enhanced atmospheric instability, while they slightly decrease in summer. 相似文献
15.
I. N. Kuznetsova M. I. Nakhaev I. Yu. Shalygina E. A. Lezina 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2008,33(3):167-174
Large-scale and local weather conditions during severe wintertime air pollution episodes in the Moscow megalopolis are analyzed. Concentrations of CO, NO, and NO2 obtained from the automated network of the atmosphere pollution control are used as tracers for atmospheric processes in the urban atmospheric boundary layer. It is shown that a high surface air pollution level in the city is formed at a weak wind in the lower atmosphere and only in the presence of a surface or low elevated temperature inversion. Temperature contrasts in the urban heat island generate the circulation that promotes air pollution in megapolis regions remote from large emission sources. It is supposed that in case of severe frosts the amount of anthropogenic heat in the megapolis sharply increases, promoting active turbulent mixing, thus preventing pollution accumulation in the surface air. 相似文献
16.
Soil occupation and atmospheric variations over Sobradinho Lake area. Part two: a regional modeling study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. F. Correia M. A. F. da Silva Dias M. R. da Silva Aragão 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2006,94(1-4):115-128
Summary The impact of the changes on soil cover and land use brought about by the construction of the Sobradinho Dam in the semi-arid
region of the S?o Francisco River Hydrographic Basin is analyzed by means of a numerical model RAMS. Disregarding the influence
of a large scale flow, a set of factors were responsible for the creation of a rather complex circulation system that includes
mountain-valley winds, lake breeze (LB) and non-conventional circulation all induced by the surface non-homogeneous aspect.
Results have demonstrated that the implementation of works of such magnitude brings about environmental changes in an area
that stretches far beyond the surroundings of the reservoir. The soil cover alterations due to the ever increasing development
of the area with the presence of irrigated crops in a sparsely vegetated region (caatinga) does affect land surface characteristics, occasioning for that matter the splitting of the available energy into latent
and sensible heat fluxes. LB behavior varies in accordance with atmospheric conditions and also in view of the type of vegetation
found in the lake surrounding areas. Hydro availability in root zones, even under adverse atmospheric conditions (high temperature
and low air humidity) brings up the high rates of evaporation and plant transpiration that contribute towards the increase
of humidity and the fall of temperature in lower atmospheric layers. 相似文献
17.
为量化分析研究湖泊对局地降水强度及性质的影响,基于WRF3.8版本中尺度数值模式及NCEP/NCAR提供的1°×1°时间间隔为6 h的FNL分析资料,进行控制性试验、湖泊陆面化的敏感性试验,对2011年6月14—15日鄱阳湖附近强降水的高值中心开展分析。结果表明:鄱阳湖水体下垫面白天作为“冷源”,对其附近100 km的水平范围、800 m的垂直厚度大气的温度有明显的“降温”调节作用。这种热力条件减弱影响了对流层中低层上升运动的强度与持续时间,造成降水强度减弱、降水时长缩短,最终减少了湖泊附近10%左右的累积雨量;鄱阳湖水体下垫面仅能提高边界层大气水汽的饱和程度(相对湿度),但“降低”了水汽的绝对含量(比湿),是湖泊陆面化后的敏感性试验比控制性试验降水中心强度更大、强降水范围更广的原因之一;湖泊水体下垫面通过“降低”边界层大气温度与绝对湿度,从而使大气具有比敏感性试验更弱的对流有效位能,大气低层(1000~850 hPa)具有更弱的对流不稳定度,探空反映控制性试验近地层有浅薄逆温结构,其比湖泊陆面化敏感性试验具有更低的CAPE,最终减弱控制性试验降水的对流性质。总体而言,鄱阳湖水体下垫面通过调节边界层大气的温度与绝对湿度,从而改变大气低层的环境条件,并影响初始抬升气块的温湿条件,延缓并减弱垂直运动的持续时间与强度,减弱湖泊附近低层的对流,对大气加热有45%的抑制率,最终减小降水强度与范围。 相似文献
18.
Impact of the convection-wind-evaporation feedback on surface climate simulation in general circulation models 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. H. Zhang 《Climate Dynamics》1996,12(5):299-312
The wind-evaporation-convection feedback in the tropics is demonstrated to strongly affect the mean state of surface climate in atmospheric general circulation models. The feedback is shown to be very effective in channeling perturbations from one component of the climate system to other components, e.g., from evaporation to surface wind and from atmospheric convective activity to evaporation. It also provides an effective channel to pass on atmospheric perturbations in the middle and upper troposphere to the surface. As an illustration, it is shown that surface evaporation over tropical oceans is connected with cloud absorption of shortwave radiation through this feedback. Insufficient shortwave cloud absorption, causing excessive shortwave radiation at the surface as is common in most of the climate models, leads to excessive evaporation. Quantitatively, sensitivity of evaporation to short-wave cloud absorption, when averaged over the whole tropics, can be described by an approximate balance of variations in atmospheric radiative cooling and latent heating. This balance is achieved by the impact of radiation on convection, and then on the surface wind and evaporation. This mechanism calls for the need to include atmospheric processes far beyond the surface for improvements of the quality of surface climate simulation. 相似文献
19.
We consider the general atmospheric circulation within the deductive framework of our climate theory. The preceding three parts of this theory have reduced the troposphere to the tropical and polar air masses and determined their temperature and the surface latitude of their dividing boundary, which provide the prior thermal constraint for the present dynamical derivation. Drawing upon its similar material conservation as the thermal property, the (columnar) potential vorticity (PV) is assumed homogenized as well in air masses, which moreover has a zero tropical value owing to the hemispheric symmetry. Inverting this PV field produces an upper-bound zonal wind that resembles the prevailing wind, suggesting that the latter may be explained as the maximum macroscopic motion extractable by random eddies – within the confine of the thermal differentiation.With the polar front determined in conjunction with the zonal wind, the approximate leveling of the isobars at the surface and high aloft specifies the tropopause, which is colder and higher in the tropics than in the polar region. The zonal wind drives the meridional circulation via the Ekman dynamics, and the preeminence of the Hadley cell stems from the singular Ekman convergence at the equator that allows it to supply the upward mass flux in the ITCZ demanded by the global energy balance. 相似文献
20.
Ali Belmadani Vincent Echevin Francis Codron Ken Takahashi Clémentine Junquas 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(7-8):1893-1914
The dynamics of the Peru–Chile upwelling system (PCUS) are primarily driven by alongshore wind stress and curl, like in other eastern boundary upwelling systems. Previous studies have suggested that upwelling-favorable winds would increase under climate change, due to an enhancement of the thermally-driven cross-shore pressure gradient. Using an atmospheric model on a stretched grid with increased horizontal resolution in the PCUS, a dynamical downscaling of climate scenarios from a global coupled general circulation model (CGCM) is performed to investigate the processes leading to sea-surface wind changes. Downscaled winds associated with present climate show reasonably good agreement with climatological observations. Downscaled winds under climate change show a strengthening off central Chile south of 35°S (at 30°S–35°S) in austral summer (winter) and a weakening elsewhere. An alongshore momentum balance shows that the wind slowdown (strengthening) off Peru and northern Chile (off central Chile) is associated with a decrease (an increase) in the alongshore pressure gradient. Whereas the strengthening off Chile is likely due to the poleward displacement and intensification of the South Pacific Anticyclone, the slowdown off Peru may be associated with increased precipitation over the tropics and associated convective anomalies, as suggested by a vorticity budget analysis. On the other hand, an increase in the land–sea temperature difference is not found to drive similar changes in the cross-shore pressure gradient. Results from another atmospheric model with distinct CGCM forcing and climate scenarios suggest that projected wind changes off Peru are sensitive to concurrent changes in sea surface temperature and rainfall. 相似文献