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1.
Recent publications have investigated the interactions between the extratropical transitions （ETs） of tropical cyclones （TCs） and midlatitude circulations; however, studies of ET events have rarely considered the relationship between the storm and the nearby subtropical high. The TC best-track data provided by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center-Tokyo Typhoon Center of the Japan Meteorology Agency are used in conjunction with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data to discuss the potential effects of the subtropical high on ETs over the western North Pacific basin. When the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） is weakened and withdrawn toward the east, more TCs follow recurving paths and the midlatitude trough activity is intensified. These changes lead to enhanced ET activity. By contrast, when the WPSH strengthens and extends westward, the number of TCs that follow direct westward paths increases and the midlatitude trough is relatively inactive. These conditions lead to reduced occurrences of ET cases. Abnormal activity of the WPSH should be considered as an important factor in determining ET activity. 相似文献
2.
A CLIMATOLOGY OF EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Based on best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis, a climatology of western North Pacific extratropical
transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) is presented in this paper. It was found that 35% (318 out of 912) of all
TCs underwent ET during 1979–2008. The warm-season (June through September) ETs account for 64% of all ET events
with the most occurrence in September. The area 120°E–150°E and 20°N–40°N is the most favorable region for ET
onsets in western North Pacific. The TCs experience ET at latitudes 30°N–40°N and have the greatest intensity in
contrast to other latitude bands. The distribution of ET onset locations shows obviously meridional migration in
different seasons. A cyclone phase space (CPS) method was used to analyze the TC evolution during ET. Except for
some cases of abnormal ET at relatively high latitudes, typical phase evolution paths—along which TC firstly
showed thermal asymmetry and an upper-level cold core and then lost its low-level warm core—can be used to
describe the main features of ET processes in western North Pacific. Some seasonal variations of ET evolution paths
in CPS were also found at low latitudes south of 15°N, which suggests different ET onset mechanisms there. Further
composite analysis concluded that warm-season ETs have generally two types of evolutions, but only one type in cold
season (October through next May). The first type of warm-season ETs has less baroclinicity due to long distance
between the TC and upper-level mid-latitude system. However, significant interactions between a mid-latitude upper
-level trough and TC, of either approaching or being absorbed into the trough, and TC’s relations with downstream
and upstream upper-level jets, are the fingerprints for both a second type of warm-season ETs and almost all the
cold-season ETs. For each type of ETs, detailed structural characteristics as well as precipitation distribution
are illustrated by latitude. 相似文献
3.
A Comparison of Precipitation Distribution of Two Landfalling Tropical Cyclones during the Extratropical Transition 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
CHEN Guanghua 《大气科学进展》2011,28(6):1390-1404
The precipitation distributions associated with two landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs) during extratropical transition(ET) were examined in this study.Their distinction is that the bulk of precipitation fell to the left of the TC track in one TC and to the right in the other.The analyses indicate that,for the TC Haima(2004) case,accompanied by the approach of a deep midlatitude trough throughout the depth of the troposphere,the warm and moist air advection by the southeasterly flow north of TC was favorable for warm advection and frontogenesis to the northwest of the TC.Due to the steepening of equivalent potential temperature(θ e),the air-parcel uplift along the θ e surface,in collaboration with thermally direct circulation related to frontogenesis,led to enhanced precipitation northwest of the TC.In contrast,for TC Matsa(2005) embedded within a moister environment,a weak midlatitude trough was situated at the mid-upper level.The convection was triggered by the conditional instability at the lower level and then sustained by dynamic forcing at the mid-upper level so that the heavy precipitation occurred to the northeast of TC.For the two TC cases,the precipitation enhancement was also linked to the upper-level anomalous divergence associated with the jet-related forcing on the right side of the jet entrance.From the quasigeostrophic perspective,the advection of geostrophic absolute vorticity by the thermal wind most likely served as an indication reflecting the displacement of the vertical motion relative to the center of the TC. 相似文献
4.
The differences in the climatology of extratropical transition(ET) of western North Pacific tropical cyclones(TCs) were investigated in this study using the TCs best-track datasets of China Meteorological Administration(CMA),Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC). The results show that the ET identification, ET completion time, and post-ET duration reported in the JTWC dataset are greatly different from those in CMA and JMA datasets during 2004-2010. However, the key differences between the CMA and JMA datasets from 1951 to 2010 are the ET identification and the post-ET duration, because of inconsistent objective ET criteria used in the centers. Further analysis indicates that annual ET percentage of CMA was lower than that of JMA, and exhibited an interannual decreasing trend, while that of JMA was an unchanged trend. The western North Pacific ET events occurred mainly during the period June to November. The latitude of ET occurrence shifted northward from February to August,followed by a southward shift. Most of ET events were observed between 35°N and 45°N. From a regional perspective,TCs tended to undergo ET in Japan and the ocean east to it. It is found that TCs which experienced the ET process at higher latitudes were generally more intense at the ET completion time. TCs completing the ET overland or offshore were weaker than those finishing the ET over the ocean. Most of the TCs weakened 24 h before the completion of ET.In contrast, 21%(27%) of the TCs showed an intensification process based on the CMA(JMA) dataset during the post-ET period. The results presented in this study indicate that consistent ET determination criteria are needed to reduce the uncertainty involved in ET identification among the centers. 相似文献
5.
运用美国NOAA-15极轨气象卫星高分辨率的AMSU探测资料, 结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和GMS-5气象卫星红外云顶亮温(TBB)资料, 对2004年Chaba(0417)台风(TC)变性前后的热力结构特征进行分析。发现变性前TC暖核结构呈对称分布, 在高空存在一强暖心; 变性后原TC对称暖心结构消失, 存在于温带气旋上空的相对暖区呈现出倾斜的非对称分布, 在高、低层各形成一弱的暖区中心, 锋面的斜压特性显著。通过热力结构对比, 进一步揭示出TC在向高纬度方向移动时, 与中纬度系统相互作用发生变性, 实质上是两个相继过程, 即热带气旋的消亡和温带气旋的生成发展。TC西侧高空干冷空气的入侵下沉, 破坏了其发展所需的水汽条件, 造成TC对称暖核结构的削弱和损毁。与此同时, 在TC残留区域, 由于空气较暖且存在气旋式环流, 暖空气在东侧呈气旋式上升, 与西侧高空入侵下沉的干冷空气形成偶极, TC暖气团与冷空气相交发展形成斜压的结果, 则为温带气旋的生成和发展创造了有利条件。 相似文献
6.
Fifty-eight extratropical transition (ET) cases in the years 2000-2008, including
2,021 observations (at 6-hour intervals), over the western North Pacific are analyzed using
the cyclone phase space (CPS) method, in an effort to get the characteristics of the structure
evolution and environmental conditions of tropical cyclones (TCs) during ET over this area.
Cluster analysis of the CPS dataset shows that strong TCs are more likely to undergo ET. ET
begins with the increment of thermal asymmetry in TCs, along with the generation and
intensification of an upper-level cold core, and ends with the occurrence of a lower-level
cold core. ET lasts an average duration of about 28 hours. Dynamic composite analysis of the
environmental field of different clusters shows that, in general, when TCs move northward,
they are gradually embedded in the westerlies and gradually transform into extratropical
cyclones under the influence of the mid- and higher-latitude baroclinic systems. As for those
TCs which complete ET, there is always much greater potential vorticity gradient in the
northwest of them and obvious water vapor transport channels in the environment. 相似文献
7.
选取西北太平洋上两个生命史中发生变性的热带气旋Yagi和Francisco,前者变性后有一个24小时的再增强过程,而后者则继续减弱直至消亡。利用日本气象厅提供的热带气旋资料和美国环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的FNL全球分析资料,对比分析两个TC在变性阶段的形势场,发现两者在高低层的环境场均具有明显的差异:Yagi在变性阶段其高空槽较强且在低层有一个与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋合并的过程;而Francisco在变性阶段其高空槽较弱,且变性后自行消亡。另外探讨了导致Yagi变性增强的原因,结果表明:(1)Yagi变性阶段与高空槽前的急流相互作用时,高空急流入口区左侧和出口区右侧的次级环流将产生高空辐散低空辐合的趋势,有利于低层TC低压的发展。同时,当Yagi在穿越急流的过程当中,垂直风切变的增加将导致斜压不稳定增强,低层锋区强烈发展,锋区内的斜压能量可能向TC动能转化,从而使得Yagi发展增强;(2)高空槽所对应的高层湿位涡下传可使得低层正涡度增长,从而在低层诱生出气旋性环流,有利于Yagi变性后重新发展;(3)Yagi与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋发生合并,温带气旋所带来的较高纬度冷空气的入侵增强了低层的水平温度梯度,使得低层锋区强烈发展,从Yagi以一个锋面气旋的形式而再度发展,促使其变性后进一步增强。而这些特征都是Francisco所不具备的。 相似文献
8.
热带气旋(TC)在向高纬度地区移动过程中往往会转变为温带气旋,称之为温带变性(ET)过程。ET过程涉及到热带系统与中纬度环流的复杂相互作用,并对局地系统直至大范围环流均产生影响,这种影响甚至向下游延伸到半球的尺度。由于ET过程及其下游影响给中纬度地区带来严重灾害性天气,而对其的预报一直是一个难题,因而关于此问题的科学研究和业务预报是近年来国际上的一个热点,国内的有关工作也已开展。从TC在ET过程中与中纬度环流的相互作用、ET过程对中纬度下游环流的影响和ET过程及其下游影响的数值预报三个方面总结和分析了近年来国内外的有关研究进展,为国内学术界进一步开展相关研究提供参考。主要进展包括:(1) TC高层出流输出低位涡(PV)空气改变温带上层结构以及TC环流直接作用于中纬度流是TC-中纬度流相互作用的主要方式;TC相对于上游槽的位置对ET过程及其下游影响很关键;各种物理过程在相互作用中起到不同的作用;(2) TC所激发的Rossby波在与急流相联系的上层PV梯度上向下游频散是下游发展的主要方式;下游发展具有显著的边界俘获和上下层耦合发展的特征;(3) 目标观测、集合预报和变分同化等技术的发展提高了ET及其下游影响的数值预报水平。 相似文献
9.
黄渤海登陆热带气旋活动的统计分析 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：7
利用中国气象局整编的1949-2000年的热带气旋资料，分析了52年间在黄渤海沿岸登陆的热带气旋的年际和季节分布、强度、移向和移速、源地及变性等气候特征，揭示了此类气旋大部分强度较强并易发生陆上变性，变性后增强的气旋的雏持时间较长等事实，并发现了其变性的高频地区位于黄海北部至中朝边境。 相似文献
10.
利用气旋相空间法(cyclone phase space,CPS)对1403号台风Faxai变性前后的环境场及结构演变特征进行分析。结果表明:相空间法能够很好地指示低纬变性台风Faxai的变性起止时间。此次过程是由减弱的台风环流与TC西北侧的短波槽结合发展产生,分析台风Faxai的结构演变特征可知,变性阶段TC低层厚度场由均匀对称分布转为非均匀分布,增大了环境斜压性,变性后B值最大达30 m,为弱的斜压非对称结构。Faxai东侧的偏南风暖湿气流与偏北风气流相交汇,使得经向位温梯度增加从而在TC东北象限形成一带状锋区,锋区正好位于南北两大风圈之间的位置。整个变性阶段Faxai西侧几乎无明显冷锋锋生,只在环流东北侧有一定程度的暖锋锋生,这与典型的锋面气旋的发展过程有所不同。变性前,TC呈现对称分布的暖核结构;变性阶段,冷空气从热带低压西侧对流层中低层下沉入侵,TC呈现左侧冷、右侧暖的非对称斜压结构,中层增温可能与槽后强的下沉气流有关。对锋生函数各分量分析发现,散度场主导了气旋周围的标量锋生,倾斜项的贡献次之,涡度场是引起旋转锋生的主要因素,其余两项可忽略不计。 相似文献
11.
高空槽对9711号台风变性加强影响的数值研究 总被引：26，自引：9，他引：26
9711号台风Winnie是一个在中国大陆长久维持(2—3 d)并产生强降水的热带气旋(TC),在其深入内陆过程中变性加强为一个温带气旋。用MM5V3对不同强度高空槽影响下Winnie的变性加强过程进行了数值研究。结果表明:(1)Winnie变性加强过程表现为强锋面侵入台风内部、冷空气包裹台风中心、一个温带气旋在近地层锋面上强烈发展的过程;(2)Winnie在陆上的变性加强与西风带高空槽的强度密切相关。TC与不同强度高空槽相互作用过程中,较深槽携带较强冷平流、正涡度平流以及较强的槽前高空辐散,从而有利于TC的维持和变性发展。数值试验中,高空槽越强,Winnie变性加强越明显,温带气旋的发展越快;(3)模拟结果的位涡分析表明,Winnie的温带变性发展与对流层高层正位涡下传、低层锋区和TC低压环流三者之间的相互作用有关。 相似文献
12.
本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF和LAGRANTO轨迹模式对2010年变性台风"Malakas"进行数值模拟和轨迹分析,分析了Malakas在变性过程中与中纬度系统的相互作用,以及在相互作用过程中Malakas的结构变化特征。结果表明:Malakas变性过程经历了三个阶段:(1)高层扰动加强期,高层的正位涡产生的气旋性环流使低层Malakas中心北部的斜压带西侧产生负的温度平流,表现为冷空气的入侵;(2)Malakas和中纬度系统相互作用时期,台风北上导致斜压带出现,深对流的爆发使低层暖湿气流沿着斜压带上升,快速上升气流中的潜热释放导致低PV空气向对流层上部净输送,在其北部高层重新构建出一个脊;(3)Malakas变性成温带气旋,残存的台风内核与斜压带逐渐合并,负的位涡平流带着非绝热外出流驱动了下游最初脊的构建,加速并且固定了中纬度急流,并整体放大了上层Rossby波模式。 相似文献
13.
采用动态合成分析方法,对1970-2006年登陆后北上类TC（tropicalcyclone）和西行类TC各7个样本做动态合成分析和诊断,结果表明：（1）北上类TC在背景场长波槽前北移靠近中纬度斜压锋区,通过吸附运动使TC低压并入西风槽,而西行类TC背景场没有长波槽,离中纬度斜压锋区较远;（2）北上类TC登陆时存在西南低空急流水汽输送带,当其强度减弱后,TC东南侧存在东南暖湿气流作为补充,而西行类TC减弱后逐渐与之分离,且不存在东南暖湿气流作为补充;（3）北上类TC高层辐散区与高空急流边界靠近,因此增强了其向东北方向的辐散,低层由于高层动量下传,加强了低空西风,从而使TC低压环流维持,而西行类TC离高空急流边界较远;（4）北上类TC从中纬度斜压锋区获取斜压能量,其环流垂直切变增强,相对涡度差负值增大,在高空TC中心散度由大变小后又由小变大的过程中,TC发生了变性,而西行类TC没有环境能量补给,逐渐填塞消亡。因此,当一个TC登陆后,其预报移动方向、水汽输送状况、与斜压锋区的关系以及高空辐散气流等特征,可以作为初步判定登陆TC将减弱消亡还是将变性加强的可能原因。 相似文献
14.
Eun-Hyuk Baek Joo-Hong Kim Jong-Seong Kug Gyu-Ho Lim 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2013,49(3):333-346
This study identifies favorable synoptic backgrounds for indirect precipitation events over the Korean Peninsula that occur well in advance of tropical cyclone (TC) landfall. Two TCs, i.e., Rammasun (2002) and Maemi (2003) that made landfall and produced heavy rainfall over the Peninsula are compared. Although both had a remarkably similar accumulated rainfall pattern over the peninsula, the temporal evolutions of hourly rainfall were different. Only Maemi had an indirect precipitation event in conjunction with a midlatitude trough to its north. The confluent flows at middle-to-upper levels were strengthened due to the increased pressure gradient between the midlatitude trough and the subtropical high, and the warm advection by the confluent flows also became stronger near the confluent zone. By contrast, Rammasun encountered the subtropical ridge while moving northward, which results in slow recurvature and reduction of the thermal gradient over the peninsula. The highly baroclinic synoptic backgrounds in the Maemi case lead to the midlevel frontogenesis. Budget analyses using the three-dimensional frontogenesis equation revealed that the horizontal deformation forcing had a primary role in generating the front. The front was associated with a thermally direct circulation that contributed to strong ascent and indirect precipitation over the peninsula well in advance of the landfall of Maemi. Moreover, the indirect precipitation could intensify due to the abundant low-level moisture supply to the frontal zone by the southerly wind on the east side of the TC. 相似文献
15.
西北太平洋变性台风时空分布特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的1961-2000年共40 a热带气旋年鉴资料,对发生在西北太平洋上的变性台风的时空分布特征进行了诊断分析和研究.研究发现,发生于西北太平洋上的变性台风的年频数呈现出明显的年代际变化特征,主要特征是20世纪60年代偏多,70至80年代显著减少,90年代初又略有回升,至90年代下半期每年发生变性的台风个数均极少;年际变化趋势呈现出逐年减少的特征,与西北太平洋上生成的总台风频数的变化趋势一致;西北太平洋上的变性台风多发生于夏、秋两季,特别集中于夏季与秋季的转换时期(变性比例分别达到40%及46%);秋季较夏季台风发生变性的位置整体偏东;台风变性前移动路径主要集中于朝鲜半岛以南及日本海附近,变性后路径多北上偏东;西北太平洋各月变性台风在变性后6小时内平均强度均减弱,变性后12小时内平均强度仍继续减弱,变性后强度加强的气旋的最低平均气压仅在6、7月份较变性前最明显.进一步通过对NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料的500 hPa高度场的EOF分析,发现夏、秋两季,纬向环流指数与台风变性频数呈显著负相关;中高纬度500hPa距平高度场在夏半年为正距平区,对应着高压,宜于冷空气入侵向高纬地区北上的台风,促进台风发生变性. 相似文献
16.
利用中尺度模式MM5对西北太平洋9617号热带风暴Tom转变温带气旋的变性过程进行了模拟.通过对其变性过程的模拟分析发现:热带风暴Tom与西风槽相互作用,风暴东侧低层暖湿气流与槽前正涡度平流发生耦合有利于气旋发展;槽前暖平流与槽后冷平流使风暴形成具有西冷东暖的热力分布结构,诱使风暴向斜压转变;高空急流入口处右侧的气旋式切变及出口处右侧的反气旋式切变有利于风暴右侧气流上升和左侧气流下沉运动,有利于风暴由正压向斜压性转变;来自风暴西北侧的干冷空气自700hPa附近向风暴中心侵入,使风暴中心暖柱体发生自低层向高层的西北一东南向的倾斜,其暖性特征遭到破坏;由于干冷空气的侵入,低层700hPa分为南北两个暖中心,北侧暖中心北侧出现了明显的暖锋锋生,西南侧另一个暖心附近有冷锋锋生迹象;平流层高值PV异常下传有利于变性后的热带风暴的再次加强. 相似文献
17.
This study investigates the influences of tropical Indian Ocean(TIO) warming on tropical cyclone(TC)genesis in different regions of the western North Pacific(WNP) from July to October(JASO) during the decaying El Nio. The results show significant negative TC frequency anomalies localized in the southeastern WNP. Correlation analysis indicates that a warm sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) in the TIO strongly suppresses TC genesis south of 21°N and east of 140°E in JASO. Reduced TC genesis over the southeastern WNP results from a weak monsoon trough and divergence and subsidence anomalies associated with an equatorial baroclinic Kelvin wave. Moreover,suppressed convection in response to a cold local SSTA, induced by the increased northeasterly connected by the wind-evaporation-SST positive feedback mechanism, is found unfavorable for TC genesis. Positive TC genesis anomalies are observed over higher latitudinal regions(at around 21°N, 140°E) and the western WNP because of enhanced convection along the northern flank of the WNP anomalous anticyclone and low-level convergence,respectively. Although local modulation(e.g., local SST) could have greater dominance over TC activity at higher latitudes in certain anomalous years(e.g., 1988), a warm TIO SSTA can still suppress TC genesis in lower latitudinal regions of the WNP. A better understanding of the contributions of TIO warming could help improve seasonal TC predictions over different regions of the WNP in years of decaying El Nio. 相似文献
18.
Cyclone Phase Space Characteristics of the Extratropical Transitioning Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 The cyclone phase space (CPS) method has been utilized to evaluate the extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclones
(TCs) in many recent publications. However, these studies mainly focused over the North Atlantic basin. In this paper, the
CPS characteristics of all the cyclones over the western North Pacific are investigated and discussed, with three parameters
calculated from the best-track data of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Tokyo and the Japanese 25-yr reanalysis
data. It is concluded that most TCs over the western North Pacific possess the non-frontal and warm-core structure, while
a larger number of cyclones that have undergone ET hold the frontal and cold-core structure. The spatial pattern of the CPS
parameters indicates that the areas of tropical and extratropical cyclone activities could be demarcated by 30°N. The composite
and individual series of three parameters of the CPS indicate that the transformation of −V
TU from positive to negative leads to the start of ET, and could be considered as a potential predictor in operationally forecasting
an ET event. 相似文献
19.
The frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs) in Taiwan during June to October (JJASO) is found to have a strong negative correlation with the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern in the preceding April. In the negative PNA phase, the anomalous cyclonic and the anomalous anticyclonic circulations are intensified at low latitudes and midlatitudes from East Asia to the North Atlantic, respectively, from April to JJASO. Particularly in East Asia, the anomalous southeasterly that converges between the anomalous anticyclone to the east of Japan and the anomalous cyclone to the east of Taiwan plays a decisive role in moving TCs not only to Taiwan, but also to the midlatitude coastal regions of East Asia as a result of the steering flow. In addition, a southwestward extension of a western North Pacific (WNP) high during the positive PNA phase also contributed to a frequent movement of TCs to southern China without traveling north toward the midlatitude regions of East Asia. Due to the difference in the typical tracks of the TC in the WNP according to the PNA phase, the intensity of the TC in the negative PNA phase is stronger than that in the positive PNA phase. 相似文献
20.
陆地上爆发性温带气旋的暖锋后弯结构分析 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
温带气旋的暖锋后弯是20世纪80年代末从北大西洋爆发性气旋现场科学试验中发现的一个重要科学成果, 修正了 经典温带锋面气旋模式中锢囚锋的概念。在地球同步卫星云图上, 经常可以观测到欧亚大陆的气旋云系也存在与暖锋后弯 非常类似的演变过程。利用常规的高空、地面观测, NCEP的1°×1°再分析场和FY-2E 水汽图像等资料, 通过分析2012年5 月11-14日一次蒙古气旋强烈发展的结构特征, 揭示了在内陆地区温带气旋发展过程中若暖锋锋区增强而冷锋锋区减弱, 则 该类气旋也存在暖锋后弯和暖核被隔离的事实。分析结果还表明该类蒙古气旋中暖核强度虽不如海洋爆发性气旋, 但其厚 度可伸展到600hPa,在对流层低层850hPa低压中心附近不仅有暖核, 而且存在与暖核近乎重合的干中心, 但干暖中心与气 旋中心并不重合。另外, 单站探空及垂直剖面的分析显示, 在后弯的暖锋锋区附近存在强的湿上升运动, 干暖核内以干空气 和下沉运动为主, 在边界层内后弯暖锋锋区比冷锋锋区强;在冷锋后部的干输送带中对流层中高层锋区明显, 且总体上相对 湿度较小、上升运动微弱, 最显着的干区位于锋区上方下沉的暖空气中。 相似文献