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1.
Lorenzo Marini Matthew P. Ayres Andrea Battisti Massimo Faccoli 《Climatic change》2012,115(2):327-341
Temperature warming and the increased frequency of climatic anomalies are expected to trigger bark beetle outbreaks with potential severe consequences on forest ecosystems. We characterized the combined effects of climatic factors and density-dependent feedbacks on forest damage caused by Ips typographus (L.), one of the most destructive pests of European spruce forests, and tested whether climate modified the interannual variation in the altitudinal outbreak range of the species. We analyzed a 16-year time-series from the European Alps of timber loss in Picea abies Karsten forests due to I. typographus attacks and used a discrete population model and an information theoretic approach to compare multiple competing hypotheses. The occurrence of dry summers combined with warm temperatures appeared as the main abiotic triggers of severity of outbreaks. We also found an endogenous negative feedback with a 2-year lag suggesting a potential important role of natural enemies. Forest damage per hectare averaged 7-fold higher where spruce was planted in sites warmer than those within its historical climatic range. Dry summers, but not temperature, was related to upward shifts in the altitudinal outbreak range. Considering the potential increased susceptibility of spruce forests to insect outbreaks due to climate change, there is growing value in mitigating these effects through sustainable forest management, which includes avoiding the promotion of spruce outside its historical climatic range. 相似文献
2.
P. TUNVED J. STRÖM M. KULMALA V.-M. KERMINEN M. DAL MASO B. SVENNINGSON C. LUNDER H.-C. HANSSON 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2008,60(4):473-484
We use a recently developed parametrization to estimate the regional particle field in the summer time troposphere over Scandinavia that would result if the forest were the only source of particles. The calculated field is compared with available observational data. It is concluded that the needle leaf forest above 58°N alone is capable of producing aerosol mass concentrations corresponding to 12–50% of today's values in the boundary layer over Scandinavia. We also demonstrate that the forest itself could produce up to 200 CCN per cubic centimetre on average over Scandinavia and further show that an increase in temperature by 5.8 °C compared to today's average temperature could increase this CCN population by 40%. The study shows that we are able to approximate the natural aerosol field resulting from biogenic emissions over the boreal forest in the northern hemispheric region. This information provide an important contribution in the evaluation of the climate effect caused by anthropogenic emissions of particles over the forest and also opens the possibility to better address the climate feedbacks believed to be associated with the boreal region. 相似文献
3.
Reconstructing the temporal and spatial climate development on a seasonal basis during the last few centuries, including the
‘Little Ice Age’, may help us better understand modern-day interplay between natural and anthropogenic climate variability.
The conventional view of the climate development during the last millennium has been that it followed a sequence of a Medieval
Warm Period, a cool ‘Little Ice Age’ and a warming during the later part of the 19th century and in particular during the
late 20th/early 21st centuries. However, recent research has challenged this rather simple sequence of climate development.
Up to the present, it has been considered most likely that the ‘Little Ice Age’ glacial expansion in western Scandinavia was
due to lower summer temperatures. Data presented here, however, indicate that the main cause of the early 18th century glacial
advance in western Scandinavia was mild and humid winters associated with increased precipitation and high snowfall on the
glaciers. 相似文献
4.
Sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) exerts great influence on the generation of global weather and climate. Much progress has been made with respect to SSTA in the Pacific Ocean region in contrast to the Indian Ocean. The IAP9L model, which is developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science, is used to simulate the influence of the Indian Ocean SSTA on the general circulation and weather/climate anomalies in the monsoon region of Asia. It is found that the warm (cool) SSTA in the equatorial low latitudes of the Indian Ocean triggers winter (summer) teleconnection patterns in middle and higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere that are similar to PNA or EAP. They play a very important role in the anomaly of circulation or weather and climate in the middle and lower latitudes of the Asian summer monsoon region. With the warm (cool) SSTA forcing in the Indian Ocean, the Asian summer monsoon sets up at a late (early) date and withdraws at a early (late) date, lasting for a short (long) duration at a weak (strong) intensity. The Indian Ocean SSTA is shown to be an indicator for precipitation variation in China. 相似文献
5.
David P. Rowell 《Climate Dynamics》2005,25(7-8):837-849
A scenario of European climate change for the late twenty-first century is described, using a high-resolution state-of-the-art
model. A time-slice approach is used, whereby the atmospheric general circulation model, HadAM3P, was integrated for two periods,
1960–1990 and 2070–2100, using the SRES A2 scenario. For the first time an ensemble of such experiments was produced, along
with appropriate statistical tests for assessing significance. The focus is on changes to the statistics of seasonal means,
and includes analysis of both multi-year means and interannual variance. All four seasons are assessed, and anomalies are
mapped for surface air temperature, precipitation and snow mass. Mechanisms are proposed where these are dominated by straightforward
local processes. In winter, the largest warming occurs over eastern Europe, up to 7°C, mean snow mass is reduced by at least
80% except over Scandinavia, and precipitation increases over all but the southernmost parts of Europe. In summer, temperatures
rise by 6–9°C south of about 50°N, and mean rainfall is substantially reduced over the same area. In spring and autumn, anomalies
tend to be weaker, but often display patterns similar to the preceding season, reflecting the inertia of the land surface
component of the climate system. Changes in interannual variance are substantial in the solsticial seasons for many regions
(note that for precipitation, variance estimates are scaled by the square of the mean). In winter, interannual variability
of near-surface air temperature is considerably reduced over much of Europe, and the relative variability of precipitation
is reduced north of about 50°N. In summer, the (relative) interannual variance of both variables increases over much of the
continent. 相似文献
6.
Interdecadal Change of the Relationship Between the Tropical Indian Ocean Dipole Mode and the Summer Climate Anomaly in China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 ZHAO Shanshan ZHOU Tianjun YANG Xiuqun ZHU Yimin TAN Yanke SUN Xuguang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2011,25(2):129-141
The interdecadal change of the relationship between the tropical Indian Ocean dipole(IOD) mode and the summer climate anomaly in China is investigated by using monthly precipitation and temperature records at 210 stations in China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for 1957-2005.The results indicate that along with the interdecadal shift in the large-scale general circulation around the late 1970s,the relationship between the IOD mode and the summer climate anomaly in some regions of China has significantly changed.Before the late 1970s,a developing IOD event is associated with an enhanced East Asian summer monsoon,which tends to decrease summer precipitation and increase summer temperature in South China;while after the late 1970s,it is associated with a weakened East Asian summer monsoon,which tends to increase(decrease) precipitation and decrease(increase) temperature in the south(north) of the Yangtze River.During the next summer,following a positive IOD event,precipitation is increased in most of China before the late 1970s,while it is decreased(increased) south(north) of the Yangtze River after the late 1970s.There is no significant correlation between the IOD and surface air temperature anomaly in most of China in the next summer before the late 1970s;however,the IOD tends to increase the next summer temperature south of the Yellow River after the late 1970s. 相似文献
7.
Feng Chen Yu-jiang Yuan Wen-shou Wei Shu-long Yu Zi-ang Fan Rui-bo Zhang Tong-wen Zhang Qin Li Hua-ming Shang 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,107(3-4):633-643
Seven different tree-ring parameters (tree-ring width, earlywood width, latewood width, maximum density, minimum density, mean earlywood density, and mean latewood density) were obtained from Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) at one chronology site in the Hexi Corridor, China. The chronologies were analyzed individually and then compared with each other. Growth–climate response analyses showed that the tree-ring width and maximum latewood density (MXD) are mainly influenced by warm season temperature variability. Based on the relationships derived from the climate response analysis, the MXD chronology was used to reconstruct the May–August maximum temperature for the period 1775–2008 A.D., and it explained the 38.1% of the total temperature variance. It shows cooling in the late 1700s to early 1800s and warming in the twentieth century. Spatial climate correlation analyses with gridded land surface data revealed that our warm season temperature reconstruction contains a strong large-scale temperature signal for north China. Comparison with regional and Northern Hemisphere reconstructions revealed similar low-frequency change to longer-term variability. Several cold years coincide with major volcanic eruptions. 相似文献
8.
T. Davies-Barnard P. J. Valdes C. D. Jones J. S. Singarayer 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(7-8):1715-1732
The canopy interception capacity is a small but key part of the surface hydrology, which affects the amount of water intercepted by vegetation and therefore the partitioning of evaporation and transpiration. However, little research with climate models has been done to understand the effects of a range of possible canopy interception capacity parameter values. This is in part due to the assumption that it does not significantly affect climate. Near global evapotranspiration products now make evaluation of canopy interception capacity parameterisations possible. We use a range of canopy water interception capacity values from the literature to investigate the effect on climate within the climate model HadCM3. We find that the global mean temperature is affected by up to ?0.64 K globally and ?1.9 K regionally. These temperature impacts are predominantly due to changes in the evaporative fraction and top of atmosphere albedo. In the tropics, the variations in evapotranspiration affect precipitation, significantly enhancing rainfall. Comparing the model output to measurements, we find that the default canopy interception capacity parameterisation overestimates canopy interception loss (i.e. canopy evaporation) and underestimates transpiration. Overall, decreasing canopy interception capacity improves the evapotranspiration partitioning in HadCM3, though the measurement literature more strongly supports an increase. The high sensitivity of climate to the parameterisation of canopy interception capacity is partially due to the high number of light rain-days in the climate model that means that interception is overestimated. This work highlights the hitherto underestimated importance of canopy interception capacity in climate model hydroclimatology and the need to acknowledge the role of precipitation representation limitations in determining parameterisations. 相似文献
9.
河南省夏玉米气候适宜度评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为定量评价气象条件对作物生长及产量形成的影响,本文依据夏玉米不同发育阶段上限温度、最适温度、下限温度、需水量、需光性等生物学指标,构建了河南省夏玉米气候适宜度评价模型。通过对13个代表站30 a全生育期气候适宜度和相对气象产量进行相关分析,表明该模型能较好地反映河南省夏玉米的气候适宜水平及其动态变化。利用检验后的模型计算了河南省67个站1981-2011年夏玉米生长季单因子及综合气候适宜度,结果表明河南省夏玉米大部分生育期光热资源较适宜,能满足玉米生长所需,仅在灌浆后期略显不足,降水是影响夏玉米产量形成的主要限制因子,且降水适宜度年际变化幅度大于日照和温度。综合气候适宜度年际波动表现为抽雄—乳熟期〉出苗—抽雄期〉全生育期。空间分布上气候适宜度呈自西北向东南方向的递增趋势,适宜度高值区分布在南阳东部及驻马店部分地区。 相似文献
10.
Plant Phenological Anomalies in Germany and their Relation to Air Temperature and NAO 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Annette Menzel 《Climatic change》2003,57(3):243-263
This paper analyses long-term (1951–2000) phenological observations of20 plant seasonal phases recorded within the phenological network of the German Weather Service in relation to climate data and NAO. Phenological inter-annual variability and temporal trends were determined by using mean anomaly curves for Germany. For all phases, the mean trends derived by this method are similar to German averages of linear trends of single station records. Trend analysis using anomaly curves appears to be effective in relating seasonal phenological trends to climate or satellite data: Spring and summer phenological anomalies, such as leaf unfolding and flowering of different species, strongly correlate with temperature of the preceding months (R2 between 0.65 and 0.85, best one-variable model) andtheir onsets have advanced by 2.5 to 6.7 days per ° C warmer spring. Fruit ripening of Sambucus nigra and Aesculus hippocastanum, keyphenophases of early and mid autumn, correlate well with summer temperature (R2 0.74 and 0.84) and also advance by 6.5and 3.8 days per ° C (April–June). But the response of autumn colouringto warmer climate is more complex because two opposing factors influence autumn colouring dates. Higher spring and early summer temperatures advance leaf colouring, whereas warmer autumn temperatures delay leaf colouring. The percentage of variance explained by temperature (R2 0.22 to 0.51,best one-variable model) is less than for spring and summer phases. The length of the growing season is mainly increased by warmer springs (R2 0.48to 0.64, best one-variable model) and lengthened by 2.4 to 3.5 days/° C (February–April). The North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO) of January–March correlates with spring phenological anomalies(R2 0.37 to 0.56, best one-variable model), summer to mid autumn phases respond to NAO of February–March (R2 0.23 to 0.36) (both negativecorrelations). Leaf colouring is delayed by higher NAO of (August) September (R2 0.10to 0.18). NAO of January–February explains 0.41 to 0.44% of thevariance of the length of the growing season. 相似文献
11.
The Mediterranean region has been identified as a global warming hotspot, where future climate impacts are expected to have significant consequences on societal and ecosystem well-being. To put ongoing trends of summer climate into the context of past natural variability, we reconstructed climate from maximum latewood density (MXD) measurements of Pinus heldreichii (1521–2010) and latewood width (LWW) of Pinus nigra (1617–2010) on Mt. Olympus, Greece. Previous research in the northeastern Mediterranean has primarily focused on inter-annual variability, omitting any low-frequency trends. The present study utilizes methods capable of retaining climatically driven long-term behavior of tree growth. The LWW chronology corresponds closely to early summer moisture variability (May–July, r = 0.65, p < 0.001, 1950–2010), whereas the MXD-chronology relates mainly to late summer warmth (July–September, r = 0.64, p < 0.001; 1899–2010). The chronologies show opposing patterns of decadal variability over the twentieth century (r = ?0.68, p < 0.001) and confirm the importance of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (sNAO) for summer climate in the northeastern Mediterranean, with positive sNAO phases inducing cold anomalies and enhanced cloudiness and precipitation. The combined reconstructions document the late twentieth—early twenty-first century warming and drying trend, but indicate generally drier early summer and cooler late summer conditions in the period ~1700–1900 CE. Our findings suggest a potential decoupling between twentieth century atmospheric circulation patterns and pre-industrial climate variability. Furthermore, the range of natural climate variability stretches beyond summer moisture availability observed in recent decades and thus lends credibility to the significant drying trends projected for this region in current Earth System Model simulations. 相似文献
12.
13.
姜燕敏 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2013,7(6):58-62
根据丽水市国家气象观测站1953-2010年逐日气温资料,运用趋势分析、Morlet小波变化和Mann-Kendall检验对四季起始日期的气候变化特征、趋势演变规律和突变转折情况进行了研究。结果表明：四季起始日期,春季约在3月中旬,夏季在5月底,秋季在9月下旬,冬季在11月下旬,且春、秋季的长度较短,只有2个月左右,夏、冬季的长度较长,长达4个月。Morlet小波分析四季起始日期的周期变化特征,主要体现在年代际时间尺度上,且各周期强度有所差异,预测春、夏季起始日将按照提前趋势发展,秋、冬季起始日继续延后状态。Mann-Kendall检验得出,春、夏两季起始日期在21世纪初发生由推后转向提前的突变,而秋、冬两季起始日突变点都体现在20世纪60年代。 相似文献
14.
Ivan Güttler Čedo Branković Travis A. O’Brien Erika Coppola Branko Grisogono Filippo Giorgi 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(7-8):1753-1772
This study investigates the performance of two planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterisations in the regional climate model RegCM4.2 with specific focus on the recently implemented prognostic turbulent kinetic energy parameterisation scheme: the University of Washington (UW) scheme. When compared with the default Holtslag scheme, the UW scheme, in the 10-year experiments over the European domain, shows a substantial cooling. It reduces winter warm bias over the north-eastern Europe by 2 °C and reduces summer warm bias over central Europe by 3 °C. A part of the detected cooling is ascribed to a general reduction in lower tropospheric eddy heat diffusivity with the UW scheme. While differences in temperature tendency due to PBL schemes are mostly localized to the lower troposphere, the schemes show a much higher diversity in how vertical turbulent mixing of the water vapour mixing ratio is governed. Differences in the water vapour mixing ratio tendency due to the PBL scheme are present almost throughout the troposphere. However, they alone cannot explain the overall water vapour mixing ratio profiles, suggesting strong interaction between the PBL and other model parameterisations. An additional 18-member ensemble with the UW scheme is made, where two formulations of the master turbulent length scale in unstable conditions are tested and unconstrained parameters associated with (a) the evaporative enhancement of the cloud-top entrainment and (b) the formulation of the master turbulent length scale in stable conditions are systematically perturbed. These experiments suggest that the master turbulent length scale in the UW scheme could be further refined in the current implementation in the RegCM model. It was also found that the UW scheme is less sensitive to the variations of the other two selected unconstrained parameters, supporting the choice of these parameters in the default formulation of the UW scheme. 相似文献
15.
1961—2017年云南季节变化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
参照《中华人民共和国气象行业标准-气候季节划分》（QX/T 152-2012）中关于气候季节的定义标准,利用1961-2017年云南122个气象站的气温资料,分析了云南的气候季节区域的空间分布和季节开始日期及长度的变化趋势。云南共有4种气候季节区域,分别是四季分明区、无夏区、无冬区和常春区。无夏区范围最广,无冬区其次。不同年代四种季节气候区域空间分布范围不尽相同,无夏区和无冬区空间范围变化最显著。2011年以后云南出现四季分明区范围明显增大的现象,这与近年来气候变暖背景下云南气温年较差增大的观测事实相一致。云南四季分明区春季和秋季较长,夏季和冬季较短。无夏区秋季最长、春季次之、冬季最短。无冬区夏季最长、春季和秋季长度接近。不同气候季节区域间春季和夏季开始日期的变化均呈提早趋势,秋季和冬季开始日期有推迟的趋势;在季节长度变化上,夏季增长,冬季变短,但春秋季长度的变化不尽相同。 相似文献
16.
基于气温和降水观测资料以及美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心（NCEP/NCAR）大气再分析资料,系统评估了大样本初始化十年际预测试验（CESM-DPLE）对1959—2016年东亚夏季气候预测的能力。结果表明,CESM-DPLE能较好地模拟东亚夏季气候以及相关主要大气环流系统的基本态特征,在年际尺度上对东亚气温有很高的预测技巧但对降水几乎没有预测能力。CESM-DPLE再现了北大西洋多年代际振荡（AMO）经由激发遥相关波列所引起的中高纬度大气环流、东亚夏季风和气候的异常。20世纪90年代末之后,北大西洋多年代际振荡由冷位相转为暖位相,遥相关波列位相调整,东亚受异常低压控制,东亚夏季风偏强,夏季气温偏高、降水偏多。总体上,尽管还存在着不足,但CESM-DPLE对东亚夏季温度年际变化以及与20世纪90年代末北大西洋多年代际振荡位相转变相联的东亚夏季气候年代际变化具备一定的预测能力,是目前研究和预测东亚气候变化的一套较好试验数据。 相似文献
17.
Timme H. Donders Hugo Jan de Boer Walter Finsinger Eric C. Grimm Stefan C. Dekker Gert Jan Reichart Friederike Wagner-Cremer 《Climate Dynamics》2011,36(1-2):109-118
Recurrent phases of increased pine at Lake Tulane, Florida have previously been related to strong stadials terminated by so-called Heinrich events. The climatic significance of these pine phases has been interpreted in different ways. Using a pollen?Cclimate inference model, we quantified the climate changes and consistently found that mean summer precipitation (P JJA) increased (0.5?C0.9?mm/day) and mean November temperature increased (2.0?C3.0°C) during pine phases coeval with Heinrich events and the Younger Dryas. Marine sea surface temperature records indicate that potential sources for these moisture and heat anomalies are in the Gulf of Mexico and the western tropical Atlantic. We explain this low latitude warming by an increased Loop Current facilitated by persistence of the Atlantic Warm Pool during summer. This hypothesis is supported by a climate model sensitivity analysis. A positive heat anomaly in the Gulf of Mexico and equatorial Atlantic best approximates the pollen-inferred climate reconstructions from Lake Tulane during the (stadials around) Heinrich events and the Younger Dryas. 相似文献
18.
19.
Valerie A. Barber Glenn Patrick Juday Bruce P. Finney Martin Wilmking 《Climatic change》2004,63(1-2):91-120
Maximum latewood density and δ 13C discrimination of Interior Alaska white spruce were used to reconstruct summer (May through August) temperature at Fairbanks for the period 1800–1996, one of the first high-resolution reconstructions for this region. This combination of latewood density and δ 13C discrimination explains 59.9% of the variance in summer temperature during the period of record 1906–1996. The 200-yr. reconstruction is characterized by 7 decadal-scale regimes. Regime changes are indicated at 1816, 1834, 1879, 1916, 1937, and 1974, are abrupt, and appear to be the result of synoptic scale climate changes. The mean of summer temperature for the period of reconstruction (1800–1996) was 13.49 °C. During the period of instrument record (1903–1996) the mean of summer temperature was 13.31 °C for both the reconstruction and the recorded data. The coldest interval was 1916–1937 (12.62 ° C) and the warmest was 1974–1996 (14.23 °C) for the recorded data. The reconstruction differs from records of northern hemisphere temperatures over this period, especially because of Interior Alaska warm periods reconstructed from 1834 to 1851 (14.24 °C) and from 1862 to 1879 (14.19 °C) and because of the cool period in the early part of the 20th century (1917–1974). We show additional tree ring data that support our reconstruction of these warm periods. Alternate hypotheses involving autogenic effect of tree growth on the site, altered tree sensitivity, or novel combinations of temperature and precipitation were explored and while they cannot be ruled out as contributors to the anomalously warm 19th century reconstruction, they were not supported by available data. White spruce radial growth is highly correlated with reconstructed summer temperature, and temperature appears to be a reliable index of carbon uptake in this system. 相似文献
20.
Historical and future changes in maximum and minimum temperature records over Europe 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Recent studies examining changes in temperature record frequency over the continental United States have reported that the number of Tmax records has been increasing over the past 50 years and occurring at twice the frequency of Tmin records. In a stationary climate, the number of records should decrease with time as 1/n, where n is the number of years of record-keeping. Here we seek to understand how European temperature records have changed during the late 20th century and how they are expected to change as greenhouse gases increase during the 21st century, using a new ensemble method to filter out the effect of the starting year in the calculation of the records. We find that until 1980, the ratio of Tmax to Tmin records remains close to one, indicating that the climate was relatively stationary. After 1980, there is a distinct positive trend where the observed ratio averages around four during the early part of the 21st century, indicative of a warming trend. We note considerable spatial variability in the observations. Further, the ratio of Tmax to Tmin records set by the year 2100 as simulated by five RCM simulations reaches values of up to several hundred by the end of the 21st century. However, the changes in record frequency vary spatially over Europe. The models project the highest numbers of Tmax records over the Mediterranean during summer, and Scandinavia during the spring and fall. Tmin records decrease most substantially over eastern Europe and western Russia, and the Mediterranean. Our analysis confirms the value of the use of maximum and minimum temperature records in regional climate change studies. 相似文献