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1.
Sensitivity experiment is an important method to study the effect on regional climate due toseasonal variation of land surface parameters.Using China Regional Climate Model(CRCM)nested in CCM1.we first simulate Chinese regional climate,then two numerical sensitivityexperiments on the effect of vegetation and roughness length are made.The results show that:(1)If the vegetation is replaced with the monthly data of 1997.precipitation and land-surfacetemperature are both changed clearly,precipitation decreases and land surface temperatureincreases,but there is no regional correspondence between these changes.And the results aremuch better than the results when climate average vegetation was used in the CRCM.(2)If theroughness length is replaced with the monthly data of 1997,there is significant change on landsurface temperature,and there is very good regional correspondence between these changes.Butthe effect on precipitation is very small. 相似文献
2.
Assessment of vegetation dynamics and their response to variations in precipitation and temperature in the Tibetan Plateau 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
The Tibetan Plateau is a region sensitive to climate change, due to its high altitude and large terrain. This sensitivity can be measured through the response of vegetation patterns to climate variability in this region. Time series analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery and correlation analyses are effective tools to study land cover changes and their response to climatic variations. This is especially important for regions like the Tibetan Plateau, which has a complex ecosystem but lacks a lot of detailed in-situ observation data due to its remoteness, vastness and the severity of its climatic conditions. In this research a time series of 315 SPOT VEGETATION scenes, covering the period between 1998 and 2006, has been processed with the Harmonic ANalysis of Time Series (HANTS) algorithm in order to reveal the governing spatiotemporal pattern of variability. Results show that the spatial distribution of NDVI values is in agreement with the general climate pattern in the Tibetan Plateau. The seasonal variation is greatly influenced by the Asian monsoon. Interannual analysis shows that vegetation density (recorded here by the NDVI values) in the entire Tibetan Plateau has generally increased. Using a 1 km resolution land cover map from GLC2000, seven meteorological stations, presenting monthly data on near surface air temperature and precipitation, were selected for correlation analysis between NDVI and climate conditions in this research. A time lag response has also been found between NDVI and climate variables. Except in desert grassland (Shiquanhe station), the NDVI of all selected sites showed strong correlation with air temperature and precipitation, with variations in correlation according to the different land cover types at different locations. The strongest relationship was found in alpine and subalpine plain grass, the weakest in desert grassland. 相似文献
3.
Global and Regional Impacts of Vegetation on the Hydrological Cycle and Energy Budget as Represented by the Community Atmosphere Model （CAM3） 
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下载免费PDF全文 The effects of vegetation and its seasonal variation on energy and the hydrological cycle were examined using a state-of-the-art Community Atmosphere Model （CAM3）. Three 15-year numerical experiments were completed： the first with realistic vegetation characteristics varying monthly （VEG run）, the second without vegetation over land （NOVEG run）, and the third with the vegetation characteristics held at their annual mean values （VEGMEAN run）. In these models, the hydrological cycle and land surface energy budget were widely affected by vegetation. Globaland annual-mean evapotranspiration significantly increased compared with the NOVEG by 11.8% in the VEG run run, while runoff decreased by 13.2% when the realistic vegetation is incorporated. Vegetation plays different roles in different regions. In tropical Asia, vegetation-induced cooling of the land surface plays a crucial role in decreasing tropical precipitation. In middle latitudes and the Amazon region, however, the vegetation-induced increase of evapotranspiration plays a more important role in increasing precipitation. The seasonal variation of vegetation also shows clear influences on the hydrological cycle and energy budget. In the boreal mid-high latitudes where vegetation shows a strong seasonal cycle, evapotranspiration and precipitation are higher in the summer in the VEG run than in the VEGMEAN run. 相似文献
4.
Recent progress in studies on land cover change and its regional climatic effects over China during historical times 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The recent progresses on the reconstruction of historical land cover and the studies on regional climatic effects to temperature,precipitation,and the East Asian Monsoon across China were reviewed.Findings show that the land cover in China has been significantly modified by human activities over the last several thousands years,mainly through cropland expansion and forest clearance.The cropland over traditional Chinese agricultural areas increased from 5.32×105 km2 in the mid-17th century to 8.27×105 km2 in... 相似文献
5.
基于2000—2014年4—10月西藏气象站遥感干旱指数 (条件植被指数,VCI) 和气象干旱指数 (标准降水指数,SPI) 之间的相关性,评估植被对气象干旱的响应特征,通过分析气候环境要素对响应特征的影响并归纳相应规则,获取西藏地区植被对气象干旱有明显响应的区域分布。结果显示:VCI与12周时间尺度的SPI具有较强相关性,说明西藏地区植被生长对降水的响应大约滞后12周;植被对气象干旱响应不敏感的原因主要包括气候极度干燥或极度湿润、土地覆盖类型为森林、年平均归一化植被指数 (NDVI) 值过小、多年NDVI变化标准差过小、有降水之外的其他水源补给等;基于对区域气候环境要素特征的分析,可以得出西藏中部偏南地区植被对气象干旱有明显响应,主要包括拉萨地区、山南地区北部、日喀则地区东部、那曲地区中部和西南部、阿里地区的东南部。 相似文献
6.
土地利用变化对长江流域气候及水文过程影响的敏感性研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
使用区域气候模式(RegCM3)和大尺度汇流模型(LRM), 研究土地利用/植被覆盖变化对长江流域气候及水文过程的影响。RegCM3嵌套于欧洲数值预报中心 (ECMWF) 再分析资料ERA40, 分别进行了中国区域在实际植被和理想植被分布情况下两个各15年 (1987～2001年) 时间长度的积分试验。随后, RegCM3 两个试验的输出径流结果分别用来驱动LRM, 研究土地利用/植被覆盖变化对长江流域河川径流的影响。研究结果指出, 中国当代土地利用变化对长江流域降水、蒸散发、径流深及河川径流等水文气候要素的改变较大, 对气温的改变并不明显。土地利用变化引起长江干流河川径流量在夏季(6～8月)有所增加, 并且越向下游增加幅度越大, 其中大通站径流量增加接近15%。总体而言, 土地利用改变加剧了长江流域夏季水循环过程, 使得夏季长江中下游地区降水增多, 径流增大。 相似文献
7.
基于遥感和GIS的中国植被指数变化的驱动因子分析及模型研究 总被引：39，自引：3，他引：36
在样带和典型区研究的基础上,采用相关分析和偏相关分析方法,对影响植被指数变化的因子（水、热和地表植被覆盖类型）进行了分析。结果表明：中国植被指数的时空变化极其复杂,虽受水、热和地表植被覆盖类型三个主导因子的影响和控制,但因时和因地而异,三者对植被指数影响和控制的主导地位也因时因地而不同;基于空间上的概念模型Indv=F(x,y,z)只能定性地描述以上三个主导因子时空变化同植被指数的相互关系。 相似文献
8.
Ecosystems have increasingly been subject to the challenge of heavy drought under global warming. To quantitatively evaluate the impacts of drought on ecosystems, it is necessary to develop a drought index that can sensitively depict the response of vegetation to drought evolution at a biological time scale. For the ability of direct connection between climate and ecosystem by deficit of evapotranspiration, in the present study, a drought index was defined based on standardized evapotranspiration deficit (SEDI), according to the difference between actual and potential evapotranspiration, to meet the need for highlighting drought impacts on ecological processes. Comparisons with traditional indices show that SEDI can reasonably detect droughts and climatic dry and wet transitions, especially at a monthly time scale, and can also regenerate long-term trends. Moreover, SEDI can more sensitively capture the biological changes of ecosystems in response to the dynamics of drought intensity, compared with the indices of precipitation and temperature. SEDI is more practical than the precipitation and temperature indices to highlight signals of biological effects in climate droughts. Hence, it has potential for use in assessments of climate change and its impact on ecosystems. 相似文献
9.
10.
1960～2005年新疆气候变化的基本特征 总被引：27，自引：5，他引：22
采用新疆地区最完善的94个气象站的观测资料,系统地分析了新疆地区1960～2005年近地表主要气候要素(包括降水、气温、风速、日照时数、总云量、低云量、蒸发皿蒸发、气温日较差等)演变的时间和空间特征,并结合几个站点的太阳总辐射资料分析了日照、总云量、低云量、蒸发皿蒸发和太阳总辐射之间的关系,揭示了近50年来新疆气候变化的一些新特点。对导致这些变化的原因进行了初步分析,得到的结果包括:1)新疆区域年降水在1987年发生转折性变化,而冬季降水在1986年就开始发生转折性变化,是4个季节中最早的。新疆区域降水与比湿和低云量之间具有极高的相关性,尤其是低云量的增加可能是导致降水增加的主要原因。2)气温显著升高的同时,气温日较差是明显下降的。气温的升高可能是空气中水汽增多的结果,但也可能是气温长期自然振荡过程中的一个上升阶段。3)日照时数在总云量减小的前提下减少,这可能是降水和低云量增多导致的结果。4)蒸发皿蒸发的减小可能是风速、气温日较差、降水以及云量共同作用的结果,单站分析表明太阳辐射的下降也可能是导致蒸发皿蒸发下降的一个重要原因。 相似文献
11.
The climatic warming and humidification observed in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC) and their impacts on the ecological environment have become an issue of concern. The associated multi-scale characteristics and environmental responses are currently poorly understood. Using data from satellite remote sensing, field observations, and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6, this paper systematically analyzes the process and scale characteristics of the climatic warming and humidification in the ARNC and their impacts on ecological vegetation. The results show that not only have temperature and precipitation increased significantly in the ARNC over the past 60 years, but the increasing trend of precipitation is also obviously intensifying. The dryness index, which comprehensively considers the effects of precipitation and temperature, has clearly decreased, and the trend in humidification has increased. Spatially, the trend of temperature increase has occurred over the entire region, while 93.4% of the region has experienced an increase in precipitation, suggesting a spatially consistent climatic warming and humidification throughout the ARNC. Long-term trends and interannual changes in temperature and precipitation dominate the changes in climatic warming and humidification. Compared to interannual variations in temperature, the trend change of temperature contributes more to the overall temperature change. However, the contribution of interannual variations in precipitation is greater than that of the precipitation trend to the overall precipitation change. The current climatic warming and humidification generally promote the growth of ecological vegetation. Since the 1980 s,82.4% of the regional vegetation has thrived. The vegetation index has a significant positive correlation with precipitation and temperature. However, it responds more significantly to interannual precipitation variation, although the vegetation response varies significantly under different types of land use. The warming and humidification of the climate in the ARNC are probably related to intensifications of the westerly wind circulation and ascending air motions.They are expected to continue in the future, although the strength of the changes will probably be insufficient to significantly change the basic climate pattern in the ARNC. The results of this study provide helpful information for decision making related to China's "Belt and Road" development strategies. 相似文献
12.
In this paper, the effects of land cover changes on the climate of the La Plata Basin in southern South America are investigated using the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) Model configured on a 30/10km two-way interactive nested grid. To assess the regional climate changes resulting from land surface changes, the standard land cover types are replaced by time-varying Ecosystem Functional Types (EFTs), which is a newly devised land-cover classification that characterizes the spatial and interannual variability of surface vegetation dynamics. These variations indicate that natural and anthropogenic activities have caused changes in the surface physical parameters of the basin, such as albedo and roughness length, that contributed to regional climate changes. EFTs are obtained from functional attributes of vegetation computed from properties of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to represent patches of the land surface with homogeneous energy and gas exchanges with the atmosphere. Four simulations are conducted, each experimental period ranging from September to November in two contrasting years, 1988 and 1998. The influence of an identical EFT change on the surface heat fluxes, 2-m temperature and humidity, 10-m winds, convective instabilities and large-scale moisture fluxes and precipitation are explored for 1988 (a dry year) and 1998 (a wet year). Results show that the surface and atmospheric climate has a larger response to the same EFT changes in a dry year for 2-m temperature and 10-m wind; the response is larger in a wet year for 2-m water vapor mixing ratio, convective available potential energy, vertically integrated moisture fluxes and surface precipitation. For EFTs with high productivity and a weak seasonal cycle, the nearsurface temperature during the spring of 1988 and 1998 increased by as much as 1℃ in the central and western portions of La Plata Basin. Additionally, for higher productivity EFTs, precipitation differences were generally positive in both dry and wet years, although the patterns are not uniform and exhibit certain patchiness with drier conditions. 相似文献
13.
Noah S. Diffenbaugh 《Climate Dynamics》2005,24(2-3):237-251
In order to test the sensitivity of regional climate to regional-scale atmosphere-land cover feedbacks, we have employed a regional climate model asynchronously coupled to an equilibrium vegetation model, focusing on the western United States as a case study. CO2-induced atmosphere-land cover feedbacks resulted in statistically significant seasonal temperature changes of up to 3.5°C, with land cover change accounting for up to 60% of the total seasonal response to elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. In many areas, such as the Great Basin, albedo acted as the primary control on changes in surface temperature. Along the central coast of California, soil moisture effects magnified the temperature response in JJA and SON, with negative surface soil moisture anomalies accompanied by negative evaporation anomalies, decreasing latent heat flux and further increasing surface temperature. Additionally, negative temperature anomalies were calculated at high elevation in California and Oregon in DJF, MAM and SON, indicating that future warming of these sensitive areas could be mitigated by changes in vegetation distribution and an associated muting of winter snow-temperature feedbacks. Precipitation anomalies were almost universally not statistically significant, and very little change in mean seasonal atmospheric circulation occurred in response to atmosphere-land cover feedbacks. Further, the mean regional temperature sensitivity to regional-scale land cover feedbacks did not exceed the large-scale sensitivity calculated elsewhere, indicating that spatial heterogeneity does not introduce non-linearities in the response of regional climate to CO2-induced atmosphere-land cover feedbacks. 相似文献
14.
The impact of land cover change on the atmospheric circulation 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
The NCAR Community Climate Model (version 3), coupled to the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer scheme and a mixed layer ocean
model is used to investigate the impact on the climate of a conservative change from natural to present land cover. Natural
vegetation cover was obtained from an ecophysiologically constrained biome model. The current vegetation cover was obtained
by perturbing the natural cover from forest to grass over areas where land cover has been observed to change. Simulations
were performed for 17 years for each case (results from the last 15 years are presented here). We find that land cover changes,
largely constrained to the tropics, SE Asia, North America and Europe, cause statistically significant changes in regional
temperature and precipitation but cause no impact on the globally averaged temperature or precipitation. The perturbation
in land cover in the tropics and SE Asia teleconnect to higher latitudes by changing the position and strength of key elements
of the general circulation (the Hadley and Walker circulations). Many of the areas where statistically significant changes
occur are remote from the location of land cover change. Historical land cover change is not typically included in transitory
climate simulations, and it may be that the simulation of the patterns of temperature change over the twentieth century by
climate models will be further improved by taking it into account.
Received: 27 May 1999 / Accepted: July 2000 相似文献
15.
基于全球土地利用类型和覆盖度,利用生长季多年平均（1982～2015年）归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）和气候平均态（气温、降水量）数据,讨论了全球植被格局与气候因子之间的关系,建立了两者之间的多元回归模型,并分析了植被对气温和降水气候态敏感性的特征。植被与气候因子在气候梯度上存在明显的对应关系,回归模型可较好拟合气候态NDVI的全球分布格局,拟合与观测NDVI的相关系数达0.90。其中,常绿阔叶林、混交林、常绿针叶林、落叶阔叶林、农田和木本稀树草原空间分布的拟合能力较好（r>0.8）。不同土地覆盖类型的NDVI对气温、降水气候态的空间敏感性特征不同。整体而言,植被对气温和降水的敏感性呈现反相关关系（r=-0.6）。不同土地覆盖类型对气温表现出正/负敏感性,寒带灌木对气温的敏感性最强,而农作物、草原、裸地对气温负敏感性较大;植被对降水的敏感性均表现出正敏感性,其中落叶针叶林、草原和稀树草原对降水的空间敏感性较强。 相似文献
16.
Climatic change and water requirements for grain corn in the North American Great Plains 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A parametric crop water use and yield model was applied to a transect spanning the North American Great Plains to investigate the evapotranspiration demand on grain corn and the associated irrigation water applications needed for optimal crop production. The transect consisted of four sample stations, covering 25 degrees of latitude. 124 climate change scenarios for each of the transect stations, were created by systematically changing air temperature, precipitation, and incident solar radiation in terms of positive and negative departures from the normal, long-term record. This paper reports how grain corn evapotranspiration and irrigation water amounts would respond to climatic changes inherent in the scenarios if there were no changes in agricultural technology. Among the results, the seasonal response of evapotranspiration (ET) totals to air temperature perturbations was greatest in the higher latitudes and least in the lower latitudes. This impact of changing temperature was also greatest under sunny compared with cloudy conditions, and for fully irrigated in contrast to rainfed conditions. Changes in precipitation amounts caused greatest responses in rainfed fields under sunny conditions. The middle latitudes (e.g., Kansas City) were most sensitive. Perturbing solar radiation caused greatest evapotranspiration changes with irrigated conditions particularly in the middle latitudes. Percentage changes in solar radiation (or cloudiness) were of considerably greater importance than comparable precipitation changes. In the absence of temperature perturbations, the relative precipitation and solar radiation changes caused similar trends in amount of irrigation water applied. For temperature changes, the resultant irrigation watering responses were largely non-linear. A consecutive paper will report on the response of maize yield to the introduced climatic changes and associated irrigation schedules.Dr. Liverman was also affiliated with the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. She is currently at the Department of Geography, University of Wiscon, Madison, WI.P. A. O'Rourke and P. E. Todhunter. Dr. O'Rourke is a Visiting Scholar at UCLA from Litton System, Inc., Data Systems Division. 相似文献
17.
中国区域陆面覆盖变化的气候效应模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于MODIS和CLCV陆面覆盖资料,利用区域气候模式RegCM4分别进行两组24年（1978-2001年）的数值模拟试验,研究中国区域陆面覆盖变化对区域气候的影响。结果表明,以荒漠化和植被退化为主要特征的陆面覆盖变化通过改变陆面能量、水分平衡与大尺度环流进而对气候要素产生重要影响。夏季,中国南方地区普遍降温,季风边缘区及藏北高原气温升高,降水减少;季风边缘区与西北地区气温年际波动加剧;内蒙古中东部地区西南风增强,进而水汽输送增强,一定程度上增加了该地区降水。冬季,中国东部地区偏北气流增强,更多干燥冷空气南下,使得黄河以南地区降水减少、气温降低。 相似文献
18.
M. E. S. Silva S. H. Franchito V. Brahmananda Rao 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2006,85(1-2):1-18
Summary A coupled biosphere-atmosphere statistical-dynamical model (SDM) is used to study the climatic effects of Amazonian deforestation.
A soil moisture model based on BATS has been incorporated into the SDM in order to study the biogeophysical feedback of change
in surface characteristics to regional climate due to the deforestation. In the control experiment, the mean annual and mean
seasonal climate is well simulated by the model when compared with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. In the deforestation experiment,
the evergreen broadleaf trees in the Amazonian region are substituted by short grass. The effects of Amazonian deforestation
on regional climate are analysed taking into account the model simulations for the land portion of the latitude belts comprising
the tropical region. Amazonian deforestation results in regional climate changes such as a decrease in evaporation, precipitation,
available surface net radiation and soil moisture content, and an increase in temperatures and sensible heat flux. The reduction
in transpiration was responsible for the most part of the decrease in total evapotranspiration. The reduction in precipitation
was larger than the decrease in evapotranspiration so that runoff was reduced. The simulation of the diurnal cycle of the
surface temperature shows an increase in temperature during the day and a decrease at night, which is in agreement with observations,
whereas earlier GCM experiments showed an increase both during the day and night. In general, the changes in temperature and
energy fluxes are in good agreement with GCM experiments, showing that the SDM is able to simulate the characteristics of
the tropical climate that are associated with the substitution of forest by pasture areas. 相似文献
19.
Climate change and river flooding: part 1 classifying the sensitivity of British catchments 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Effective national and regional policy guidance on climate change adaptation relies on robust scientific evidence. This two-part series of papers develops and implements a novel scenario-neutral framework enabling an assessment of the vulnerability of flood flows in British catchments to climatic change, to underpin the development of guidance for the flood management community. In this first part, the sensitivity of the 20-year return period flood peak (RP20) to changes in precipitation (P), temperature (T) and potential evapotranspiration (PE) is systematically assessed for 154 catchments. A sensitivity domain of 4,200 scenarios is applied combining 525 and 8 sets of P and T/PE mean monthly changes, respectively, with seasonality incorporated using a single-phase harmonic function. Using the change factor method, the percentage change in RP20 associated with each scenario of the sensitivity domain is calculated, giving flood response surfaces for each catchment. Using a clustering procedure on the response surfaces, the 154 catchments are divided into nine groups: flood sensitivity types. These sensitivity types show that some catchments are (very) sensitive to changes in P but others buffer the response, while the location of catchments of the same type does not show any strong geographical pattern. These results reflect the range of hydrological processes found in Britain, and demonstrate the potential importance of catchment properties (physical and climatic) in the propagation of change in climate to change in floods, and so in characterising the sensitivity types (covered in the companion paper). 相似文献
20.
El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is considered one of the most powerful forces driving anomalous global weather patterns. Large-scale seasonal precipitation and temperature changes influenced by ENSO have been examined in many areas of the world. The southeastern United States is one of the regions affected by ENSO events. In this study, remote sensing detection of vegetation response to ENSO phases is demonstrated with one-kilometer biweekly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data (1989–1999) derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR). The impacts of three ENSO phases, cold, warm and neutral, on vegetation were analyzed with a focus on two vegetation cover types, two seasons and two geographic regions within the southeastern U.S. Significant ENSO effects on vegetation were found in cropland and forest vegetation cover types based on image and statistical analysis of the NDVI data. The results indicate that vegetation condition was optimal during the ENSO neutral phase for both agricultural and natural vegetation. 相似文献