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1.
综合利用多普勒雷达、地面自动气象站以及风廓线等观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,对2019年7月3日发生于辽宁开原的超级单体风暴伴随EF4级强龙卷环境条件、多普勒雷达回波特征和形成机理进行详细分析。结果表明:本次过程发生于低层暖湿高层冷干强的热力不稳定环境条件下,在地面干线汇合流场形成地面辐合线附近触发湿对流并发展为伴有龙卷的超级单体风暴。龙卷发生于低层钩状回波附近,多普勒雷达上呈现经典超级单体风暴雷达回波特征,低层强的垂直风切变将水平涡度转化为对流风暴中垂直涡度,强上升运动使得顺流涡度倾斜拉伸,从而龙卷发生前17 min在多普勒雷达2.4°仰角首先出现中气旋结构,随后风暴向南移动过程中,风暴的后侧下沉气流(RFD)将中低层的涡度“压低”致使龙卷接地,因此龙卷发生后1 min在0.5°仰角也出现强中气旋并有类龙卷涡旋特征(TVS),中气旋最强时的旋转速度达到28 m·s^(-1)(强中气旋标准),因此本次龙卷符合“自上而下”I型龙卷特征。由于环境干燥空气夹卷造成水滴强烈蒸发和冷却,使得地面出现了1 h降温达10℃的强冷池,过强的冷池可能在促使龙卷消亡过程中起到关键作用,致使龙卷持续了约30 min后消亡。 相似文献
2.
2016年6月5日海南出现了一个弱风垂直切变背景下的EF2级致灾龙卷。利用海口多普勒天气雷达观测资料、10 min间隔的地面自动气象站观测资料以及风廓线资料,研究了该龙卷风暴的结构、龙卷风暴与龙卷形成的可能物理过程。初始风暴在文昌附近向西传播,而同时海口风暴亦由海风锋触发并向东移动,两风暴下沉气流导致的出流相遇在海风锋辐合线上,触发了龙卷母云体。龙卷初始涡旋在低层两风暴出流相遇的切变辐合线上形成,当初始涡旋与其上方深厚且强烈的上升气流叠置时,拉伸作用加强了垂直涡度,使得龙卷形成。深厚的强上升气流有3个来源:对流风暴的出流边界相遇形成的辐合抬升,环境正浮力造成的对流单体内强上升气流,还可能与中高层强中气旋强迫的扰动低压有关。龙卷形成过程中,中高层强中气旋位于6—9 km高空并向上发展,龙卷初始涡旋先于龙卷母云体出现且比一般微气旋尺度大,伸展至更高的高度,属于非典型中气旋龙卷（或非典型超级单体龙卷）。此次热带强龙卷出现在弱的大尺度系统强迫的天气背景下,水平风垂直切变弱,海风锋、出流边界等边界层β中尺度辐合线边界在龙卷形成过程中可能起决定性作用。 相似文献
3.
利用常规观测资料、区域自动气象观测站加密观测资料、多普勒雷达资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料,对2019年8月16日发生在日照一次龙卷天气过程的天气形势、环境物理量和涡旋特征进行了分析。结果表明:地面β中尺度辐合线和高空冷涡是此次龙卷发生的主要影响系统,较湿的近地面层、较低的抬升凝结高度为龙卷的发生提供了有利的环境条件。地面辐合线上的γ中尺度涡旋在显著深厚湿对流潜势下触发了对流,较大的对流有效位能(convective available potential energy,CAPE)和较强的0~3 km垂直风切变有利于初生对流的发展、合并,形成超级单体风暴。龙卷发生时,超级单体风暴低层右前侧出现钩状回波、入流缺口。较强的风暴单体、深厚持久的中气旋、中气旋强中心和底部迅速下降并重合、气旋性涡旋加强、最大风切变跃增、多个时次体扫出现龙卷涡旋特征(tornadic vortex signature,TVS)是地面龙卷发生的主要特征。对龙卷风暴单体移动起主导作用的因子在不同时段有所不同,前期主要受平流的影响;风暴单体合并的过程中,风暴移动受传播和平流的共同影响;风暴单体完全合并后,引导气流对风暴的移动又起主要作用。 相似文献
4.
2019年8月16日渤海北部沿岸出现了一次冷涡背景下的EF1级龙卷。利用营口S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达探测资料、5 min间隔的地面自动气象站观测资料、盘锦风廓线雷达探测资料及ERA5再分析资料,研究了该龙卷风暴产生的环境条件、龙卷风暴结构特征及龙卷形成的可能物理过程。结果表明:此次龙卷过程发生在500 hPa冷涡主体控制下,低空位于“利奇马”台风残涡西侧水汽输送带内,环境条件表现为弱的风垂直切变和强低层热力不稳定。营口双偏振雷达位于距龙卷发生地15 km处,探测到产生龙卷的微型超级单体钩状回波、下沉反射率核心（DRC）、弱回波洞（WEH）、龙卷残片特征（TDS）等结构。处于消亡阶段雷暴的阵风锋出流向西传播,而营口附近海风锋缓慢东移,两条边界层辐合线相遇加强,在水平切变不稳定的作用下,辐合线上有γ中尺度涡旋形成。辐合线相遇造成的辐合抬升、低层强热力不稳定导致的环境正浮力以及中层中气旋扰动低压共同作用产生强上升气流,γ中尺度涡旋与上升气流叠置,强拉伸作用增强了垂直涡度,可能是低层微尺度气旋形成的关键机制。微尺度气旋直径收缩至最小伴随旋转速度达到最大时刻,对应龙卷生成,中层中气旋与微尺度气旋分离导致龙卷消亡。 相似文献
5.
2019年7月3日辽宁开原EF4级强龙卷形成条件、演变特征和机理 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
综合应用高时空分辨率多源观测资料,分析了2019年7月3日下午辽宁开原EF4级强龙卷的天气形势、环境条件、对流触发、对流风暴演变特征和龙卷的形成与消亡机制。开原龙卷发生在东北冷涡西南侧500 hPa西北气流、850 hPa切变线、地面强西南暖湿气流中;除了对流层中下层相对湿度低、抬升凝结高度较高是开原龙卷的不利环境条件外,其他有利于强中气旋龙卷的环境条件都具备。但风廓线雷达观测和天气雷达观测的径向速度场显示0～1 km垂直风切变的增强具有中尺度特征,表明边界层强风与中层急流相耦合形成了非常有利于龙卷的垂直风切变条件。形成开原龙卷的直接系统是一孤立超级单体,具有典型的超级单体雷达回波特征、强中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征等;其由地面干线辐合线与东侧的阵风锋辐合线共同作用触发。该对流风暴前部产生的降水先使得开原及周边地区大气快速饱和、显著改善了大气低层湿度条件,当对流风暴后部钩状回波部分移动到该区域时,有利于其不太强的下沉气流产生强度适宜的冷池,加之边界层强暖湿气流入流、强低层和中层垂直风切变与强烈上升气流的共同作用,从而产生了该次开原龙卷。地面自动站观测温度分布表明,开原龙卷超级单体的冷池与环境大气温度差异在2~4℃时有利于龙卷形成,而当对流风暴的强下沉气流使冷池温差加大到7℃时,不利于近地面垂直涡度维持,导致龙卷消亡。 相似文献
6.
海南一次超级单体引发的强烈龙卷过程观测分析 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
利用常规高空地面观测、海南省区域加密自动站、海口多普勒雷达、海口风廓线雷达以及风云2G高分辨可见光云图资料对2016年6月5日海南省文昌市一次EF2级龙卷过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)这次龙卷过程发生在副热带高压边缘、500 hPa槽前、850 hPa切变线和地面热低压的南侧,是由超级单体引发的;由于海陆风效应而显著增大的0~2 km垂直风切变,较低的抬升凝结高度,随着白天地面太阳辐射加热迅速增大的CAPE值为超级单体风暴的生成提供了有利的环境条件。(2)超级单体是在东移飑线的东侧,由β中尺度海风锋辐合线和雷暴外流边界触发并加强的,沿着海风锋辐合切变线自东向西传播,与风暴承载层平均风向相反,即后向传播;超级单体具有勾状回波、中高层回波悬垂、中气旋和类似龙卷式涡旋特征(TVS)的小尺度强切变等特征,中层中气旋向低层延伸加强期间龙卷漏斗云生成、触地,小尺度强切变自中层同时向上、向下发展时龙卷达到最强;龙卷发生在勾状回波低层反射率因子最大梯度区域靠近弱回波区域一侧,也是小尺度强切变(类TVS)所在位置;(3)海风锋辐合线与超级单体的下沉气流外流边界合并,形成位于超级单体南侧的阵风锋,从而形成由东指向西的水平涡管,该水平涡管在钩状回波旁的弱回波区被上升气流扭曲拉伸,形成低层中气旋,超级单体南侧的阵风锋与东移的飑线阵风锋相遇而加强的地面辐合,有助于低层中气旋获得拉伸旋转加速而形成龙卷。 相似文献
7.
利用常规气象资料、NCEP FNL 1°×1°再分析资料以及卫星雷达资料，对2019年6月17日发生在张家口的一次与线状对流伴随的龙卷天气进行分析。结果表明：（1）龙卷天气发生在对流层中低层高能中心、强垂直风切变以及中层强风速区的环境中。（2）中低层强的正水平螺旋度、低层强辐合与高层强辐散配置为龙卷发生提供了有利的环境条件。（3）在对流不稳定区，边界层辐合线是对流的触发条件，弧状云线的发展加强和上冲云顶的识别分析有利于判断对流云团的发展趋势，对强对流的短临预警有重要参考意义。（4）通过雷达资料与风场反演分析，线状对流中的龙卷是由γ中尺度涡旋在低层强辐合与上升气流的拉伸下形成的。强辐合区主要位于3 km高度以下。 相似文献
8.
单多普勒雷达对一次龙卷过程的观测和分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文利用泰州S波段多普勒雷达观测资料和探空、地面资料对2013年7月7日发生在江苏高邮的一次龙卷过程进行分析讨论。此次龙卷过程由超级单体风暴引发,环境分析显示高邮地区低层位于急流辐合区,高层位于急流辐散区,有利于对流发展。龙卷发生前具有强对流不稳定度和中等风切变。雷达回波资料分析显示超级单体在成熟阶段出现明显的钩状回波,有界回波区以及悬垂回波的特征。旋转速度最强时,有龙卷产生,之后超级单体进入消亡过程。底层强垂直风切变和垂直速度不均匀分布,有利于激发龙卷天气的发生或者促进龙卷天气的维持发展。 相似文献
9.
利用ERA5 再分析资料、雷达资料以及北京VDRAS资料，对2021年7月1日发生在张家口的一次与超级单体伴随的龙卷天气特征进行分析。结果表明：①此次龙卷天气发生在高空冷涡的东南象限、低空切变线前侧暖区及地面辐合线附近。②雷达资料分析显示在超级单体的南侧产生了此次龙卷，龙卷过程中超过50 dBz的高度在6 km以下，强核中心在3 km以下，为低质心的对流系统，反演的风场上在低层1 km高度存在闭合的气旋性环流。③北京VDRAS资料分析表明低层强辐合与高层强辐散配置、中低层强的正风暴相对螺旋度为龙卷发生提供了有利的环境条件；垂直速度分布显示龙卷生成地存在强上升运动，其两侧均存在下沉运动；扰动温度的垂直分布表明4 km以下存在负中心，4 km以上存在正中心。 相似文献
10.
非超级单体龙卷风暴多普勒天气雷达产品特征及预警 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
利用济南和烟台多普勒天气雷达资料,结合环境物理量和天气实况,对发生在山东境内的6个非超级单体龙卷风暴特征进行了分析。6个非超级单体龙卷风暴产生于5次天气过程,其中4次过程属于后倾槽结构,1次是西北气流结构。6个非超级单体龙卷中EF0级龙卷2次,EF1级龙卷3次,EF2级龙卷1次。综合分析结果表明,低层大的湿度和0~1 km垂直风切变≥7 m·s~(-1)是非超级单体龙卷发生的有利条件。平均径向速度产品上,方位上相邻距离库之间速度差值超过20 m·s~(-1),或者,相对风暴平均径向速度产品上,方位上相邻距离库之间速度差值超过15 m·s~(-1),可预警龙卷。6次龙卷有4次发生在风暴单体迅猛发展的阶段,风暴顶在1个体扫时间内迅速增高。风暴单体迅猛发展需要强上升气流配合,强上升气流将低层辐合线上的小涡旋迅速拉伸,使得旋转运动进一步发展,诱发小尺度范围的强切变,从而导致龙卷发生。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
13.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
14.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
15.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
16.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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18.
<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
19.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
20.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献