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2006年12月南京连续4天浓雾的微物理结构及演变特征 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14
2006年12月24-27日南京地区出现了连续4天的浓雾天气,其中能见度小于50 m的强浓雾持续了40多个小时.利用FM-100型雾滴谱仪,连续观测了雾滴谱、数密度和含水量等微物理参量.结合自动气象站及能见度仪观测资料,分析了这次浓雾过程的微物理特征,并与1996年观测结果进行对比:雾滴的平均含水量和平均直径与1996年观测结果相当,含水量最大值比1996年观测结果大4倍,数密度比10年前小.认为前2个子过程的雾滴数密度、含水量很高,造成了南京奉次大雾能见度长时间低于50 m的恶劣天气.结合边界层探空资料,认为形成这种强浓雾的主要原因足近地层持续存在强盛的水汽平流,具有平流雾的特征.根据雾微物理参量的起伏变化,将浓雾过程分成4个子过稃,分析并比较了4个子过程的雾滴谱分布,总过程的谱分布及4个子过程的谱分布都服从Dcirmendjian分布,谱型都基本呈指数下降,雾滴主要集中存小滴段.最后,对第一个子过程微物理参量的变化特征进行了细致分析.发现这次浓雾是在夜间晴空辐射降温后形成的,午夜最强,日出后随着气温的升高逐渐减弱,反映了辐射雾的口变化特征.另外,还发现雾形成以后,开始变化不大,但随着进一步辐射降温,地面雾团不断产牛,雾爆发性发展. 相似文献
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2016年12月19日至2017年1月9日,受静稳天气影响,济南接连出现了10次大雾等级以上天气过程,期间最低能见度不足50 m,持续的大雾天气严重影响了工农业生产和人民生活。本文利用10次冬季雾期间雾滴谱仪、自动站等观测资料,分析了济南不同强度冬季雾的微物理结构特征,分析了其中的微物理过程及强度,探讨了微物理结构、微物理过程对能见度（ V ）的影响。结果表明:（1）济南冬季雾强度不同,其谱分布具有明显的差异,在雾变浓的过程中,谱型由“单峰”结构逐渐向“多峰”结构发展。（2）数浓度对能见度具有较好的指示意义,液态含水量、离散度等对能见度指示意义不稳定。（3）环境温度与核化、凝结和碰并增长（或蒸发）等微物理过程密切相关;核化、凝结增长是济南冬季雾发展过程中最主要的微物理过程,在整个雾过程中起主导作用。（4）碰并过程主要发生在发展和成熟阶段,在生成和减弱阶段很弱,以未碰并或偶发碰并为主。（5）自转化率计算结果表明,在V≥200 m的雾中,碰并过程很少发生;在100 m≤V<200 m的强浓雾中,以未碰并或间断碰并为主;碰并过程主要出现在V<100 m等级的强浓雾和特强浓雾中;与V<50 m的特强浓雾相比,50 m≤V<100 m的强浓雾中碰并过程发生的概率更大、强度更强。（6）在济南冬季特强浓雾中含有大量的小雾滴,但各微物理量的最大值、最大的起伏变化并未出现在特强浓雾中,而是出现在50 m≤V<100 m强浓雾中,这可能与强浓雾中较强的碰并过程有关,碰撞过程中产生的并合和破碎可能是微物理量起伏变化最大的主要原因。（7）利用雾滴谱资料计算的能见度与实测值在变化趋势上具有较好的一致性,但比实测值大1～2个数量级,这可能主要与雾中大量的气溶胶粒子有关,对于污染大气,基于雾滴谱仪观测资料来估算雾中的大气能见度是不够的,必须同时考虑气溶胶粒子对能见度的影响。 相似文献
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利用2010年3月31日—4月2日冷锋天气系统影响下湛江海雾综合观测资料,分析了海雾的微物理特征及海雾过程中气溶胶粒子谱的演变特征。结果表明,海雾的生消与风场密切相关,海雾生成和发展与较强的ESE气流相联系,而弱的NE气流则会促使海雾减弱或消散。湛江海雾的雾滴数浓度为100~102cm-3,液态含水量为0.001~0.232 g·m-3,雾滴平均半径小于10μm,雾滴峰值半径多位于1.4μm。海雾雾滴谱分布以单调递减谱为主,谱宽超过20μm,且雾发展过程中雾滴谱谱宽存在突然增宽和迅速减小的现象。海雾过程中雾滴数浓度的变化主要是由半径小于5μm的雾滴数密度变化引起的。海雾过程对气溶胶粒子的湿清除效果并不显著,雾过程中粒径小于0.1μm和大于4μm的气溶胶粒子数密度显著减少,但在雾消散后又迅速恢复到雾发生前的水平。 相似文献
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利用2015—2017年秋冬季在江苏北部观测到12次雾过程的雾滴谱数据及常规气象观测资料,统计分析了轻雾、大雾、浓雾、强浓雾和特强浓雾等级下的微物理特征量及雾滴谱分布,并通过一次雾过程的分析,探讨了不同雾等级下的主要微物理过程。结果表明:随着雾等级的提升,雾滴数浓度、含水量增长明显,而轻雾、大雾和浓雾的雾滴平均直径和最大直径差异不大,但当能见度小于200 m时,平均直径和最大直径显著增大;能见度下降时,平均数浓度谱和含水量谱的谱线上抬,从浓雾到强浓雾,粒径大于10 μm的大雾滴增长明显;雾滴数浓度主要由小雾滴控制,雾滴含水量受大雾滴影响;东海县郊平均的雾滴含水量与南京观测结果相差不大,但雾滴数浓度仅为南京的一半左右,平均直径大约是南京的2.3倍;个例分析中,能见度从1000 m下降到50 m,凝结核活化并凝结增长是主要微物理过程,但可凝结水汽是影响该过程效果的一个重要因子,可使雾滴数浓度和平均直径呈现不同的相关关系;能见度降到50 m以下时,碰并过程效果显著;日出后雾滴蒸发作用显现并逐步增强。 相似文献
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南京市冬季雾的物理化学特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为研究南京冬季浓雾的宏微观物理结构和物理化学过程,揭示空气污染物与雾水化学结构的关系,2006—2007年冬季,在南京信息工程大学院内进行了雾的综合观测试验。观测项目包括雾的宏微观结构、雾水化学、大气气溶胶粒子谱及化学成分、辐射和热量平衡各分量、湍流以及常规气象和环境监测。在雾的生消过程中,各项目的观测是连续进行的。两年共观测到27次雾过程,并采集到37个雾水样本。按其形成,将南京冬季雾分为辐射雾、平流辐射雾和蒸发雾三类。该文详细分析了各类雾的宏微观结构,研究了强浓雾(能见度小于50m)发展的物理过程。结果指出,南京冬季雾多属暖雾,雾顶高度以平流辐射雾最高,平均顶高851m,辐射雾次之,平均顶高486m,蒸发雾偏低,平均顶高428m;各微物理参数均以平流辐射雾最大,辐射雾次之,蒸发雾最小,平流辐射雾含水量最大时可达1g/m3。通过对微物理参量连续变化分析发现,平流辐射雾和辐射雾进入强盛阶段时,都具有明显的爆发性增强特征。雾水化学分析结果表明,南京雾水离子浓度比较高,酸雾约占43%,属于硫酸型,均与空气污染物SO2、NO2和颗粒物有关。 相似文献
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雾对交通运输有不利影响,尤其是强浓雾。本文利用2019年1月上中旬在寿县国家气候观象台应用FM-100型雾滴谱仪测量的雾滴谱数据和常规气象观测数据,分析了不同强度雾的微物理特征,以及能见度与含水量、雾滴数浓度、相对湿度之间的关系,在此基础上建立了能见度参数化方案。结果表明:（1）随着雾的强度增强,雾中含水量显著增大,大雾、浓雾和强浓雾阶段含水量平均值分别为0.003 g m?3、0.01 g m?3和0.09 g m?3;当含水量大于0.02 g m?3,出现强浓雾的比例高达95%。（2）雾滴数浓度、雾滴尺度随着雾强度增强而增大,从大雾到浓雾,雾滴数浓度显著增加（增幅67%）,而从浓雾到强浓雾,雾滴尺度显著增大,平均直径、平均有效半径分别增加62%、135%;当雾滴有效半径大于4.7 μm,出现强浓雾的比例高达95%。（3）强浓雾、浓雾、大雾雾滴数浓度谱分布均为双峰结构,谱分布整体偏向小粒子一端,强浓雾谱型为Deirmendjian分布,浓雾、大雾均为Junge分布;强浓雾的雾水质量浓度谱呈现多峰特征,最大峰值出现在21.5 μm处,浓雾雾水质量浓度谱为双峰分布,大雾为单峰型,最大峰值均出现在5 μm处。（4）含水量、数浓度与能见度均呈反相关关系,含水量对能见度的影响最为显著;分别采用全样本和分段方式建立了四种能见度参数化方案,评估检验结果表明,基于含水量的能见度分段拟合方案对能见度的估算效果最好。 相似文献
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基于华北雾-霾综合观测试验资料,分析了2011年12月4日河北涿州一次浓雾过程爆发性增强的微物理特征及形成机理。结果表明:此次浓雾过程除具有均压场、地面辐射降温、逆温层、静稳天气等特征外,还具有雾微物理过程出现爆发性增强的特征,10 min内,小雾滴浓度显著增加,含水量增大了3个量级,雾滴谱由15 μm拓宽到35 μm,能见度由500 m骤降至70 m。夜间地面长波辐射冷却效应导致近地层雾的形成,而近地层雾的形成反过来快速地增强了地面长波辐射冷却效应,促使大量小雾滴的形成和碰并过程的产生,这是一种正反馈效应;大量雾滴形成释放的潜热,促使雾体抬升和向下长波辐射增强,又使地面长波辐射冷却效应减弱,产生负反馈效应。相对于南京辐射雾过程,此次涿州浓雾的小雾滴粒子数浓度高,液态水含量明显偏小,这与华北高浓度气溶胶和弱水汽输送有关。 相似文献
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近地层辐射过程与雾微结构的相互作用特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
利用2006-2009年南京郊区（32°12’N,118°42’E,25ma．s．1）冬季雾综合观测资料,分析了近地层辐射特征与雾微物理结构的相互作用。结果表明,净辐射通量密度介于-50～＋25W·m12时,雾层中雾滴数浓度逐渐增加,且雾滴半径越小,雾滴数密度增大越显著。近地层辐射冷却或弱增温,有利于雾滴活化和凝结增长。地面辐射增温较强时,雾滴数浓度和不同尺度雾滴数密度均减少,且雾滴半径越小,雾滴数密度减小得越快。太阳短波反射率的变化主要受雾滴数浓度、平均半径和液态含水量的影响。雾过程中,雾滴数浓度和液态含水量每增大100cm-3和0．001g·m-1。引起的太阳短波反照率的增量分别为5．29×10-3和1．18×10-4。 相似文献
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一次南海海雾微物理结构个例分析 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
本文利用2010年3月22～23日广东省湛江市一次海雾过程的雾滴谱和能见度资料,分析了海雾的微物理特征及微物理参量(数浓度、液态含水量和平均直径)之间的相关性,并讨论了影响海雾的主要物理过程。结果表明:湛江地区海雾的平均雾滴谱符合Junge分布;在海雾发展和成熟阶段,雾滴谱拓宽过程以及数浓度与平均直径的正相关关系表明本次海雾过程主要以雾滴活化和凝结增长过程为主;湍流过程的参与使得雾滴混合均匀,雾滴平均直径向3.5 μm附近集中,趋向平均化。同时湍流使雾体内部和外部空气交流,外部空气的凝结核核化,数浓度升高,凝结增长造成小雾滴变大。 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(4):227
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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《大气科学进展》2014,(6)
正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献