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1.
为探讨TiO2光催化法处理微污染水中腐殖酸的规律,利用悬浮状的TiO2颗粒在紫外光的照射下催化降解含有腐殖酸污染物的水样,设计正交试验研究pH值、TiO2的投加量、腐殖酸溶液初始浓度、曝气量和温度等对腐殖酸降解效果的影响及规律。结果表明:pH=3.5时,TiO2的投加量为1.0 g/L、曝气量为0.12 m3/h、温度为18℃时,最佳有机物降解效果为96.83%;TiO2光催化法对微污染水中的腐殖酸能够有效降解。 相似文献
2.
《广东气象》2017,(2)
利用广州2014年5月至2016年4月的紫外辐射资料,分析了该地区紫外辐射的变化特征及晴天状况下10:00—14:00逐时紫外辐射强度与空气污染物的关系。结果表明:广州紫外辐射强度具有明显的季节性,夏季最强,春秋季次之,冬季最小;紫外辐射强度最大值的极大值都出现在7月,2014年最大达到了87.61 W/m~2,2015年最大是86.59 W/m~2,其次是6和8月出现的极值只比7月略低,极小值都出现在1月,2015年最小为45.61 W/m~2,2016年最小为48.47 W/m~2,极大值与极小值相差近50%;紫外辐射强度与O_3和CO呈显著正相关,均通过P值0.01的显著性检验,紫外辐射强度与O3的相关系数均0.650,最大相关系数为0.748,表明紫外辐射强度与近地层白天O3质量浓度变化有很好的对应关系;紫外辐射强度与PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2均呈负相关,与PM10的负相关性要好于与PM_(2.5)的负相关性,与NO_2的负相关性未通过显著性检验,但逐时有增加趋势,表明SO_2和NO_2对紫外辐射有一定的吸收作用。 相似文献
3.
上海地区地面太阳紫外辐射的观测和分析 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
通过对上海地区2001～2003年地面太阳总辐射和紫外辐射观测资料的分析表明：（1）上海地区太阳辐射和紫外辐射年总量分别为4487．1MJ／m^2和149．6MJ/m^2。（2）紫外辐射的季节变化特征十分明显，夏半年（4-9月）各月极大紫外辐射强度远大于冬半年（10月～次年3月），7月份最强，12月份最弱。（3）不同天气条件下，紫外辐射日变化显示出明显的差异，晴天强且稳定，多云天气波动较大，阴天则次之。（4）紫外辐射占总辐射的比例（η）也显示冬半年低，夏半年高的分布特征。（5）影响上海地区到达地面紫外辐射的主要因子有：太阳高度角的大小大致决定了到达地面紫外辐射的强弱，两者具有相近的年变化趋势；云、雨等天气类型是影响紫外辐射的重要因子；大气能见度对紫外辐射也有比较明显的影响。 相似文献
4.
利用2010—2015年宁波市紫外辐射强度资料、常规气象观测资料以及大气环境资料,分析宁波市紫外辐射强度的日、月、季节、年际变化规律及其与气象和环境条件的相关性,并对到达地表的紫外辐射与大气上界的太阳总辐射的比值η'进行逐步回归,建立η'的预报方程,最后利用辐射传输公式计算出到达地面的紫外辐射强度。预报方程充分考虑了太阳高度角,以及温度、降水、水汽、能见度等气象要素对紫外辐射的影响。并将统计方法与本地气候特征相结合,增加了气候特征判据。经检验,预报紫外线等级正确率为53. 2%,相差1级的占34. 5%,优于主观预报,能够提高现有的紫外线等级预报准确率。最后,提出一种适合本地的紫外线等级划分标准,并根据冬半年和夏半年分别制定相应的防御建议。 相似文献
5.
晴空或少云状况下紫外辐射强度及指数预报模式 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在大气辐射传输理论的基础上，利用中分辨率大气辐射传输系统，应用可测得的实际大气物理参数，建立睛空或少云天气状况下石家庄市紫外波段（280-400nm)辐射强度及指数预报模式，考虑了臭氧的两个吸收带。晴空条件下的散射主要考虑了分子和气溶胶的多次散射，少云时还考虑了云对紫外辐射的影响。其中多次散射的计算采用子离散坐标法。且对由于臭氧实时资料的短缺造成的误差进行了系统订正，并将订正结果与实况资料进行了对比。结果表明，由模式客观预报紫外辐射强度是可行的。 相似文献
6.
为研究石家庄市采暖期与非采暖期大气细颗粒物（PM2.5）中多环芳烃（Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs）的污染特征及其人群健康效应,采集了石家庄市2017年1月—2019年12月每月10—16日PM2.5样品,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定PM2.5中优先控制的16种多环芳烃的浓度,分析采暖期与非采暖期PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染水平及组成特征,利用特征比值法和主成分分析法对其来源进行定性判断,并采用健康风险评估模型以及预期寿命损失评估多环芳烃对人群的健康风险。结果表明:①PM2.5及其中多环芳烃浓度平均水平在采暖期分别为106.00 μg/m3、44.17 ng/m3,非采暖期分别为73.00 μg/m3、40.17 ng/m3。16种多环芳烃中含量最高的是苯并[a]芘,其次为苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、?。多环芳烃单体环数越高其致癌作用越强,不同环数多环芳烃单体的占比在采暖期与非采暖期有所不同;采暖期为4环>5环>2—3环>6环,非采暖期呈5环>4环>6环>2—3环的趋势。②特征比值法和主成分分析法结果显示,采暖期多环芳烃的主要来源为煤炭燃烧,非采暖期的主要来源为机动车尾气排放。③健康风险分析表明,采样期间终身致癌超额危险度和预期寿命损失均呈非采暖期>采暖期,成人>青少年>儿童。不同年龄组人群中终身致癌超额危险度值均为10?6—10?4,表明石家庄市大气PM2.5中多环芳烃具有潜在的致癌风险。在男性儿童、青少年、成人中的预期寿命损失分别为41.18、54.72、110.42 min,在女性儿童、青少年、成人中预期寿命损失分别为42.93 、57.53、101.05 min。研究显示,石家庄市PM2.5中多环芳烃对所有人群均具有潜在致癌风险, PM2.5中多环芳烃通过呼吸暴露对人群造成的预期寿命损失需引起重视。 相似文献
7.
利用2008年4月至2012年12月菏泽市紫外线观测资料以及地面常规气象观测资料和空气质量资料,分析了该地区太阳紫外线辐射的变化特征及其与各因子的相关关系,并建立逐月预报方程。结果表明:菏泽紫外线辐射年总量达到187.98 W/m2,春夏两季明显高于秋冬两季,5月达到全年的最大值,1月为全年的最小值;3~9月紫外线辐射极大值均可达到5级,其他月份均可达到4级。不同天气条件下紫外线辐射强度存在明显差异,其中晴天紫外线辐射强且稳定,呈抛物线变化;多云天紫外线辐射波动较大,时强时弱;阴天紫外线辐射相对较弱。紫外线辐射强度与风速、能见度、气温呈正相关,与总云量、低云量、相对湿度呈负相关,与SO2、PM10、NO2、PM2.5多呈负相关。基于多元线性回归分析向后剔除变量方法得出的逐月预报方程,经检验总体预报效果较好,对当地紫外线等级预报工作具有参考意义。 相似文献
8.
利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站2007年1—12月紫外辐射和总辐射观测资料,分析了紫外辐射的气候学特征及影响因子。结果表明：紫外辐射7月最大,12月最小。冬季大约只有夏季的2/5多一点。全年瞬时强度峰值在6月,为67.11 W·m-2。紫外辐射在总辐射中所占比例变化位相为单峰型,夏季大,冬季小,春、秋季居中。紫外辐射受云量和沙尘影响很大。与晴天相比,阴天紫外辐射减少31.68%;Sc、Ci云时,平均紫外辐射比晴天时分别减少23.63%、12.53%;沙尘暴天气被削弱了41.91%。 相似文献
9.
南京市紫外线辐射强度的变化及影响因子 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用南京市2005-02—2009-01共4 a的紫外线辐射观测资料,分析了到达地面的紫外线辐射强度的变化特征,并探讨了云、污染物浓度和雾、霾天气等对紫外线辐射强度的影响。结果表明,低云量对紫外线强度的衰减更明显,最大达58.15%,蔽光性云层对紫外线辐射强度的衰减可达71%～80%;紫外线辐射强度与污染物浓度呈负相关,其中与NO2的相关性最好,为-0.39;晴空条件下,严重霾对紫外线辐射强度的衰减率可达20%以上,浓雾对紫外线辐射强度的衰减接近50%。 相似文献
10.
11.
Influence of UV-B Radiation and Temperature on Photodegradation of PAHs: Preliminary Results 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Martí Nadal Jason J. Wargent Kevin C. Jones Nigel D. Paul Marta Schuhmacher José L. Domingo 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2006,55(3):241-252
The joint impact of UV-B radiation and temperature on photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) sorbed to an organic solvent was assessed in this study. This approach was experimentally performed in a laboratory investigation by means of comparison of two different environments: Atlantic (Lancaster, UK) and Mediterranean (Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain) climatic conditions. The concentration of 10 PAHs contained in a tetradecane solution was compared under two different temperatures (10 and 20°C) and UV-B doses (6.5 and 22.5 kJ m−2 day−1). No photodegradation was observed for the heaviest hydrocarbons (benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(g,h,i)perylene and coronene). In general terms, the half-life of PAHs was highly dependent on their molecular weight. Significant faster photodegradation rates were detected specially for light PAHs. It indicates that a synergistic effect occurred when both temperature and UV-B dose increased. This synergism might have a great implication on the long-range transport of environmental organic pollutants taking into account that low-latitude areas are the hottest and most irradiated of the planet. 相似文献
12.
Kinetics of the reactions of soot surface-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Mai Lan Nguyen Yuri Bedjanian Angélique Guilloteau 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2009,62(2):139-150
The kinetics of heterogeneous reactions of NO2 with 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on laboratory generated kerosene soot surface was studied over the
temperature range (255–330) K in a low pressure flow reactor combined with an electron-impact mass spectrometer. The kinetics
of soot-bound PAH consumption due to their desorption and reaction with NO2 were monitored using off-line HPLC measurements of their concentrations in soot samples as a function of reaction time, NO2 concentrations in the gas phase being analyzed by mass spectrometer. No measurable decay of PAHs due to the reaction with
NO2 was observed under experimental conditions of the study (maximum NO2 concentration of 5.5 × 1014 molecule cm−3 and reaction time of 45 min), which allowed to determine the upper limits of the first-order rate constants for the heterogeneous
reactions of 17 soot-bound PAHs with NO2: k < 5.0 × 10−5 s−1 (for most PAHs studied). Comparison of these results to previous studies carried on different carbonaceous substrates, showed
that heterogeneous reactivity of PAHs towards NO2 is, probably, dependent on the substrate nature even for resembling, although different carbonaceous materials. Results show
that particulate PAHs degradation by NO2 alone is of minor importance in the atmosphere 相似文献
13.
This work studied the influence of meteorological conditions on particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere of Higashi Hiroshima, Japan. The seasonal variation of particulate PAHs was also covered. It was found that ambient temperature, solar intensity and weekly rainfall had significant influence on the particulate PAH concentration based on correlation studies. Correlation of particulate PAHs with ambient temperature, solar intensity, weekly rainfall, wind speed and humidity was studied by using Pearson correlation analysis. Particulate PAHs had a strong negative correlation with ambient temperature and solar intensity. A moderate negative correlation with weekly rainfall was also observed. There was no significant correlation between particulate PAHs with wind speed as well as humidity. Besides, particulate PAHs were found to have significant positive correlation with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide while having a moderate negative correlation with ozone. The particulate PAHs in Higashi Hiroshima exerted distinct seasonal variation with a higher concentration in winter and lower concentration in summer. When compared among PAHs with different numbers of aromatic rings; 5-ring PAHs was found to exert the most distinct seasonal variation. The contribution of carcinogenic PAHs to total particulate PAH concentration was fairly constant at about 50% throughout the year. 相似文献
14.
Ji Yi Lee Yong Pyo Kim Naoki Kaneyasu Hidetoshi Kumata Chang-Hee Kang 《Atmospheric Research》2008,90(1):91-98
The levels of PM.25 PAHs at Mt. Halla site, Jeju Island, a background site in Korea were observed between March 1999 and March 2002. A seasonal variation was observed for the particulate PAHs concentrations with high levels during cold season similar to Gosan, a nearby coastal background site, due to the seasonal variations of fossil fuel usage in Asia. The total average concentration of ambient particulate PAHs was 404 ± 579 pg m− 3, about one order lower than the ambient level at Gosan. However, the ratios of the anthropogenic inorganic ion concentrations between Mt. Halla and Gosan were smaller, 1.5 for non sea-salt (nss) sulfate and 2.7 for nitrate. Two possible explanations for these characteristics are (1) two sites measured different air parcels and/or (2) the effect of local emissions were different at two sites. Based on the Bep/BaP ratio result, upper air wind direction data, backward trajectory analysis, and LIDAR measurement data at Gosan, it was found that the degree of the effects of local emissions to the sampling sites be the major reason for the different PAHs levels at two sites though, in some cases, the air parcels arriving at Mt. Halla were different from those arriving at Gosan. For secondary aerosol such as nss sulfate, the lower concentration difference indicates both site are affected by regional transport. It points that the measurement result for directly emitted species such as PAHs at Gosan might be significantly influenced by local emissions. 相似文献
15.
Ximei Hou Guoshun Zhuang Yanfen Lin Juan Li Yilun Jiang Joshua S. Fu 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,61(2):119-131
The indoor PM2.5 aerosol samples for charcoal broiling source under Chinese traditional charbroiling and the ambient fine aerosols samples
(PM2.5) were collected in Beijing to investigate the characteristics of the charcoal broiling source and its impact on the fine
organic aerosols in the atmosphere. The concentrations of 20 species of the trace organic compounds, including polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fatty acids, levoglucosan, and cholesterol in PM2.5 were identified and quantified by GC/MS. The total PAHs and fatty acids emitted from charcoal broiling to PM2.5 were 8.97 and 87,000 ng mg−1 respectively. The concentrations of the light molecular weight (LMW) 3- and 4-ring PAHs were much higher than those of the
high molecular weight (HMW) 5- and 6-ring PAHs. Fatty acids were the most abundant species in source profile, accounting for
over 90% of all identified organic compounds. More polyunsaturated fatty acid (linoleic acids) than the saturated fatty acid
(stearic acids) emitted in the cooking. Charcoal broiling is a minor source of PAHs compared to the source of biomass burning.
Comparing the ratios of levoglucosan/fatty acid and levoglucosan/cholesterol in the charcoal broiling samples to the ambient
samples, it is evident that meat cooking is an important source of fatty acids, but a less important source of cholesterol.
Cooking, as one of the source of fine organic particles, plus other anthropogenic sources would be related to the formation
of the severe haze occurred and spread over the urban atmosphere in most of the cities of China in the past several years. 相似文献
16.
采用高效液相色谱法对沈阳市地表土壤中的多环芳烃（Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs）进行了定量分析,研究了沈阳市地表土壤中PAHs在不同功能区的含量及分布特征。结果表明：从土壤PAHs总量来看,居民区最低,其次是商业区,交通干道、文教区和公园排在商业区之后,工业区的PAHs总量最多;从PAHs的空间差异来看,靠近工业区以及机动车车流量较大的地区PAHs含量较高,靠近文教区和居住区的地区PAHs含量较低;从PAHs种类来看,所有功能区样品中PAHs的组分分布状况较为一致,以四环PAHs含量最多,其次是五环PAHs和三环PAHs;参考美国EPA沉积物PAHs质量标准和治理标准,沈阳市内五区PAHs总量超过质量标准的功能区有工业区、交通干道（4个采样点,占比36.3%）、文教区（3个采样点,占比75%）和公园区（4个采样点,占比40%）,超过治理标准的功能区有工业区,公园区（1个采样点,占比10%）,文教区（1个采样点,25%）。 相似文献
17.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in urban air samples of Konya, Turkey between August 2006 and May 2007. The concentrations of pollutants in both the gas and particulate phase were separately analysed. The average total (gas + particulate) concentrations of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs were determined as 206 ng m− 3, 0.106 ng m− 3, 4.78 ng m− 3 respectively. All of the investigated target compounds were dominantly found in the gas phase except OCPs. Higher air concentrations of PAHs were found at winter season while the highest concentrations of PCBs were determined in September. The highest OCPs were detected in October and in March. In urban air of Konya, PCB 28 and PCB 52 congeners represent 46% and 35% of total PCBs while Phenanthrene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene accounted for 29%, 13%, 10% of total PAHs. HCH compounds (α + β + γ + δ-HCH), total DDTs (p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT), Endosulfan compounds (Endosulfan I, Endosulfan II, Endosulfan sulfate) were dominantly determined as 30%, 21%, 20% of total OCPs respectively. Considering the relation between these compounds with temperature, there was no significant correlation observed. Despite banned/restricted use in Turkey, some OCPs were determined in urban air. These results demonstrated that they are either illegally being used in the course of agricultural activity and gardens in Konya or they are residues of past use in environment. According to these results, it can be suggested that Konya is an actively contributing region to persistent organic pollutants in Turkey. 相似文献
18.
Seasonal variation of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM10 in Guangzhou, China 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
Ji-Hua Tan Xin-Hui Bi Jing-Cun Duan Kenneth A. Rahn Guo-Ying Sheng Jia-Mo Fu 《Atmospheric Research》2006,80(4):250-262
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the urban atmosphere. An investigation on seasonal variation of PAHs in the urban atmosphere of Guangzhou, China was conducted in this study. 112 PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm) samples were collected at two sites between June 2002 and June 2003. PAHs were analyzed with GC–MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). The result showed that PAHs exhibit distinct seasonal variation. The seasonal concentration for the ∑PAHs ranged from 8.11 to 106.26 ng m− 3. The average ∑PAHs measured were highest in winter and lowest in summer. The PAHs distribution patterns were similar within each season at two sites. 5–6 ring PAHs were the abundant compounds, which accounted for 65–90% of ∑PAHs and benzo [b + k] fluoranthene dominated in four seasons. The PAHs concentration and distribution pattern fluctuated greatly in winter for the cold air current. Based on the different temperature in winter, the samples were split into two groups. PM10 and the abundance of the PAHs in winter-1 (temperature, 12–22 °C) were much greater than in winter-2 (temperature, 8–12 °C). In winter-1 benzo [b + k] fluoranthene and Indeno [1, 2, 3] pyrene dominated while chrysene and benzo [b + k] fluoranthene dominated in winter-2. Meteorological conditions such as wind speed and temperature had a strong influence on the seasonal variation. Potential sources of PAHs were identified using the molecular diagnostic ratios between PAHs. Results showed fossil fuel combustion may be the major source of PAHs at the two sites. 相似文献
19.
Aliphatic alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM10 aerosols from Baoji, China: Implications for coal burning 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Mingjie Xie Gehui Wang Shuyuan Hu Qingyou Han Yajuan Xu Zhongchao Gao 《Atmospheric Research》2009,93(4):840-848
Normal alkanes and PAHs in atmospheric PM10 aerosols collected during 2008 winter and spring in Baoji, a mid-scale inland city of China, were determined on a molecular level. Concentrations of n-alkanes ranged from 232 to 3583 ng/m3 with an average of 1733 ng/m3 in winter and from 124 to 1160 ng/m3 with an average of 449 ng/m3 in spring, while PAHs in the PM10 samples were 594 ± 405 and 128 ± 82 ng/m3 in the two seasons. Molecular compositions showed that CPI (odd/even) values of n-alkanes were close to unity for all the samples especially in winter, and diagnostic ratios of PAHs (e.g., Phe/(Phe + Ant), CPAH/ΣPAHs and IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP)) were found similar to those in coal burning smoke with a strong linear relationship (R2 ≥ 0.85) between PAHs and fossil fuel derived n-alkanes, demonstrating that coal burning is the main source of n-alkanes and PAHs in the city, especially in winter due to house heating. Concentrations of the determined compounds in Baoji are much higher than those in Chinese mega-cities, suggesting that air pollution in small cities in the country is more serious and need more attention. 相似文献