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1.
中国西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季的热力输送 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
以敦煌戈壁站2004年6月和2008年8月的常规观测和超声观测为例,分析了西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季热力输送的一般过程及特征。首先评价了湍流通量的观测质量以及仪器观测的地表能量通量闭合问题,结果表明敦煌戈壁站的观测在白天总体较好。夏季地表能量通量的平均日变化显示,潜热通量整天都很小,可以忽略,白天到达地表的短波辐射以及地表向上的长波辐射非常强,地表净辐射主要转化为感热输送（敦煌戈壁站在中午时平均分别达380W·m-2以上和250W·m-2以上）;夜间土壤释放热量以平衡地表的辐射冷却,感热通量略低于0。白天时地表大气经常触发自由对流活动,影响动量通量的观测质量,并有效输送地表热力至上层大气中,有助于形成超厚大气边界层。分析了戈壁下垫面的动量粗糙度特征和热力粗糙度特征（敦煌戈壁站动量粗糙度约为0．6mm）,热力粗糙度基本小于动量粗糙度一个量级,这符合目前对干旱区戈壁下垫面热力输送特征的初步认识。 相似文献
2.
关于用台站资料估算西北干旱区夏季感热通量的热力参数化比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
气象台站观测的气象要素可能受城市化等因子的影响而与野外试验站的观测存在一定的差异,这影响野外试验获取的热力参数直接应用于西北干旱区台站感热通量的估算。本文选取了一些常用的热力参数化方案(包括Z10、B82、Z98、Y08和Z12等方案),通过敦煌站夏季估算的感热通量与野外观测的比较以及对整个西北干旱区夏季感热通量的估算,评价了这些热力参数化对动量粗糙度的敏感性和在西北干旱区的适用性。结果显示,热力输送系数取定值的方案计算西北干旱区的感热通量可能存在较大不确定;台站的动量粗糙度可能受城市化等因子的影响,但在感热通量计算时建议取台站下垫面的动量粗糙度;Y08方案估算的感热通量相对比较合理,可以用来研究西北干旱区的夏季地表感热输送特征。 相似文献
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干旱区陆面过程模型参数优化和地气相互作用特征的模拟研究 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：8
依据干旱区陆地下垫面观测结果, 对陆面过程模式Common Land Model (CoLM) 中反照率、 粗糙度长度和土壤热力性质3个方面的参数进行了优化, 并按照不同的参数组合形式设计了为加深理解干旱区地气相互作用的控制试验和研究重要参数影响的敏感性试验, 对敦煌戈壁2000年5月～2004年7月的陆面过程进行了离线 (off-line) 数值模拟分析。控制试验结果表明: 优化参数的模式在干旱区得到了更好的模拟性能, 对地表和深层土壤温度、 净短波辐射、 净长波辐射以及感热通量的模拟能力较原模式有了明显的提高。敏感性试验的结果表明: 地表温度在全年对反照率都比较敏感, 春季和夏季更为显著; 粗糙度长度和土壤热力性质分别在春夏和秋冬对地表温度有较大影响; 感热通量对反照率和粗糙度长度在夏半年比较敏感, 而土壤热力性质对感热通量的影响并不明显。对敏感性试验的结果进一步分析发现: 原模式在计算地表温度、 净辐射和感热通量的过程中存在不同形式的误差抵消的现象, 这就会掩盖模式的模拟误差, 优化参数的模式可以更好的反映干旱区地气相互作用的物理过程。针对模式输出的感热通量和地表热通量的分析发现: 感热通量的季节变化明显, 全年都有由地表向上的感热通量输送, 夏季尤为显著; 相对于感热通量而言, 潜热通量量级很小可以忽略不计。夏季, 净辐射的能量大部分以感热通量的形式返回大气, 其余的能量以地表热通量的形式进入土壤并贮存, 夏季土壤为热汇; 冬季, 夏季贮存的能量又由土壤返回大气, 此时土壤为热源。 相似文献
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利用2010年阿柔站(草地)和馆陶站(农田)的观测资料,运用阻尼法估算不同下垫面的热传输附加阻尼(kB-1),分析日变化特征,探讨用一个固定kB-1值来估算感热通量,最后将估算值与M_1958、M_1963、M_1982、M_1989、M_1998、M_2002和M_2007七种参数化方案进行比较。结果表明,在不同下垫面上,kB-1变化明显。除玉米下垫面、玉米和裸地混合下垫面外,其余下垫面kB-1均有抛物线型日变化,与地气温差具有相关性。在植被下垫面,可用中值或均值的kB-1计算感热通量。将不同参数化方案计算的感热通量与观测值之间进行比较发现,在裸地下垫面,与观测值最接近的参数化方案是M_1998方案;在混合地表则为M_1958、M_1963和M_2007方案。 相似文献
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青藏高原地表感热通量是高原热源的主要分量之一,对高原局地天气系统、我国天气气候以及亚洲季风等都有着重要影响。选取1980～2016年青藏高原的站点资料和ERA-Interim、NCEP1、NCEP2再分析资料,计算高原地表感热通量的分布状况和时间变化特征并对不同资料得到的结果进行比较分析,结果表明:4种资料在夏季的空间分布、年际变化,高原中部的年际变化,以及长期变化趋势上具有较好的一致性,其中ERA-Interim感热资料较优于其他两种再分析资料。青藏高原的地表感热通量分布呈西高东低的特征,年均最大值出现在柴达木盆地,最小值位于贡山;区域平均值春季最大,冬季最小。感热逐月变化呈单峰型分布,不同分区的年际变化均在2001年或2003年由减弱趋势转变为增强趋势。 相似文献
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鼎新戈壁下垫面近地层小气候及地表能量平衡特征季节变化分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用在甘肃酒泉金塔地区进行的 “绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测与数值研究” 野外试验中的鼎新戈壁下垫面近地层2年的微气象观测资料, 分析了鼎新戈壁下垫面近地层小气候和能量平衡特征的季节变化规律。结果表明: 鼎新戈壁地区四季的平均风速在2～6 m/s之间, 没有明显的地方性风, 局地环流和局地相互作用可忽略; 冬季8 m向上比湿梯度垂直减小, 其他季节接近等比湿分布。7月, 典型晴天天气下, 能量平衡各量表现出标准的日循环形态, 白天感热通量峰值达到574 W/m2, 地热流量峰值为101 W/m2, 潜热很小, 在夜间和正午时刻存在负水汽输送现象; 然而降水天气下, 地气之间能量传输却以潜热蒸发为主, 感热很小, 地热流量为负值; 无论晴天和阴天, 地表和浅层 (5 cm和10 cm) 土壤温度都表现为准正弦曲线变化; 与敦煌戈壁相同, 土壤温度的活动层基本在10 cm范围以内, 40 cm以下地温已不存在日变化特征; 降水天气下, 地表和浅层土壤温度有随时间减小的趋势。能量平衡各分量均具有明显的季节变化规律, 感热通量季节平均的峰值在250～400 W/m2之间, 在夏季最大, 冬季最小; 潜热通量季节平均的最大值只有15 W/m2; 地气之间能量传输全年都以感热输送为主; 云和降水使夏季能量平衡各分量与晴天相比减少25％左右, 这种影响程度比极端干旱的敦煌荒漠戈壁地区稍大, 而小于半干旱的陇中黄土高原地区。另外, 在这一地区干旱情况很严重, 夏季的Bowen比极值达到62.4, 季节平均值也高达16.5。 相似文献
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利用2008年6月11～30日在金塔开展的"绿洲系统非均匀下垫面能量水分交换和边界层过程观测与理论研究"期间第一阶段戈壁下垫面大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)的观测资料,用混合对流方法和自由对流方法分别计算了戈壁感热通量。结果表明,对于利用LAS资料计算地表感热通量的方法中,混合对流方法相对于自由对流方法更加适用,且混合对流方法中Andreas给出的参数相对于DeBruin的参数更加适用于戈壁下垫面。此外,LAS测得的感热通量相对涡动相关方法的值较大,提高了地表能量闭合度。 相似文献
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近地层湍流通量计算对于中尺度数值模式有重要意义,湍流通量的参数化是当前大气边界层研究的重要课题之一.选择青藏高原东缘大理观象台边界层通量观测系统,离线测试了WRF区域模式中的两种常用的近地层参数化方案(MM5相似理论非迭代方案A和ETA相似理论迭代方案B),并将参数化方案计算结果与边界层铁塔涡动相关法的观测值进行对比分析.在大理观象台观测场不同植被随季节交替的状况下,根据边界层铁塔4层高度风速拟合,发现近地层空气动力学粗糙度随季节变化特征明显.将拟合的空气动力学粗糙度输入模式参数化方案进行通量计算.结果表明:稳定度是影响近地层参数化方案精度的重要因素,在不稳定条件下方案B低估了动量通量,方案A优于方案B,而在稳定条件下方案A低估了动量通量,方案B优于方案A,两种方案总体来看误差不大.对于大理边界层通量观测场农田植被交替的环境条件,不同季节下垫面植被类型的差异,以及植被的稀疏对近地层参数化方案湍流通量计算结果的精度有显着影响.方案B考虑了空气动力学粗糙度z0和热量粗糙度z0h的差异,不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土或稀少植被条件下明显优于方案A.针对方案B不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土下垫面仍出现高估的现象,使用了Zeng等1998年提出的用辐射地表温度订正裸土下垫面感热能量方法后,计算结果也有明显改善. 相似文献
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黑河实验区非均匀地表能量通量的数值模拟 总被引：12，自引：13，他引：12
利用三维非静力RAMS模拟研究了黑河实验区非均匀地表能量通量，模拟结果表明：绿洲地表净辐射通量较沙漠戈壁大；绿洲及沙漠戈壁下垫面上的Bowen比分别为0．4和4．0；夜间绿洲上整晚维持蒸发，并有负感热通量。模拟结果与测站实测结果与卫星反演值的对比研究指出，RAMS对绿洲下垫面潜热通量的模拟和沙漠戈壁下垫面感热通量的模拟与实测值基本一致。卫星遥感反演及数值模拟方法对净辐射的估算与实测较吻合，绿洲地表感热通量的卫星反演值较数值模拟结果更接近于实际，但潜热通量的模拟值则较卫星估算值更接近于实际；沙漠戈壁地表则是感热通量的模拟值较卫星反演值更接近于实际。上述分析为今后结合卫星遥感改进RAMS陆面过程参数化，使使用于模拟研究干旱区非均匀下垫面地气相互作用提供了可靠依据。 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献