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1.
为了从毫米波雷达观测数据准确反演云中液态水路径,利用中国区域飞机探测资料得到的云粒子谱参数,基于2008年寿县ARM-AMF地基毫米波云雷达观测,针对层状云采用不同的云粒子谱参数假定,由物理迭代法和经验关系法反演云中液态水路径,并与地基微波辐射计的云水产品进行对比,开展了基于地基毫米波雷达的层状云液态水路径反演算法的对比分析。结果表明,反演结果与谱参数的选取以及云的特征密切相关,但物理迭代法总体上优于传统的经验关系法且前者对谱参数假定的依赖性相对较弱;基于中国区域的飞机探测资料得到的谱参数能够得到更优的反演结果;云中可能存在的大粒子是云雷达液态水路径反演高估的可能原因之一。最后,提出了基于云特征的谱参数选择方案,显著改进了云中液态水路径的反演结果。 相似文献
2.
毫米波测云雷达作为一种新型的气象探测装备,在云粒子的探测上具有一定的优势。基于毫米波测云雷达的探测数据和探空仪获取的温度数据,设计云粒子相态识别算法。采用该算法,对2017年1月19日、2月7日、3月20日的毫米波测云雷达探测数据进行了云粒子相态识别和过冷水等数据产品反演。分析结果表明,逆温层与过冷水层高度正相关,过冷水和冰晶交汇区附近会出现湿冰相和混合相,过冷水含量与融化层亮带呈一定的负相关关系,整体相态识别结果与实际相吻合,验证了粒子相态识别算法的有效性。 相似文献
3.
云微物理参数是研究云物理过程和云辐射效应的基础。采用35 GHz的Ka波段毫米波云雷达的IQ数据,处理得到功率谱数据,进行了云微物理参数的反演,并且与云雷达和微波辐射计的联合反演方法进行了对比。个例研究表明:(1)层状云的云滴数浓度(N_0)典型值在80～100个/cm~3;有效半径R_e(Effective Radius)在15～25μm之间;液态水含量LWC(Liquid Water Content)在0.01～1 g·m~(-3)之间;(2)利用功率谱进行反演,可以消除空气运动的干扰,提高了反演结果的可靠性;(3)反演结果的对比分析表明,功率谱反演方法和联合反演方法有较好的一致性,两种方案都适用于水云微物理参数的反演。 相似文献
4.
毫米波雷达测云个例研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
云参数是影响降水和大气辐射过程的重要因子,但对云参数的遥感探测存在许多困难。利用35GHz的毫米波雷达进行云探测,并进行云参数反演研究,反演了云水含量、冰水含量和云滴有效直径的垂直廓线,得到了6类云况的垂直分布。结果表明：1）不同类型的云具有不同的云参数分布;2）在低于-15dBz的非降水云情况下,反演的云水含量及云滴有效直径较可靠;3）雷达探测的线性退偏振比因子,可以用于判别云中的过冷却水和冰晶,有助于更好了解云的宏微观特征。 相似文献
5.
混合相态层状云与对流云的微物理特征有很大的差异性,但现阶段数值模式中并没有充分考虑两者的区别,这是导致云降水的模拟有较大不确定性的原因之一。为了加深对层状云与对流云的微物理特征差异的理解,并为模式的验证和参数化开发提供支撑,本文基于在中落基山地区进行的Ice in Clouds Experiment—Layer Clouds（ICE-L）项目和High Plain Cumulus（HiCu）项目的飞机观测资料,定量对比分析了该地区大陆性混合相态冬季较浅薄的层状云与较弱及中等强度的夏季对流云的微物理特征。其中,粒子图像和粒子谱通过2D-Cloud和2D-Precipitation探头得到,液态水含量通过热线式King探头测量得到,冰水含量基于粒子谱计算得到。主要结论有:（1）在?30°C～0°C的温度层范围内,夏季对流云内的液态水含量比冬季层状云高一个数量级,冰水含量高一到两个数量级,并且在对流云云顶附近观测到更多的过冷水。此外,夏季对流云中液态水含量在?20°C～0°C上随温度降低而升高,而冬季层状云则相反。夏季对流云中更活跃的冰晶生成和生长过程使得云内液态水质量分数小于层状云。（2）冬季层状云与夏季对流云内相态空间分布极不均匀。随着温度从0°C降低到?30°C,在冬季层状云中冰晶发生贝吉龙过程,云中的过冷水为主的区域向混合相态和冰相转化。而夏季对流云中相态结构更为复杂,体现了对流云中复杂的冰水相互作用。（3）在?30°C～0°C的温度范围内,夏季对流云的粒子谱宽度大于冬季层状云。随着温度的降低,冬季层状云与夏季对流云均存在粒子谱增宽的现象。（4）冬季层状云中,温度低于?20°C时冰晶主要为无规则状,在?20°C～?10°C观测到了辐枝状和无规则状冰晶,在?10°C以上观测到了柱状和无规则状冰晶,说明冰晶的生长主要为凝华增长和碰并增长。而夏季对流云以冻滴、霰粒子与不规则冰晶为主,说明主要为液滴冻结、淞附增长和碰并增长为主。（5）在夏季对流云较强的上升气流中存在较高的液态水含量,但垂直速度与云内冰水含量没有明显的相关性。 相似文献
6.
94GHz云雷达回波及测云能力分析 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
重点利用英国的94 GHz Galileo测云雷达,结合35 GHz云雷达、地面雨滴谱仪、雨量计和探空资料等,分析了94 GHz 雷达的回波特征及测云能力。结果表明：（1）94 GHz云雷达能清楚反映出云及弱降水过程的云系结构变化和云内小尺度变化,可以探测到雾,雾的多普勒速度杂乱;（2）94 GHz云雷达区别于厘米波雷达的较显著的回波特征是层状云降水的0℃层亮带下面雷达反射率因子降低不明显或没有降低及0℃层亮带上面存在0℃层暗带,分别是因为雨滴较大及冰晶较大产生非瑞利散射引起的,暗带区域的宽度一般在600 m以下,暗带区域的许多冰晶聚合物最大尺度可超过3 mm,有些暗带区域的许多冰晶聚合物最大尺度可超过6.8 mm,多普勒速度及谱宽显著增大的地方是融化层顶;（3）与35 GHz测云雷达相比,由于衰减和非瑞利散射,降水时的94 GHz雷达反射率因子远小于35 GHz雷达反射率因子,使探测到的高云云顶高度偏低,但94 GHz云雷达抑制地物杂波的能力更高,在晴空低云探测方面具有优势。这些结果为中国正在研制的94 GHz云雷达回波可靠性分析提供了参考。94 GHz云雷达与其他探测手段结合,可揭示各种天气形成的物理机制,对天气预报、云物理的发展、人工影响天气、气候变化的研究均有重要意义。 相似文献
7.
冰水含量在气候以及天气变化、人工影响天气等方面的研究中具有重要影响。毫米波雷达在探测卷云时由于气流运动等因素的影响使得电磁波照射体积内粒子自身发生旋转运动,这为精确计算粒子散射截面以及利用其散射特性反演云中冰水含量造成困难。首先给出六种常见的非球形冰晶粒子模型,利用HFSS软件讨论特定尺寸下非球形粒子及其等效球形粒子的辐射方向图差异,利用矩量法（针对非球形粒子）以及洛伦兹-米理论（针对球形粒子）计算并拟合上述冰晶粒子在静止、水平旋转以及随机旋转三种取向下最大尺寸与后向散射截面之间的双指数关系式,假定卷云冰晶粒子混合模型满足B-H模型,云粒子的谱分布服从NASA在2007年实测的指数分布,计算出实际的冰水含量,讨论了三种取向下非球形粒子及等体积球粒子群的雷达反射率因子Z,将其代入常用的IWC-Z关系式,结果表明利用雷达反射率因子反演冰水含量时必须考虑高空风产生的粒子取向问题,等效球理论方法得到的冰水含量比实际值偏小,该结论对于毫米波雷达精确反演卷云的微观物理参数具有重要意义。 相似文献
8.
机载微波辐射计测云中液态含水量 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
文中介绍了 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年 4～ 7月吉林省人工增雨期间 ,在中国首次进行的机载对空微波辐射计外场飞行观测试验。观测结果表明 ,仪器可以灵敏地探测出层状云中垂直路径积分云液态水和过冷水含量及其变化 ,揭示了在层状云中嵌入的对流区中有丰富的垂直积分过冷水含量 ,量级可达 10 3 g/m2 。与地面雷达PPI回波强度呈正相关。本文还根据飞机上升 (或下降 )过程的探测数据 ,给出了水平均匀的层状云液态含水量的垂直廓线的实例 ,并进一步讨论了这种方法的应用前景。 相似文献
9.
为分析层状云垂直微物理结构,了解雷达参数特征,揭示降水机制,利用机载Ka波段云雷达和DMT（Droplet Measurement Technologies）粒子测量系统,针对2019年11月17日山东冷锋层状云系开展从云顶至云底的垂直探测。结果表明:观测云层由高层云（3100~4500 m高度）和雨层云（800 ~2600 m高度）两部分组成。高层云过冷水含量较低,平均值为0.0026 g·m-3,最大值为0.008 g·m-3,云内冰晶通过水汽凝华增长,平均浓度为8.2 L-1,最大直径为900 μm,平衡谱状态下冰晶浓度与雷达反射率因子具有较好相关性,相关系数最大为0.84。雨层云过冷水含量丰富,最大含水量为0.354 g·m-3,过冷水区平均雷达反射率因子为7.48 dBZ,多普勒速度为-2.3 m·s-1,速度谱宽为0.7 m·s-1;雨层云中上部以冰晶为主,下部为暖区融化粒子,冰晶通过凇附过程增长,平均浓度为208 L-1,最大直径为450 μm;雷达反射率因子随高度降低至1500 m不断增大,在1200~1500 m高度保持不变,1200 m高度以下减小,未出现明显0℃亮带,速度谱宽随高度降低增大。 相似文献
10.
华北秋季一次低槽冷锋积层混合云宏微物理特征与催化响应分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用2013年10月13日机载粒子测量系统（PMS）在张家口涞源地区对积层混合云中上部进行的增雨探测数据,分析了云的垂直微物理结构、云区的可播性和作业前后液态云粒子、冰晶及降水粒子的微物理变化。结果表明,此次降水性积层混合云的垂直结构由冷、暖两层云配置,云层发展厚实,冷云区云粒子浓度平均为62 cm-3,液态水含量最大0.05 g/m3;2DC和2DP探测的冰晶及降水粒子平均浓度分别为1.9和2.2 L-1;暖云内云粒子数浓度集中在300 cm-3左右,液态水含量约0.1 g/m3。探测区域云粒子数浓度的水平分布不均匀。利用云内过冷水含量和冰晶浓度等参数判断,该降水性积层混合云的播撒作业层具有强可播性。对比作业前后云中粒子浓度及平均直径发现,云粒子在作业前时段内的平均浓度为31 cm-3,远高于作业后平均浓度（17.6 cm-3）;但平均直径变化不大。作业后冰晶粒子通过贝吉龙过程消耗过冷水长大,浓度由之前的0.86 L-1增至4.27 L-1,平均直径也增至550 μm。冰晶粒子逐渐长大形成降水,降水粒子浓度也相应有所升高,谱明显变宽。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
13.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
14.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
15.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
16.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(4):227
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. 相似文献
17.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
18.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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20.
《大气科学进展》2014,(6)
正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献