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1.
本文应用1982年8月－1983年7月逐日的NOAA辐射收支资料（分辨率为2．5°×2．5°），分析了中国大陆地区各种代表性地理区域（塔克拉玛干沙漠、青藏高原、华北平原和长江中下游）的行星反射率的基本特征、云天行星反射率的空间分布图。并利用1982年8月－1983年7月青藏高原的地面观测资料对那曲等4个站的地表反射率与睛天行星反射率进行了比较。 相似文献
2.
青藏高原太阳总辐射的计算方法的讨论 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
本文利用1982年8月—1983年7与1978—1980年青藏高原地区总辐射的观测资料与二流近似的模式计算讨论了高原地区总辐射的气候学计算方法,计算了纬度24°—46°不同海拔高度,不同地表反射率条件下的晴天地面总辐射的月平均值,并绘制了青藏高原地区1月与7月晴天地面总辐射的分布图。 相似文献
3.
中国短期气候变化的一个重要原因 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
通过数值试验对高原地表反射率变化的气候效应进行了敏感性研究，同时与观测的近４０年中国区域气候变化趋势作了对比分析。结果表明，高原主体地表反射率增加是我国短期气候变化的重要控制因子之一，它能造成东亚夏季风和高原夏季风的显著减弱，使夏季我国东部季风区北方变暖，南方变冷，季风降水普遍减少 相似文献
4.
西北太平洋季风区(5°~25°N,120°~160°E)是亚洲-太平洋季风区与亚洲-澳大利亚季风区的一个重要部分,也是一个独立的季风区。文中对西北太平洋夏季风进行了气候学研究,发现西北太平洋夏季风的爆发发生在31候(6月上旬)前后。爆发后,夏季风经历了3次活跃-中断循环,每个循环都相应于独立的干期和湿期。第1个循环是从6月初到7月中旬,降水与低层西风的中心主要位于5°~10°N。第2个循环是7月下旬至9月下旬,降水与低层西风明显向东北方向移动,位于10°~20°N。这个循环是西北太平洋夏季风最强盛的时期。第3个循环是从9月末到10月末,降水与低层西风又向南退回到5°~10°N,达到了西北太平洋夏季风最弱的阶段。这个循环的结束也就预示着西北太平洋夏季风的结束。西北太平洋季风区有明显的季节内振荡(ISO),这种气候的季节内振荡(CISO)主要由30~60 d与10~20 d两种周期组成,但是主要以30~60 d的低频振荡为主。根据西北太平洋的对流和低层西风在不同位相分布的分析,可以看出西北太平洋的低频对流和西风是向西向北传播的。西北太平洋的季风降水、对流与西风的活跃-中断循环在很大程度上受30~60和10~20 d低频振荡的调制。 相似文献
5.
应用欧洲中期预报中心的FGGEⅢ-b个客观分析资料计算了1979年7月热带大气的动能平衡。热带环流系统的动能主要集中在定常涡旋部分。对流层下层,105°E和150°E为两半球间瞬变涡旋的通道。对流层上层,瞬变涡旋的通道和洋中槽相联系,位于150°E和30°W附近。 索马里急流是对流层下层制造动能的主要环流系统。对流层上层,南亚东风急流入口区制造动能,出口区破坏动能,其动能收支与中纬度西风急流相似。 非洲-阿拉伯海季风区和孟加拉湾—南海季风区的动能平衡很不相同。动能的垂直输送可能在季风环流中很重要。 相似文献
6.
我国北方地区土壤增湿效应的数值研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
用ＯＳＵ大气环流模式做了两个试验，一个为控制试验，另一个为假设中国北部（３０－４６°Ｎ，９０－１２０°Ｅ）土壤湿度为饱和的湿土壤试验。结果表明，土壤湿度升高有利于西太平洋副热带高压和低空急流的加强和北抬，使得１０５°Ｅ以东的江淮和华北东南部地区降水减滥，而１０５°Ｅ以西的非季风区和华北北部降水增加。 相似文献
7.
中国短期气候变化的一个重要原因——青藏高原地表反射率的变化 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过数值试验对高原地表反射率变化的气候效应进行了敏感性研究,同时对观测的近４０年中国区域气候变化趋势作了对比分析。结果表明,高原主体地表反射率增加是我国短期气候变化的重要控制因子之一,它能造成东亚夏季风和高原夏季风的显著减弱,使夏季我国东部季风区北方变暖,南方变冷,季风降水普遍减少。 相似文献
8.
本文用ECMWF逐日资料分析了1982年夏季30°S—30°N纬带散度风分量Vx准40天振荡的空间分布和传播特点。结果表明:整个纬带振荡周期长度比较一致;高低层间反位相,辐散与辐合相反配置;强度分布有明显地域性,季风区最强,850和200hPa上振幅分别是1和2m/s左右,亦道附近110°W两侧(?)x有分别向东西两个方向传播的现象。 相似文献
9.
利用卫星资料试作青藏高原地表净辐射场的气候反演 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
利用 ERBE和 ISCCP卫星辐射及总云量资料 ,结合已提出的地表短波吸收辐射 ,大气逆辐射以及地表长波辐射的气候反演方法 ,计算出 2 5°～ 4 0°N,75°～ 95°E间 2 .5°× 2 .5°经纬度网络点及高原 63个站点的各月平均地表净辐射 ,绘制出其在高原的分布图 ,揭示其时空分布特征。 相似文献
10.
东亚季风区的季风类型 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从地面流场正、斜压分量的冬夏季节转换的特征 ,对东亚至西太平洋季风区季风的性质进行了分析研究。结果表明 :这一地区的季风可分为 3种类型 :南海、华南沿海和低纬西太平洋主要为斜压流型季风区 ;华北北部、东北地区沿海主要为正压流型季风区 ;我国东部沿海和长江流域以及 2 7°N附近的西太平洋地区为正斜压流型共同形成的混合型季风区。 相似文献
11.
敦煌荒漠戈壁地区裸土地表反照率参数化研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用敦煌站观测资料,选取其中观测资料完整且连续性好的7个年份每年5～10月的地表净辐射四分量和土壤湿度资料,分析研究了敦煌荒漠戈壁地区裸土地表反照率与太阳高度角和表层土壤含水量之间的关系,结果表明:地表反照率与太阳高度角呈e指数关系,随太阳高度角的增大而减小,当太阳高度角大于40°时,地表反照率趋于稳定。表层土壤含水量的增大可导致地表反照率的减小,地表反照率与5 cm深土壤湿度呈线性关系。另外,建立了敦煌荒漠戈壁地区裸土地表反照率与太阳高度角和表层土壤含水量之间的双因子参数化公式,提出了一种更加适合该地区的地表反照率参数方案,并且选取2002年6～9月的实测资料对拟合的参数化公式进行模拟验证。本文所提出的地表反照率参数化方案能够很好地再现该地区裸土地表反照率的“U”型日变化特征,可准确地模拟出地表反照率的动态变化趋势。基于此参数化方案计算得到的地表反射辐射与实测值基本一致。 相似文献
12.
To build land surface dataset for climate model,with application of remote sensing technique as well as the Geographic Information System(GIS),the data of surface type,roughness and albedo over China in 1997 were retrieved,resolutions being 10 km×10 km.Based on these data,an analysis is conducted on the geographic distributions and seasonal variations of surface vegetation cover and roughness as well as albedo over China.Results show that surface vegetation cover is mainly located to the south of Yangtze River,in Southwest and Northeast China andsparse vegetation cover is in the Northwest.The variation of land surface cover affects the variations of land surface roughness and albedo.High albedo occurred in the north of Xinjiang Autonomous Region,the north of Northeast China and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in winter,in correspondence with the location of snow cover.For most part of China,surface roughness decreases and albedo increases in winter,while the roughness increases and the albedo decreases in summer,which could mainly result from land surface cover(snow cover and vegetation cover)and soil moisture changes.This shows that the geographic distribution and seasonal variation of the albedo are almost opposite to those of the roughness,in agreement with theoretical results.Temporally,the amplitude of surface roughness change is quite small in comparison with the roughness itself. 相似文献
13.
14.
Chen Longxun Gao Suhu Zhao Zongci Ren Zhenhai Tian Guangsheng 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1990,4(4):464-474
Tne global change of climate and its influence on the cropping system in China have been investigatedin this paper.It is found that the temperature was increased during the last decade and the precipitationdecreased in northern China and increased in southern China during the last 30 years.The sea level hasbeen rising by about 21—26 cm in the coastal areas south of 30°N in China during the last 100 years.The most of results as simulated by the general circulation models(GCMs)show that the temperature increasewould amount to about 2°—4°C in the most parts of China and precipitation and soil moisture might bedecreased in northern China and increased in sourthern China due to doubling of carbon dioxide(CO_2).The effects of doubled CO_2 on growth period and climatic yield capability in China have been estimatedroughly.It is shown that the regions of the growth period in China would be moved northward about fivedegrees latitude and the climatic yield capability might be increased by about 10％ in the most parts of China. 相似文献
15.
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF MERIDIONAL VARIATION OF UV-B RADIATION DURING VOYAGES TO THE ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC REGIONS* 
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下载免费PDF全文 Based on 1999-2000 observations made by the first Arctic and sixteenth Antactic scientific voyages,a study is undertaken about the meridional surface UV-B (B band ultraviolet rays) variations in 75°N-70°S.It is mitigated as a function of latitudes and marked by lower radiation averaged over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) than over the Southern Hemisphere (SH),with its daily course basically similar to that of total radiation.Around polar summer noon hours (localtime) and where ice albedo is maximum,the strongest UV-B irradiance on the surface perpendicular to sun's beams as found at equatorial latitudes is measured sometimes.In the areas near Zhongshan Station the increase of surface UV-B radiation shows a close relation to the decrease of ozone in the higher atmosphere but it has a less intimate relation with its concentration at ground. 相似文献
16.
S. Gonzi O. Dubovik D. Baumgartner E. Putz 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2007,96(3-4):277-291
Summary One of the great unknowns in climate research is the contribution of aerosols to climate forcing and climate perturbation.
In this study, retrievals from AERONET are used to estimate the direct clear-sky aerosol top-of-atmosphere and surface radiative
forcing effects for 12 multi-site observing stations in Europe. The radiative transfer code sdisort in the libRadtran environment is applied to accomplish these estimations. Most of the calculations in this study rely on observations which
have been made for the years 1999, 2000, and 2001. Some stations do have observations dating back to the year of 1995. The
calculations rely on a pre-compiled aerosol optical properties database for Europe. Aerosol radiative forcing effects are
calculated with monthly mean aerosol optical properties retrievals and calculations are presented for three different surface
albedo scenarios. Two of the surface albedo scenarios are generic by nature bare soil and green vegetation and the third relies on the ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) data product. The ISCCP database has
also been used to obtain clear-sky weighting fractions over AERONET stations. The AERONET stations cover the area 0° to 30° E
and 42° to 52° N. AERONET retrievals are column integrated and this study does not make any seperation between the contribution
of natural and anthropogenic components. For the 12 AERONET stations, median clear-sky top-of-atmosphere aerosol radiative
forcing effect values for different surface albedo scenarios are calculated to be in the range of −4 to −2 W/m2. High median radiative forcing effect values of about −6 W/m2 were found to occur mainly in the summer months while lower values of about −1 W/m2 occur in the winter months. The aerosol surface forcing also increases in summer months and can reach values of −8 W/m2. Individual stations often have much higher values by a factor of 2. The median top-of-atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing
effect efficiency is estimated to be about −25 W/m2 and their respective surface efficiency is around −35 W/m2. The fractional absorption coefficient is estimated to be 1.7, but deviates significantly from station to station. In addition,
it is found that the well known peak of the aerosol radiative forcing effect at a solar zenith angle of about 75° is in fact
the average of the peaks occurring at shorter and longer wavelengths. According to estimations for Central Europe, based on
mean aerosol optical properties retrievals from 12 stations, the critical threshold of the aerosol single scattering albedo,
between cooling and heating in the presence of an aerosol layer, is close between 0.6 and 0.76. 相似文献
17.
利用2007—2011年MODIS、GlobAlbedo和ERA-Interim的3种地表反照率产品,借助地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)空间化技术,对中国地区3种地表反照率产品进行了对比分析。结果表明:3种产品与气象站观测值的时间分布趋势一致,冬季高夏季低,且相关性较高。3种产品中,MODIS与GlobAlbedo的绝对差异值最小,ERA-Interim与MODIS、GlobAlbedo的绝对差异值较大。3种产品在青藏高原和西北山地区域表现出较大的差异,且差异表现为冬半年高,夏半年低。3种产品之间相关性最高的是MODIS与GlobAlbedo,最低的是MODIS与ERA-Interim,3种产品在40°N以北具有较好的相关性。且在夏季和冬季地表反照率均值的表现说明,ERA-Interim相比MODIS、GlobAlbedo难以反映地表反照率受地形和土地覆被的影响。 相似文献
18.
Christopher E. Doughty Christopher B. Field Andrew M. S. McMillan 《Climatic change》2011,104(2):379-387
Managing the land surface to increase albedo to offset regional warming has received less attention than managing the land
surface to sequester carbon. We test whether increasing agricultural albedo can cool regional climate. We first used the Community
Atmosphere Model (CAM 3.0) coupled to the Community Land Model (CLM 3.0) to assess the broad climatic effects of a hypothetical
implementation of a strategy in which the albedo of cropland regions is increased using high albedo crops. Simulations indicate
that planting brighter crops can decrease summertime maximum daily 2 m air temperature by 0.25°C per 0.01 increase in surface
albedo at high latitudes (>30°). However, planting brighter crops at low latitudes (<30°) may have negative repercussions
including warming the land surface and decreasing precipitation, because increasing the land surface albedo tends to preferentially
decrease latent heat fluxes to the atmosphere, which decreases cloud cover and rainfall. We then test a possible method for
increasing crop albedo by measuring the range of albedo within 16 isolines of soybeans that differ only with trichome color,
orientation, and density but find that such modifications had only minor impacts on leaf albedo. Increasing agricultural albedo
may cool high latitude regional climate, but increasing plant albedo sufficiently to offset potential future warming will
require larger changes to plant albedo than are currently available. 相似文献
19.
Synoptic Features of the Second Meiyu Period in 1998 over China 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
1. IntroductionThe Meiyu, translated as plum rain, is a majorannual rainfall event over the Yangtze River Basin inChina and southern Japan in June and July. Theheavy rainfall is mainly caused by a quasi-stationaryfront, known as the Meiyu front, extended from east-ern China to southern Japan (Tao, 1958; Matsumotoet al., 1971; Akiyama, 1990; Gao et al, 1990). Studiesof Zhang and Zhang (1990) and Chen et al. (1998)pointed that the Meiyu front is one of the most signif-icant circulation s… 相似文献
20.
中国南方地区层状云的形成和日变化特征分析 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：16
文中利用中国地区卫星和地面观测云的量、状、高等资料及空中规定等压面和特性层探空资料 ,分析了中国南方地区 (2 0～ 35°N ,10 3～ 12 0°E)层状中、低云的形成背景和日变化特征并初步解释了日变化的原因。层状云的伸展高度是受空中逆温层限制的 ,华南沿海地区的层积云与海洋性层积云具有较相似的性质 ,是水汽在边界层逆温下凝结、堆积的结果 ,其云量日变化与边界层日变化有密切联系 ,白天减少 ,夜间增多。高原以东地区层状中云的形成是青藏高原大地形动力作用的产物 ,是冬春季水汽在高原以东大尺度低高层辐合、中层辐散所伴随的下沉运动形成的逆温层下堆积的结果 ,其日变率较小。 相似文献