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草（雪）面温度变化特征分析及预报方法的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
吉林省从2004年1月1日起全年开展露天环境温度、柏油路面温度及草面（雪面）温度等特种观测项目的观测工作。为了进一步开展特种气象的预报工作,加快特种观测项目的应用步伐,本文利用2004和2005年特种观测资料及常规气象资料,采用统计学的方法对吉林省各主要城市的草面温度和气温进行了对比分析,分析发现草面最高温度明显高于最高气温,而草面最低温度又低于最低气温。但草面温度和气温的日变化、月变化、季变化却都存在明显的相关性,利用逐步回归的方法得到了各个城市的不同季节的草面极端温度的预报方程,利用2006年实况资料对预报方程进行试报检验,误差小于3℃的确率在60％以上,所以此方法可以为预报草面温度提供有价值的参考。 相似文献
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以新疆石河子气象局1961年-2008年平均气温、年均最高温度和年均最低温度观测资料,运用趋势拟合方法、Morlet小波和Yamamoto方法分析其趋势变化、周期及突变特性。结果表明,48年中,石河子平均气温、年均最高温度和年均最低温度均呈增温趋势,并有一定的周期性,在不同的年份发生了突变。分析了温度变化对农业生产的影响。 相似文献
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通过对太原基准站2009年1月一2010年12月的草温与地温同步观测资料分析,总结出草温与地温在不同季节的气候变化特征,分析了草温与地温的差异,简单阐述了产生不同特征的原因。分析表明,草温年平均值小于地温年平均值,草温各月的年平均值均小于地温;地温极端最高温度高于草温极端最高温度,草温极端最低温度低于地温极端最低温度;草温的平均最高温度在冬、秋季高于地温,草温的平均最低温度全年低于地温;草温在不同季节变化有所差异,在冬季、秋季草温的平均温度的振幅大于地表温度,草温的低温低,高温高;在秋季草温变化与冬季相仿,但幅度略小于冬季;春季、夏季草温与地温对比趋势相同,草温的高温低,低温持平,夏季草温与地温对比,草温的低温略低,高温偏高胜于春季。
草温的日较差常常大于地温的日较差,出现上述差异的主要原因：①传感器安装环境不同。②被测量的介质热容量不同,热容量愈大,物质的温度变化愈小,反之依然。③被测介质吸收到的辐射量、热传导不同。 相似文献
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对嘉兴市2006、2007年夏季（6-9月）生态观测场水泥地面温度与同步观测的百叶箱自动观测空气温度资料进行统计分析,结果表明：夏季水泥地温的平均温度、极端最高温度均与百叶箱温度在日、月、季同步变化,但差异特点明显,最大差异表现在夏季日最高温度上;夏季24 h各时次的温度变化与百叶箱温度比较,水泥地温度具有极端最高温度出现早、高温时间短、差异大、早晨最低温度接近并略偏高的特性;夏季水泥地面最高温度与日照、降水、风向风速、相对湿度等要素密切相关。采用最优子集回归方案和卡尔曼二次滤波预报方案对水泥地面最高温度作定量预报输出,结合不同天气（晴天、多云到阴、降水）类型给予不同的人工修正,能在实际专业预报服务中取得较好的效果,可提高夏季城市专项气象服务水平。 相似文献
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利用1959-2009年甘肃省24个台站的逐日最高和最低气温资料,运用百分位法定义了不同台站的逐年最高温度的极端高值、最低温度的极端低值.研究了甘肃省51 a来极端温度的时间变化特征;运用多元线性回归及空间插值法分析了其空间变化特征,并运用Pearson系数分析了极端温度与北极涛动(AO)相关关系.结果表明,甘肃省51 a最高温度的极端高值时间变化特征总体呈增加趋势,陇东及陇南地区增温显著;最低温度的极端低值显著增加的地区则为甘肃中部及西南部地区.最高温度的极端高值大值区地域集中在河西走廊西部地区,小值区在祁连山区及甘南高原;最低温度的极端低值大值区集中在陇东及陇南地区,小值区则在河西走廊的祁连山区.甘肃地区最低温度的极端低值与AO的相关关系要比最高温度的极端高值更为显著. 相似文献
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1951～1990年中国极端气温变化分析 总被引：136，自引：4，他引：132
利用中国1951～1990年极端温度资料,在消除台站迁移和城市热岛效应的影响,并经过资料质量控制的基础上,对我国极端温度的变率和变化趋势的区域分布以及季节变化特征进行了分析研究。结果发现,近40年中国季极端最低温度的变率以春、秋两季为最大,大变率区域主要集中在北方;夏季是极端最低温度变率最小的季节。我国季极端温度的变化趋势存在较大的季节性差异;极端最低温度 在冬、秋季增温趋势分别具有99%、97%的显著水平;极端最高温度只有在秋季,其降温趋势具有90%的显著水平。极端温度的变化趋势还存在明显的地域性差异;东北、华北北部、内蒙古中东部和川藏交界等地极端最低温度在各季表现出明显的增温趋势;长江流域地区极端最高温度在秋、冬季具有较为明显的降温趋势,黄河下游地区则在春、夏季表现出降温趋势。 相似文献
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我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格. 相似文献
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准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：6
NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。 相似文献
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Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Terence Meaden S. Kochev L. Kolendowicz A. Kosa-Kiss Izolda Marcinoniene Michalis Sioutas Heino Tooming John Tyrrell 《Atmospheric Research》2007,83(2-4):446-449
2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness. 相似文献
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流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：10
本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用. 相似文献
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由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
张德二 《气候变化研究进展》2008,4(2):126-130
2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡. 相似文献
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Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over
the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature
(SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds.
Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early)
onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in
these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly
correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with
respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases.
The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by
the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America
during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region.
The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple
regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation
coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill
to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully
predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed.
Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002 相似文献
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The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features. 相似文献
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Chunguang CUI Wen ZHOU Hao YANG Xiaokang WANG Yi DENG Xiaofang WANG Guirong XU Jingyu WANG 《大气科学进展》2023,40(4):711-724
Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230... 相似文献