共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 22 毫秒
1.
This paper investigates the effect of horizontal resolution on the precipitation of the super typhoon Rammasun (1409). The experiment uses WRF (V3.4) model with resolutions of 15 km, 9 km and 3 km. The results suggest that the simulated Rammasun rain band shapes and distributions at different horizontal resolutions are nearly the same. When the resolution is increased from 15 km to 9 km and then to 3 km, heavy precipitation is observed to spread in all directions from a concentrated distribution, especially when the resolution is increased from 9 km to 3 km. The 6h and 1h heavy precipitations also show a more significant comma-shape distribution. Moreover, the water vapor distribution shows the same characteristics as the heavy precipitation with a notably enhanced ascending movement and a decreased height of the strongest ascending movement. Of the three resolutions, the precipitation distribution simulated at 3 km resolution is the closest to the observed distribution; however, there is still a noticeable difference between the simulated precipitation and the actual observation. With the absence of the convection parameterization in the model, the precipitation distributions simulated at 9 km and 3 km resolutions demonstrate the same features as when the KF convection parameterization is applied. However, the simulated precipitations at these two resolutions are smaller than those obtained with the KF scheme. Meanwhile the difference between the simulated precipitations at these two resolutions is also smaller than that in the latter case. In general, when KF scheme is applied to the model, the simulation effect of Rammasun precipitation is better than that obtained without the convection parameterization scheme. 相似文献
2.
Based on different parameterization schemes of planetary boundary layer (PBL), the uncertainty of intensity and structure of the Super-strong Typhoon Rammasun (1409) is investigated using the WRF model (v3.4) with six PBL parameterization schemes. Results indicate that PBL uncertainty leads to the uncertainty in tropical cyclone (TC) prediction, which increases with forecast time. The uncertainty in TC prediction is mainly reflected in the uncertainty in TC intensity, with significant differences in the TC intensity forecasts using various PBL schemes. The uncertainty in TC prediction is also reflected in the uncertainty in TC structures. Greater intensity is accompanied by smaller vortex width, tighter vortex structure, stronger wind in the near-surface layer and middle and lower troposphere, stronger inflow (outflow) wind at the lower (upper) levels, stronger vertical upward wind, smaller thickness of the eye wall, smaller outward extension of the eye wall, and warmer warm core at the upper levels of eye. PBL height, surface upward heat flux and water vapor flux are important factors that cause the uncertainty in TC intensity and structure. The more surface upward heat flux and water vapor flux and the lower PBL height, the faster TC development and the stronger TC intensity. 相似文献
3.
物理过程和分辨率对西南涡演变的中尺度模拟影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文运用PSU/NCAR中尺度模式第四改进型(MM_4),对“81.7”四川暴雨期西南涡的演变进行了一系列96和72小时数值模拟;其目的在于研究模式物理过程和空间分辨率以及行星边界层(PBL)参数化对西南涡生成和发展模拟的影响。96小时的控制试验(方案Ⅰ)结果表明:水平分辨率160km和总体PBL的10层MM_4对西南涡发展模拟得较好,但对其生成只有初步模拟的能力;各种物理过程主要影响西南涡演变的强度,而对其位置影响较小;去掉潜热释放会显著影响西南涡在后期的发展;没有地面通量将使西南涡的生成和发展强度明显减弱;于试验不能模拟出西南涡在整个暴雨期的发展,且使其移速略快,无摩擦试验指出,地面摩擦对西南涡的生成是不重要的。提高模式空间分辨率和采用高分辨PBL模式,能使西南涡生成和发展位置的模拟有明显改进,但其强度一般偏强于实况。事实表明,进一步完善模式物理过程、改进PBL参数化和提高模式空间分辨率将是十分必要的。 相似文献
4.
WRF模式中微物理和积云参数化方案的对比试验 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
为了研究微物理参数化方案对珠江三角洲(简称珠三角)降水模拟的影响,利用WRF中尺度数值预报模式,在3 km模式分辨率下,在微物理方案为WSM6方案条件下,选用KF、BMJ、GD以及G3等四种积云参数化方案对2010年5月14日广东珠三角地区的一次暴雨过程进行了模拟试验。结果显示,KF方案对于降水带和降水量的模拟与实况较为一致。在积云参数化方案为KF条件下,分别选用Kessler、Lin et al、WSM 3、WSM5、Ferrier(New eta)和WSM6等6种微物理方案再次对这次暴雨过程进行模拟试验,模拟结果的对比分析表明:选用Lin et al微物理方案时,模式较好地模拟出了强降水雨带的位置和降水强度;而其他5种参数方案的模拟效果均不好,降水量明显偏小,雨带位置偏差较大;同时对低空急流、K指数和上升速度等物理量分析可知,Lin et al方案能较好地模拟出降水实况。 相似文献
5.
基于CWRF高分辨率模式的模拟结果,探讨了8种积云对流参数化方案对1986—2015年间东亚近海热带气旋的路径、频数及强度模拟的影响。结果发现:采用Kain-Fritsch方案模拟的热带气旋活动的空间分布与JTWC统计结果最接近。KF方案模拟的热带气旋生成频数(强度)明显高(强)于其他积云对流参数化方案,而BMJ方案模拟的热带气旋生成频数(强度)明显低(弱)于其他积云对流参数化方案。进一步分析发现,采用优化集合积云参数化方案(ECP)模拟热带气旋频数、ACE指数以及PDI指数的年际变化趋势较好,而采用KF积云对流参数化方案对热带气旋空间分布、频数及强度的模拟总体最优。 相似文献
6.
The impact of different cloud microphysics parameterization schemes on the intensity and structure of the
Super-strong Typhoon Rammasun (1409) in 2014 is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model
version 3.4 with eight cloud microphysics parameterization schemes. Results indicate that the uncertainty of cloud
microphysics schemes results in typhoon forecast uncertainties, which increase with forecast time. Typhoon forecast
uncertainty primarily affects intensity predictions, with significant differences in predicted typhoon intensity using the
various cloud microphysics schemes. Typhoon forecast uncertainty also affects the predicted typhoon structure.
Greater typhoon intensity is accompanied by smaller vortex width, tighter vortex structure, stronger wind in the
middle and lower troposphere, greater height of the strong wind region, smaller thickness of the eyewall and the
outward extension of the eyewall, and a warmer warm core at upper levels of the eye. The differences among the
various cloud microphysics schemes lead to the different amounts and distributions of water vapor and hydrometeors
in clouds. Different hydrometeors have different vertical distributions. In the radial direction, the maxima for the
various hydrometeors forecast by a single cloud microphysics scheme are collocated with each other and with the
center of maximum precipitation. When the hydrometeor concentration is high and hydrometeors exist at lower
altitudes, more precipitation often occurs. Both the vertical and horizontal winds are the strongest at the location of
maximum precipitation. Results also indicate that typhoon intensities forecast by cloud microphysics schemes
containing graupel processes are noticeably greater than those forecast by schemes without graupel processes. Among
the eight cloud microphysics schemes investigated, typhoon intensity forecasts using the WRF Single-Moment 6-class
and Thompson schemes are the most accurate. 相似文献
7.
利用WRF模式,研究了模式水平和垂直网格分辨率对台风“天鸽”（2017）模拟的影响。结果表明:水平分辨率的改变会对台风路径造成一定的影响,这种影响与改变水平分辨率以后所引起的台风强度和结构的变化有关。使用更高的水平分辨率时模拟的台风强度往往更强。此外,改变垂直分辨率对台风的路径模拟也有一定的影响。采用双曲正切的垂直分层方法,提高垂直层数,模式大气的垂直分辨率都有增加,但是在低层和高层垂直分辨率的增加更大。低层和高层垂直分辨率增加,模拟的台风强度增强。模式的水平分辨率和垂直分辨率之间匹配才能比较好地模拟台风,双向嵌套模式在提高嵌套层数的同时也要增加模式的垂直分辨率。台风强度和结构变化密切相关,台风强度增强的重要原因是台风云墙随着分辨率的增加更加陡峭,垂直风速随着水平分辨率的提高逐渐增强。 相似文献
8.
Typhoon Usagi (1319) was simulated by using the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting numerical model (WRF) with different horizontal resolution to understand the impact of horizontal resolution on the intensity and characteristics of typhoon’s microstructures (including dynamic and microphysical structure). The simulated results show that the improvement of horizontal resolution from 5 km to 1 km has little impact on the track which is comparable to real results, but has a significant impact on the intensity and microstructures, and especially, the impact on wind speed at 10 m height, the vertical movement and precipitation intensity is the greatest. When the resolution is increased to 1 km, the intensity and characteristics of typhoon’s microstructures can be simulated better. In lower resolution simulations, some structural characteristics, including more asymmetrical and more outward tilted eyewall, and less water vapor flux on sea surface, work together to weaken typhoon intensity. 相似文献
9.
8807号登陆台风的数值研究：内核结构及能量水汽收支 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
使用PSU/NCAR研制的非静力中尺度模式MM5对登陆后维持较久的典型个例8807号台风(Bill)进行了数值模拟。模拟采用了网格距分别为18和6 km的两重双向嵌套网格。通过给定初始涡旋和选择合适的物理过程,模式不仅比较好地模拟了Bill的强度变化过程,而且再现了风暴的移动轨迹,对降水量的模拟也相当成功。文中利用细网格的模拟结果,分析台风登陆前后的内核结构特征和能量水汽收支,揭示Bill登陆后维持较久的可能原因。分析表明,Bill台风登陆后出现了中低层的稳定度特别是湿稳定度显著加大、表面热通量和水汽通量明显减小、摩擦耗散的动能显著增加等不利于台风维持的特征。但是台风登陆后眼墙结构长时间维持,在登陆初欺眼墙区的上升气流乃至较登陆前更强;台风登陆后通过低层辐合获得了大量水汽,眼墙区强劲的上升运动将低层辐合的水汽向中上层输送,在眼墙附近凝结产生大量的非绝热加热;非绝热加热不仅增暖气柱、增加位能还影响位能向动能的转换,虽然台风登陆后陆面摩擦显著加大,但气压梯度力所做的正功足以补偿摩擦耗散的动能,因而Bill能在登陆后长时间维持。 相似文献
10.
1993年5月4～6日在我国西北部地区发生了一次“黑风暴”。用改进的MM1和高分辨PBL参数化及40 km细网格控制试验能基本上模拟出“93.5”黑风暴的结构和演变。模拟结果表明，黑风暴发展时段，在PBL内与一个中尺度气旋性强涡旋相伴，在对流层内与一个垂直涡柱相伴。这个伸展至对流层顶的涡柱下（上）半部是与低（高）空强烈辐合（辐散）入（外）流相伴的气旋（反气旋）性涡柱。该黑风暴结构不同于一般锋面结构，其主要判别是:界面坡度陡，θe水平梯度大，斜压性强，PBL内暖心明显。该暖心结构与下垫面剧烈热力强迫有关。不 相似文献
11.
Jamaludin Suhaila S. M. Deni Wan Zawiah Wan Zin Abdul Aziz Jemain 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2010,106(1-2):1-18
Model precipitation can be produced implicitly through convective parameterization schemes or explicitly through cloud microphysics schemes. These two precipitation production schemes control the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and consequently can yield distinct vertical profiles of heating and moistening in the atmosphere. The partition between implicit and explicit precipitation can be different as the model changes resolutions. Within the range of mesoscale resolutions (about 20 km) and cumulus scale, hybrid solutions are suggested, in which cumulus convection parameterization is acting together with the explicit form of representation. In this work, it is proposed that, as resolution increases, the convective scheme should convert less condensed water into precipitation. Part of the condensed water is made available to the cloud microphysics scheme and another part evaporates. At grid sizes smaller than 3 km, the convective scheme is still active in removing convective instability, but precipitation is produced by cloud microphysics. The Eta model version using KF cumulus parameterization was applied in this study. To evaluate the quantitative precipitation forecast, the Eta model with the KF scheme was used to simulate precipitation associated with the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) and Cold Front (CF) events. Integrations with increasing horizontal resolutions were carried out for up to 5 days for the SACZ cases and up to 2 days for the CF cases. The precipitation partition showed that most of precipitation was generated by the implicit scheme. As the grid size decreased, the implicit precipitation increased and the explicit decreased. However, as model horizontal resolution increases, it is expected that precipitation be represented more explicitly. In the KF scheme, the fraction of liquid water or ice, generated by the scheme, which is converted into rain or snow is controlled by a parameter S 1. An additional parameter was introduced into KF scheme and the parameter acts to evaporate a fraction of liquid water or ice left in the model grid by S 1 and return moisture to the resolved scale. An F parameter was introduced to combine the effects of S 1 and S 2 parameters. The F parameter gives a measure of the conversion of cloud liquid water or ice to convective precipitation. A function dependent on the horizontal resolution was introduced into the KF scheme to influence the implicit and explicit precipitation partition. The explicit precipitation increased with model resolution. This function reduced the positive precipitation bias at all thresholds and for the studied weather systems. With increased horizontal resolution, the maximum precipitation area was better positioned and the total precipitation became closer to observations. Skill scores for all events at different forecast ranges showed precipitation forecast improvement with the inclusion of the function F. 相似文献
12.
MM5模式中不同对流参数化方案的比较试验 总被引：58，自引：2，他引：58
应用MM5中尺度模式, 在60、20和10 km模式分辨率下, 分别选用4种不同对流参数化方案 (KUO方案、GRELL方案、KAIN-FRITSCH方案和BETTS-MILLER方案, 以下简称KU、GR、KF和BM方案) 对1996年8月3~4日石家庄暴雨过程进行数值模拟试验.模拟结果的对比分析及其与观测的比较表明:主要雨带位置对参数化方案并不是十分敏感, 但随分辨率提高, 雨带分布特征的模拟更接近实况; 当分辨率提高到10 km时, 虚假的降水中心也明显增加; 模拟的暴雨中心强度随分辨率的提高而增强并随参数化方案的不同有所变化, 但均比实况偏弱.分析还发现, MM5模式的GR、KF及BM方案的次网格降水对总降水的贡献率随分辨率的提高而减小, 而KU方案的情况则呈现出不合理的缓慢增加态势.虽然4种方案下模拟的水平环流特征有较好的一致性, 但模拟的云物理特征和垂直运动特征还是存在一定差别的, 这种差别对定点、定量降水和天空状况、地面气温、湿度等要素的准确预报都会产生影响.因此, 在预报和模拟中应考虑预报和研究对象的特点来选择对流参数化方案. 相似文献
13.
Numerical simulation of a South China Sea typhoon Leo (1999) 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
K.-H. Lau Z.-F. Zhang H.-Y. Lam S.-J. Chen 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2003,83(3-4):147-161
Summary ?A South China Sea typhoon, Leo (1999), was simulated using the Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model MM5 with the Betts-Miller
convective parameterization scheme (BMEX). The simulation had two nested domains with resolutions at 54 and 18 km, and the
forecast duration was 36 hours. The model was quite successful in predicting the track, the rapid deepening, the central pressure,
and the maximum wind speed of typhoon Leo as verified with reports from the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). The structure of
the eye, the eye wall, and the spiral convective cloud band simulated in the model are found to be comparable to corresponding
features identified in satellite images for the storm, and also with those reported by other authors.
A trajectory analysis was performed. Three kinds of trajectory were found: (1) spirally rising trajectories near the eye wall;
(2) spirally rising/descending trajectories in the convective/cloud free belt; (3) straight and fast rising trajectories in
a heavy convection zone along one of the cloud bands on the periphery of the tropical cyclone.
Both the HKO and the U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported the rapid deepening of Leo started around 00 UTC 29
April. In the model, the eye was first formed in the lower troposphere, and it extended to the upper troposphere within a
few hours. We speculate that the spin-up of cyclonic rotation in the low-level eye enhanced the positive vorticity along the
low-level eye wall. The positive vorticity was then transported to the upper troposphere by convection, leading to an extension
and growth of the eye into the upper troposphere.
To examine the impact of convective parameterization scheme (CPS) on the simulation, the Grell scheme (GLEX) was also tested.
The GLEX predicted a weaker typhoon with a wilder eye that extended not as high up in the upper troposphere as BMEX. The different
structures of the eye between the BMEX and GLEX suggest that the mesoscale features of the eye are dependent on the convection.
In other words, the vertical and horizontal distribution of convective heating is essential to the development and structure
of the eye.
Received December 18, 2001; accepted May 7, 2002
Published online: March 20, 2003 相似文献
14.
本文基于一个水平分辨率为50 km的区域气候模式RegCM4(Regional Climate Model,version 4.0)的模拟与预估结果,对我国汛期江淮暴雨低涡在气候变化背景下的统计特征与合成结构进行分析,进一步对两种温室排放情景下未来中国汛期的江淮暴雨低涡特征进行预估。结果表明:RegCM4模式对环境要素及低涡都具有一定的模拟能力,低涡的伸展高度、生命期及暴雨位置模拟结果与观测较为接近,但模拟的低涡个数、最大暖区高度以及温、湿要素分布均比实际略偏低,而风速和低涡的强度模拟则偏强;在未来两种温室排放情景预估方面, RCP4.5(Representative Concentration Pathways,简称RCP)典型浓度排放情景下,暴雨低涡数量比例减少,强度减弱,但低涡发展高度仍以850 hPa为主,生命期多为2 d以内,低涡雨区分布及最大暖区高度均与历史时段相近;RCP8.5情景下,暴雨低涡比例明显大于RCP4.5情景,低涡发展高度以700 hPa为主,生命期达3 d的增多,强度增强,最大暖区厚度范围显著伸展。两种情景下均有低涡中温度锋区减弱,而湿度锋区增强,但RCP8.5情景减弱与增强更显著,显示更高的温室气体排放将导致未来出现更强的暴雨低涡,造成伴随暴雨的低涡灾害性天气的增加,因此应进一步深化对低涡暴雨灾害性天气发展趋势的研究。 相似文献
15.
一次强降水过程的中尺度数值试验 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
本文利用PSU／NCAR的中尺度模式的第五次改进型MMS的静力平衡框架对北京地区的一次强降水过程进行了控制试验和敏感性试验。试验结果表明：预报的北京地区的累积降水量无论是强度还是位置都与实际非常一致,且雨量的变化也与实际相符。Grell对流参数化方案比郭晓岚和改进的Arakawa－Schu－bert对流参数化方案效果好;潜热释放对降水起关键性作用;且即使在水平格距为30km的情况下,对流参数化方案仍很重要,而仅用显式方案计算的降水量偏少。另外,本文还对这次降水过程在水平格距分别为30km和90km下的模拟效果进行了对比试验,结果表明：水平格距越小,就越能较真实地模拟出暴雨的降水强度及中尺度特征。 相似文献
16.
A comparative study has been conducted to investigate the skill of four convection parameterization schemes, namely the Anthes–Kuo (AK), the Betts–Miller (BM), the Kain–Fritsch (KF), and the Grell (GR) schemes in the numerical simulation of an extreme precipitation episode over eastern Peninsular Malaysia using the Pennsylvania State University—National Center for Atmospheric Research Center (PSU-NCAR) Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5). The event is a commonly occurring westward propagating tropical depression weather system during a boreal winter resulting from an interaction between a cold surge and the quasi-stationary Borneo vortex. The model setup and other physical parameterizations are identical in all experiments and hence any difference in the simulation performance could be associated with the cumulus parameterization scheme used. From the predicted rainfall and structure of the storm, it is clear that the BM scheme has an edge over the other schemes. The rainfall intensity and spatial distribution were reasonably well simulated compared to observations. The BM scheme was also better in resolving the horizontal and vertical structures of the storm. Most of the rainfall simulated by the BM simulation was of the convective type. The failure of other schemes (AK, GR and KF) in simulating the event may be attributed to the trigger function, closure assumption, and precipitation scheme. On the other hand, the appropriateness of the BM scheme for this episode may not be generalized for other episodes or convective environments. 相似文献
17.
热带气旋的快速增强机制目前仍然不太清楚,不少研究开始关注快速增强过程中热带气旋内核结构的变化。通过比较模拟的西北太平洋超强台风Rammasun (2014)和大西洋5级飓风Wilma (2005)快速增强过程中内核结构的变化特点,理解内核结构在快速增强过程中的变化特点。飓风Wilma是一个典型的快速增强热带气旋,快速增强期间具有弱的环境垂直切变、对称的眼墙、较小的中心倾斜以及比较直立的眼墙。但是,台风Rammasun快速增强发生在较强切变(超过10 m/s)环境下,眼墙对流呈高度不对称,强对流基本固定在台风中心的南侧。整个快速增强期间,Rammasun在垂直方向上维持较大的中心倾斜以及较大的眼墙倾斜。结果表明,快速增强也可能在不完全对称的内核结构和倾斜垂直结构的情况下发生。 相似文献
18.
2006年超级台风“桑美”强度与结构变化的数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
使用一个高分辨率、非静力数值模式WRF模式对2006年超级台风Saomei强度和结构进行了数值模拟研究.首先,评估了Makin的粗糙度长度公式对台风Saomei强度和结构变化的影响,结果表明,采用新参数后,使得模拟的台风强度变化与实况最佳路径资料的强度变化更一致,对超级台风Saomei强度预报有改进;但对台风路径的影响不大.通过QuikSCAT、雷达和TRMM非常规资料的验证,进一步表明模拟的台风Saomei的结构与实况很接近,可以再现台风内核区域的部分"双眼墙"和"Annular"结构.其次,通过对台风Saomei边界层过程模拟的改进,表明在平均风速大于40 m/s时边界层各物理量明显改善,使得模式最大强度比传统的简单外推插值方案有显著改进,特别是在台风最强阶段,当台风Saomei眼墙区域的海表面拖曳系数C_d的相对变小,使得其眼墙区域的平均切向风速、径向风速、垂直风速、温度距平、涡旋动能和绝对角动量等物理量均有增强.表明台风Saomei眼墙氏域(20-40 km)各物理量的贡献对其强度和结构变化的影响十分重要.最后,在此基础上进一步分析模式海温和大尺度环境垂直风切变对台风Saomei强度和结构变化的可能影响,讨论了台风Saomei在其增强和消弱阶段中,大尺度环境垂直风切变对其强度变化的负反馈作用. 相似文献
19.
用一个高分辨率的 f平面正压涡度方程模式 ,实施了时间积分为 36h的 2 1组试验 ,研究相邻中尺度涡旋与台风涡旋的相互作用。结果指出 :这种相互作用能否导致台风加强 ,取决于两类因子 :一是台风涡旋最大风速的取值以及圆形基流切变的强弱 ;二是切变基流中的中尺度涡旋的自身条件 ,包括中尺度涡旋的分布、尺度、强度和结构。台风强度与初始中尺度涡旋的尺度、强度之间存在着非线性的联系 相似文献
20.
Maryam Gharaylou Peyman Zawar-Reza Abbas-Ali A. Bidokhti Majid-M. Farahani 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2013,122(3-4):145-158
A one-dimensional Explicit Time-dependent Tilting cloud Model (ETTM) that separates updraft and downdraft columns and takes into account the effect of cloud tilting on precipitation is introduced and incorporated into the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS). Results of the stand-alone ETTM are compared with that of cloud resolving simulations using the ARPS mesoscale model. Inter-comparison is performed by qualitative examination of simulated parameters such as vertical distribution of fluxes of mass, heat, and moisture. Although there is a great degree of similarity between the vertical profiles, ETTM systematically underestimates magnitudes of all fluxes. Sensitivity tests carried with ETTM show that the effect of varying cloud radius and tilting angle is considerable on the simulated cloud behavior. Increasing the cloud radius, results in a corresponding increase in fluxes of mass, heat, and moisture, while increasing the cloud tilt angle has the opposite effect. Since ETTM showed promise as a suitable sub-grid cumulus parameterization scheme; it was incorporated into ARPS as an additional cumulus parameterization scheme (CPS) to be available for the wider community. Results of simulations using ETTM and other CPSs already available in ARPS were compared for 2, 4 and 10 km grid spacings to assess its utility. Simulation results of the 2 km grid showed that at this resolution, the simulated time series of updraft velocities using the new scheme (ETTM) compared well with the results of other schemes in the ARPS model. The simulations with horizontal resolution of 4 km that was compared with the convection resolving reference run (No-CPS-2KM) showed almost consistent results for all schemes except for one using KF scheme. The results of the simulation with the ETTM scheme and other schemes in the model with resolution of 10 km showed that at this resolution, there is not significant difference between the uses of these schemes. 相似文献