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1.
中尺度对称不稳定和横波不稳定的波动性质 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
使用纬向线性以及非线性切变基流下中尺度扰动的Boussinesq近似方程组，讨论了两种典型的中尺度扰动发生对称不稳定或者横波不稳定时，其不稳定的一些特征以及扰动的波动性质。研究结果表明：（1）对于扰动的等位相面平行于基本气流方向的对称性扰动来说，对称不稳定的波动实质是沿着与基本气流方向相垂直的方向传播的重力惯性内波的不稳定。基流二次切变对于中尺度对称扰动来说是一个不稳定因子，并且驱动不稳定的中尺度对称扰动在南北方向传播；（2）对于扰动的等位相面垂直于基本气流方向的横波性扰动来说，在基本气流为常数或者只具有线性切变的情况下，此时根本不存在涡旋Rossby波，横波不稳定的波动实质则是沿着基本气流方向双向传播的重力惯性内波的不稳定。如果考虑基本流场的风速存在二次切变或者非线性切变时，此时就会产生一支新的波动（涡旋Rossby波），涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流^-U0是单向传播的，涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的风速^-U二次切变（β＊=^-Uzz≠0），此时横波型不稳定可能是混合的涡旋Rossby——重力波的不稳定。实际大气中，涡旋Rossby波对于中够尺度对流云核、暴雨团等天气系统的发生、发展和演变的物理机制具有极其重要的意义。 相似文献
2.
两种类型中尺度涡旋Rossby波的相速度及其物理机制 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本文使用正压浅水方程组以及纬向切变基流下二维中尺度横波型扰动的Bouss-inesq近似方程组,分析了这种沿着基本气流方向传播的中尺度扰动的波动传播物理过程。研究结果表明,中尺度涡旋Rossby波划分为两种类型。由于纬向基本气流的方向的二阶水平切变或者基本气流的垂直涡度在南北方向的变化(β*因子)所导致的涡旋Rossby波称之为第一类涡旋Rossby波(正压涡旋Rossby波),它产生的根本原因是β*因子的作用。这种第一类涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流-U0是单向传播的,其传播方向则与β*因子的正负符号有关。基本气流在垂直方向上的风速切变对于中尺度横波型的扰动起着不稳定的作用。如果考虑基流的二次垂直切变时,可以得到第二类涡旋Rossby波(斜压涡旋Rossby波)的相速度表达式,第二类涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的风速-U的二次垂直切变或者基本流场y方向的平均涡度在空间z方向上的不均匀性(亦即β**因子)。第二类涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流-U0也是单向传播的,其相速度与纬向波数k有关,能量是频散的,在纬向x方向存在群速度。在基本流场的风速-U存在二次垂直切变时,横波型不稳定可能是混合的涡旋Rossby-重力波的不稳定;而当基本流场的风速-U仅仅存在线性切变,不存在二次垂直切变时,此时根本不存在涡旋Rossby波,横波型扰动的不稳定则仅仅是重力惯性波的不稳定。最后利用横波型扰动的总涡度守恒方程对第二类涡旋Rossby波形成的物理机制做出了解释。 相似文献
3.
β中尺度暴雨系统发生发展的一种可能物理机制I. 涡旋Rossby波的相速度 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
使用纬向基流下横波型扰动的Boussinesq近似方程组, 分析了这种沿着基本气流方向传播的中尺度扰动发生不稳定时, 大尺度背景流场在垂直方向上的各种分布特征.在大气层结比较稳定的情况下, 如果基本气流在低层和高层较大(有可能存在低空急流和高空急流), 此时产生的β中尺度不稳定扰动相对于基流向东传播, 甚至于快速向东传播.基本气流在垂直方向上的风速切变对于中尺度横波型的扰动起着不稳定的作用.如果考虑基流的二次切变, 可以得到涡旋Rossby波的相速度表达式, 涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流是单向传播的.涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的风速二次切变, 亦即基本流场y方向的平均涡度在空间z方向上的不均匀所致.涡旋Rossby波的相速度与纬向波数也有关, 它的能量是频散的, 其在纬向x方向也存在群速度.在基本流场的风速存在二次切变时, 横波型不稳定可能是混合的涡旋Rossby重力波的不稳定; 而在基本流场的风速仅仅存在线性切变, 不存在二次切变时, 横波型扰动的不稳定则是重力惯性波的不稳定. 相似文献
4.
切变基流对赤道大气波动稳定性的作用 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
在赤道β平面近似条件下，使用纬向切变基流下线性化Boussinesq方程组，分析了在纬向切变基流下几种赤道大气波动的稳定性特征。研究结果表明，基本气流的水平切变对赤道大气波动起到不稳定的作用，但是对赤道大气Kelvin波的频率、稳定性以及传播的相速度并不起作用。基本气流的水平切变使得相对于基本气流向东传播的重力惯性内波相速度减慢，而使得相对于基本气流向西传播的重力惯性内波的相速度加快，却造成相对于基本气流向西传播的Rossby波相速度减慢。基本气流的水平切变对于对赤道混合Rossby-重力惯性内波的影响主要取决于纬向波数k值的范围大小。当纬向波数k值较小时，基流的水平切变使得相对于基本气流向西传播的混合Rossby-重力惯性内波相速度加快；而当纬向波数k值较大时，则使得相对于基本气流向西传播的混合Rossby-重力惯性内波相速度减慢。在半地转近似下，风速水平切变的存在，会使得波长较大（纬向波数k→0）的赤道Rossby波相对于基本气流向西传播的相速度减慢；而风速垂直切变的存在，必然会引起这种波长较大（k→0）的Rossby波出现不稳定增长，同样也会造成赤道Rossby波相对于基本气流向西传播的相速度减慢。最后通过扰动发展能量方程，说明了基本气流的水平切变和垂直切变可以为扰动的发展提供能量来源。 相似文献
5.
本文使用柱坐标系下的正压浅水方程组以及斜压扰动方程组,分析得出台风涡旋系统中的涡旋Rossby波划分为两种类型。由于切向基本气流的二阶径向水平切变或者基本气流的垂直涡度在径向方向的变化(β*因子)所导致的涡旋Rossby波称之为第一类涡旋Rossby波(正压涡旋Rossby波),它产生的根本原因是β*因子的作用。这种第一类涡旋Rossby波相对于切向基本气流是单向传播的,其传播方向则与β*因子的正负符号有关。当基本流场垂直涡度-ζz沿着径向r方向增大时,第一类涡旋Rossby波是沿着切向圆周方向逆时针方向传播的;反之则是沿着切向圆周方向顺时针方向传播。如果考虑切向基流的二次垂直切变时,可以得到台风涡旋系统中第二类涡旋Rossby波(斜压涡旋Rossby波)的相速度表达式,第二类涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是切向基本流场风速的二次垂直切变或者基本流场径向r方向的平均涡度在空间z方向上的不均匀性(亦即β**因子)。第二类涡旋Rossby波相对于切向基本气流也是单向传播的,当-ζr沿着空间z方向上增大时,第二类涡旋Rossby波就是相对于基本气流-V0是顺时针方向传播的;反之则是相对于基本气流逆时针方向传播。在基本流场的风速-V存在二次径向水平切变或者垂直切变时,台风中的波动可能是混合的涡旋Rossby波——重力波;而当基本流场的风速-V仅仅存在线性切变,不存在二次切变时,此时根本不存在涡旋Rossby波,台风系统中的波动则仅仅是重力惯性波。最后,采用WRF模式对“云娜”台风进行了数值模拟,验证了上述结论。 相似文献
6.
切变基流中赤道Kelvin波及纬向对称扰动的稳定性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文使用赤道β平面下的热带大气Boussinesq近似方程组,分析了纬向切变基流中的赤道Kelvin波以及纬向对称扰动的稳定性。研究结果表明,在纬向基本气流只具有y方向水平切变的情况之下,基本气流在y方向的切变并不能导致Kelvin波发生不稳定,只能导致不同的纬度上对应于Kelvin波传播的相速度有所不同。扰动位势和扰动风速等物理量在y方向的分布特征与基本气流无关。在只考虑垂直切变基流时,要存在稳定的相对于平均基流向东传播的Kelvin波必须要满足Richardson数Ri>2的条件。基本气流在垂直方向的切变也不能导致Kel-vin波发生不稳定,只能导致Kelvin波的相速度发生Doppler频移效应。扰动位势以及扰动速度在y方向的分布特征与基本气流在垂直方向的切变有关。当风的垂直切变大于零时,对流层低层的扰动位势和扰动速度沿y轴的正反方向衰减较快;而当风的垂直切变小于零时,对流层高层的扰动位势和扰动速度沿y轴的正反方向衰减较快。对于沿纬圈方向的对称天气系统,只要风的垂直切变较大,满足Ri<1时,低纬重力惯性内波一定会发生不稳定。而当基本气流的垂直切变较小(Ri>1)时,本文则给出了该扰动发生不稳定的判据条件。只要风的水平切变足够大,大于某一临界值(该临界值与垂直波数m,β因子,静力稳定度N2以及Richardson数Ri有关),在赤道y—z平面上的重力惯性内波也会发生不稳定,从而引起这种沿x轴对称扰动的激发产生与发展。 相似文献
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8.
垂直切变基流中的非平衡不稳定 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
采用计算横波型扰动波谱和谱函数的方法,研究了当基本气流具有垂直线性切变、层结参数为常值时横波型扰动的不稳定,给出了不稳定扰动的结构,讨论了不稳定的性质。发现：对于三支波动连续谱区互不重叠的天气尺度情况,若此时出现不稳定扰动,其性质属于纯涡旋波的准地转不稳定,与Eady模态类似,是Rossby波的斜压不稳定;在中 尺度中高端,其不稳定性质仍是纯涡旋波的不稳定,即准平衡的斜压不稳定;在中 尺度低端则出现了第一类混合波的非平衡不稳定,包括涡旋-逆传重力惯性混合波的不稳定和涡旋-顺传重力惯性混合波的不稳定,前者低层体现了涡旋波的特点,高层体现了重力惯性波的特点,后者反之;在中 尺度波段,若存在不稳定则均为非平衡的涡旋-重力惯性混合波不稳定,其包括第一类和第二类混合波的不稳定,后者低层体现重力惯性波的特点,中层体现涡旋波的特点,高层则又体现了重力惯性波的特点。 相似文献
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通过数值计算扰动的波谱和谱函数,对垂直非线性切变基流中横波型扰动的不稳定作了数值研究,给出了不稳定谱函数的结构,讨论了不稳定的性质。主要结论有:在基流为非线性垂直切变时,对三支波动连续谱区互不重叠的天气尺度情况,此时出现的不稳定扰动其性质是准地转涡旋波的不稳定,即Rossby波的斜压不稳定。在中α尺度中高端,虽有涡旋波和重力惯性波连续谱区的部分重叠,但这时不稳定的性质仍是涡旋波的不稳定,即准平衡的斜压不稳定。在中α尺度低端,既有准平衡涡旋波的不稳定,又有非平衡的涡旋-重力惯性混合波的不稳定(第一类混合波不稳定)。中β尺度不稳定的性质则是非平衡的涡旋-重力惯性混合波的不稳定,包括第一类混合波不稳定和第二类混合波不稳定。上述情况与线性垂直切变基流的结论相一致,但这里因基流垂直分布较复杂,垂直方向会出现散涡比以1为界的多段交替分布。综上,对于横波型扰动,只要基流不是常数,且层结稳定,虽此时存在纯重力惯性波连续谱区,但均无纯重力惯性波的不稳定,只有涡旋-重力惯性混合波的不稳定。 相似文献
10.
在回顾了近年来热带气旋波动动力学研究的基础上,介绍了热带气旋内中尺度波动不稳定机理研究方面的进展,分别对热带气旋三类中尺度特征波动的不稳定,即经典重力惯性波、涡旋Rossby波和具有物理性质不可分的混合波的不稳定进行了物理分析,给出了热带气旋内对称不稳定、横波不稳定、对流对称不稳定、涡旋Rossby波正压不稳定及混合波不稳定的动力解释,进一步说明热带气旋内中尺度扰动发展是与基本气流的动力(水平和垂直切变)及热力状态之间的相互作用密切相关。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献