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1.
Effects of turbulent dispersion of atmospheric balance motions of planetary boundary layer 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
New Reynolds' mean momentum equations including both turbulent viscosity and dispersion are used to analyze atmospheric balance motions of the planetary boundary layer. It is pointed out that turbulent dispersion with r 0 will increase depth of Ekman layer, reduce wind velocity in Ekman layer and produce a more satisfactory Ekman spiral lines fit the observed wind hodograph. The wind profile in the surface layer including tur-bulent dispersion is still logarithmic but the von Karman constant k is replaced by k1 = 1 -2/k, the wind increasesa little more rapidly with height. 相似文献
2.
Recent laboratory experiments with rotating stratified water in a cylinder have revealed many of the predictions of linearized, analytic theory. Earlier measurements of the velocity field generated in a cylinder by top heating compared well with theory. Large stratification clearly suppressed Ekman pumping so that the interior velocity field (primarily azimuthal) responded by satisfying no-slip top and bottom boundary conditions without the need for Ekman layers. This interior flow also occupied a boundary layer of greater thickness than the Ekman layer under some conditions. Theory and experiments have now been conducted for sidewall heating. As before, experiment and theory agree well over some parameter ranges. But for some parameters, the flow is unstable. The exact nature of the instability remains poorly understood. The size of one combination of both vertical and horizontal boundary layers is governed by the Rossby radius of deformation multiplied by the square root of the Prandtl number. Sidewall boundary layers and their scales will be reviewed with the present results in mind. 相似文献
3.
By use of the small parameter expansion method, the nonlinear planetary boundary layer (PBL) is studied in this paper. The PBL is divided into the surface layer and the Ekman layer, which is divided into several sublayers. In the surface-layer, the eddy coefficient K is taken as a linear function of height; in the Ekman layer, different constant K values are taken within different sublayers: these values are determined from O'Brien's formula (O'Brien, 1970) approximately. Under the upper and lower boundary conditions and the continuity conditions of the wind velocities and turbulent stresses at each boundary between sublayers, analytical expressions for wind velocity in all sublayers and the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL are obtained. A specific example of steady axisymmetrical circular high and low pressure areas is analysed, and some new conclusions are obtained. The results are in better agreement with reality than previous results. This example also shows that the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL caused by friction approaches zero near the center of a high or low pressure system for this model, but attains its maximum absolute values near the center of the high or low pressure area for Wu's (1984) model. This is due to the fact that in our model, the geostrophic wind speed near the center of this specific vortex approaches zero, which causes the wind shear and the friction effect to be very weak. Therefore the wind distribution in the PBL is very sensitive to the type of eddy coefficient. 相似文献
4.
The turbulent Ekman boundary layer is modelled by prescribing a particular behavior for the eddy viscosity and thereby making it possible to calculate velocity profiles. This flow is then examined with respect to stability. Comparisons for this system are made with the more substantial documented features of a conventional flat-plate turbulent boundary layer without rotation and the accompanying stability investigations that have been made. Unlike the results known for the nonrotating layer, it appears that viscous oscillations are possible when rotation is present. General arguments are made in terms of the physics to substantiate this finding and one conjecture is that the modelled system does not represent a fully developed or equilibrium turbulent flow.New address: Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 相似文献
5.
The characteristics of the atmospheric turbulent Ekman boundary layer have been qualitatively simulated in an annular rotating wind tunnel. Observed velocity spirals found to exist within the wind tunnel resembled qualitatively those found in the atmosphere in that a two-layer structure was evident, consisting of a log-linear portion topped by an outer spiral layer. The magnitude of the friction velocity u * obtained from the log-linear profile agreed with that measured directly, i.e., that obtained from the relation: u * = (u′w′)1/2. Also, the effects of surface roughness on the characteristics of the boundary layer agreed with expected results. In cases where the parametric behaviour predicted by theory departed from the observed behaviour, the probable cause was the inherent size limitations of the wind tunnel. The ability to maintain dynamic similarity is constrained by the limited radius of curvature of the wind tunnel. The vertical distribution of turbulent intensity in the wind tunnel was found to agree qualitatively with an observed atmospheric distribution. Also, a vertical distribution of eddy diffusivity was calculated from tunnel data and found to give qualitatively what one might expect in the atmosphere. 相似文献
6.
With the Ekman momentum approximation,the influence of atmospheric baroclinity on the dynamics of boundarylayer is studied.Some new results are obtained.These results show that the atmospheric baroclinity plays an importantrole in altering the horizontal velocity of Ekman boundary layer and its angle with the horizontal wind velocity compo-nent near the surface.There are three different physical factors affecting the nonlinear Ekman suction,the vertical mo-tion at the top of boundary layer:first,barotropic geostrophic relative vorticity at the ground;second,the thermal windvorticity induced by the baroclinity;and third,the nonlinear interaction between the barotropic geostrophic relativevorticity and the baroclinic thermal wind vorticity.These results may provide a better physical basis for theparameterization of boundary layer and the interpretation of the numerical modeling results. 相似文献
7.
The characteristics of the boundary layer over complex terrain (Lannemezan - lat.: 43.7° N and, long.: 0.7 ° E) are analyzed for various scales, using measurements obtained during the COCAGNE Experiment. In this first part, the dynamic characteristics of the flow are studied with respect to atmospheric stability and the relief at small (~20 km) and medium scales (~100 km). These relief scales depend on the topographical profile of the Lannemezan Plateau along the dominant axis of the wind (E-W) and the Pyrénées Mountains located at the south of the experimental site. The terrain heterogeneities have a standard deviation of ~48 m and a wavelength of ~2 km.The averaged vertical profiles of wind speed and direction over the heterogeneous terrain are analyzed. The decrease of wind speed within the boundary layer is greater than over flat terrain (WANGARA Experiment). However, a comparison between ETTEX (complex terrain) and COCAGNE vertical wind speed profiles shows good agreement during unstable conditions. In contrast, during neutral conditions a more rapid increase with normalized height is found with COCAGNE than with ETTEX and WANGARA data. The vertical profiles of wind direction reveal an influence of the Pyrénées Mountains on the wind flow. The wind rotation in the BL is determined by the geostrophic wind direction-Pyrénées axis angle (negative deviation) as the geostrophic wind is connected with the Mountain axis.When the geostrophic wind does not interact with the Pyrénées axis, the mean and turbulent wind flow characteristics (drag coefficient C
D, friction velocity u
*) depend on the topography of the plateau. When the wind speed is strong (>6 m s -1), an internal boundary layer is generated from the leading edge of the Plateau. 相似文献
8.
Ekman动量近似下中间边界层模式中的风场结构 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
发展了一个准三维的、中等复杂的边界层动力学模式，该模式包含了EKman动量近似下的惯性加速度和Blackadar的非线性湍流粘性系数，它进一步改进了Tan和Wu(1993）提出的边界层理论模型。该模型在数值计算复杂性上与经典Ekman模式相类似，但由于包含了Ekman动量近似下的惯性项，使得该模式比传统Ekman模式更近于实际过程。中详细地比较了该模式与其他简化边界层模式在动力学上的差异，结果表明：在经典的Ekman模式中，由于忽略了流动的惯性项作用，导致在气旋性切变气流（反气旋性切变气流）中风速和边界层顶部的垂直速度的高估（低估），而在半地转边界层模式中，由于高估了流动惯性项的作用，结果与经典Ekman模式相反。同样，该模式可以应用于斜压边界层，对于Ekman动量下的斜压边界层风场同时具有经典斜压边界层和Ekman动量近似边界层的特征。 相似文献
9.
A multi-limit formulation for the equilibrium depth of a stably stratified boundary layer 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Currently no expression for the equilibrium depth of the turbulent stably-stratified boundary layer is available that accounts
for the combined effects of rotation, surface buoyancy flux and static stability in the free flow. Various expressions proposed
to date are reviewed in the light of what is meant by the stable boundary layer. Two major definitions are thoroughly discussed.
The first emphasises turbulence and specifies the boundary layer as a continuously and vigorously turbulent layer adjacent
to the surface. The second specifies the boundary layer in terms of the mean velocity profile, e.g. by the proximity of the
actual velocity to the geostrophic velocity. It is shown that the expressions based on the second definition are relevant
to the Ekman layer and portray the depth of the turbulence in the intermediate regimes, when the effects of static stability
and rotation essentially interfere. Limiting asymptotic regimes dominated by either stratification or rotation are examined
using the energy considerations. As a result, a simple equation for the depth of the equilibrium stable boundary layer is
developed. It is valid throughout the range of stability conditions and remains in force in the limits of a perfectly neutral
layer subjected to rotation and a rotation-free boundary layer dominated by surface buoyancy flux or stable density stratification
at its outer edge. Dimensionless coefficients are estimated using data from observations and large-eddy simulations. Well-known
and widely used formulae proposed earlier by Zilitinkevich and by Pollard, Rhines and Thompson are shown to be characteristic
of the above interference regimes, when the effects of rotation and static stability (due to either surface buoyancy flux,
or stratification at the outer edge of the boundary layer) are roughly equally important. 相似文献
10.
We analyse single-point velocity statistics obtained in a wind tunnel within and above a model of a waving wheat crop, consisting of nylon stalks 47 mm high and 0.25 mm wide in a square array with frontal area index 0.47. The variability of turbulence measurements in the wind tunnel is illustrated by using a set of 71 vertical traverses made in different locations, all in the horizontally-homogeneous (above-canopy) part of the boundary layer. Ensemble-averaged profiles of the statistical moments up to the fourth order and profiles of Eulerian length scales are presented and discussed. They are consistent with other similar experiments and reveal the existence of large-scale turbulent coherent structures in the flow. The drag coefficient in this canopy as well as in other reported experiments is shown to exhibit a characteristic height-dependency, for which we propose an interpretation. The velocity spectra are analysed in detail; within and just above the canopy, a scaling based on fixed length and velocity scales (canopy height and mean horizontal wind speed at canopy top) is proposed. Examination of the turbulent kinetic energy and shear stress budgets confirms the role of turbulent transport in the region around the canopy top, and indicates that pressure transport may be significant in both cases. The results obtained here show that near the top of the canopy, the turbulence properties are more reminiscent of a plane mixing layer than a wall boundary layer. 相似文献
11.
本文利用Ekman动量近似研究了斜压性对Ekman层动力学的影响,得到了一些新的结果。大气斜压性对Ekman层的水平风速分布及近地面的风速矢的水平分量夹角有重要的改变作用。斜压边界层顶部的非线性Ekman抽吸(垂直运动)由三个不同的物理因子决定,第一、正压性的地面地转涡度,第二、斜压性作用产生的热成风涡度,第三、正压性的地面地转涡度与斜压性的热成风涡度的非线性相互作用。这些理论结果为边界层的参数化及数值模拟结果的解释提供物理基础。 相似文献
12.
The processes influencing turbulence in a deciduous forest and the relevant length and time scales are investigated with spectral and cross-correlation analysis. Wind velocity power spectra were computed from three-dimensional wind velocity measurements made at six levels inside the plant canopy and at one level above the canopy. Velocity spectra measured within the plant canopy differ from those measured in the surface boundary layer. Noted features associated with the within-canopy turbulence spectra are: (a) power spectra measured in the canopy crown peak at higher wavenumbers than do those measured in the subcanopy trunkspace and above the canopy; (b) peak spectral values collapse to a relatively universal value when scaled according to a non-dimensional frequency comprised of the product of the natural frequency and the Eulerian time scale for vertical velocity; (c) at wavenumbers exceeding the spectral peak, the slopes of the power spectra are more negative than those observed in the surface boundary layer; (d) Eulerian length scales decrease with depth into the canopy crown, then increase with further depth into the canopy; (e) turbulent events below crown closure are more correlated with turbulent events above the canopy than are those occurring in the canopy crown; and (f) Taylor's frozen eddy hypothesis is not valid in a plant canopy. Interactions between plant elements and the mean wind and turbulence alter the processes that produce, transport and remove turbulent kinetic energy and account for the noted observations. 相似文献
13.
A. Wiin-Nielsen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1974,6(3-4):459-476
The Ekman-Taylor problem for the planetary boundary layer is solved in the case of a thermal wind which varies linearly with height. The upper boundary condition is a vanishing ageostrophic wind, while the lower boundary condition is continuity of the stress vector across the interface between the planetary boundary layer and the surface layer. The latter condition is used to determine the magnitude and the direction of the wind at the bottom of the Ekman layer.Theoretical hodographs are compared with observed hodographs based on five years of ohservations from Ship N in the Pacific, giving fair agreement.The divergence, the vorticity, and the vertical velocity are calculated through the Ekman layer with emphasis on differences between the classical barotropic and the baroclinic cases; these differences are significant, especially in the vertical velocities as compared to the standard approximation.An extension of the present study to include thermal stratification is desirable. 相似文献
14.
对边界层湍流系数日变化的探讨 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文根据摩擦平衡方程,导出了湍流交换系数K(z)的表达式,然后借助于K(z)的有限差分式,直接应用双经纬仪实测风资料,计算了该地Ekman层中湍流交换系数K(z)。计算和分析的结果如下:(1)Ekman层中的湍流交换系数具有显著的日变化特征,日变曲线的基本形式呈双峰双谷型,就整个Ekman层的平均而言,K的平均扰动值约为K的四倍。(2)K的日变规律同气温、位温变化的平均趋势基本一致。(3)K的日变程同风速的涨落有关,例如,黄昏显著的风速涨落,对应于K廊线的特定日变程。其中特别有趣的是:夜间平均风速的变化同平均K的变化趋势完全一致,但二者在白天的变化趋势恰恰相反。这种根据实溅风资料得到的微妙关系,客观地揭示出Ekman层中风速日变化的物理本质,那就是湍流混合强度的日变化。本文还给出了若干个典型的实例。 相似文献
15.
Exchange coefficients and mixing lengths under stable stratification have been studied through measurements of mean wind velocity and temperature in the nocturnal boundary layer. For values of the gradient Richardson number lower than 0.15, our measurements fit well the relation of Delage (1974). Beyond Ri = 0.15, the decrease of mixing length is much slower. So a new parameterization of turbulent exchanges is suggested. When introduced in a model of the nocturnal boundary layer, it results in a thickening of the turbulent and inversion layers. 相似文献
16.
Global Intermittency and Collapsing Turbulence in the Stratified Planetary Boundary Layer 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Direct numerical simulation of the turbulent Ekman layer over a smooth wall is used to investigate bulk properties of a planetary boundary layer under stable stratification. Our simplified configuration depends on two non-dimensional parameters: a Richardson number characterizing the stratification and a Reynolds number characterizing the turbulence scale separation. This simplified configuration is sufficient to reproduce global intermittency, a turbulence collapse, and the decoupling of the surface from the outer region of the boundary layer. Global intermittency appears even in the absence of local perturbations at the surface; the only requirement is that large-scale structures several times wider than the boundary-layer height have enough space to develop. Analysis of the mean velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, and external intermittency is used to investigate the large-scale structures and corresponding differences between stably stratified Ekman flow and channel flow. Both configurations show a similar transition to the turbulence collapse, overshoot of turbulence kinetic energy, and spectral properties. Differences in the outer region resulting from the rotation of the system lead, however, to the generation of enstrophy in the non-turbulent patches of the Ekman flow. The coefficient of the stability correction function from Monin–Obukhov similarity theory is estimated as \(\beta \approx 5.7\) in agreement with atmospheric observations, theoretical considerations, and results from stably stratified channel flows. Our results demonstrate the applicability of this set-up to atmospheric problems despite the intermediate Reynolds number achieved in our simulations. 相似文献
17.
A turbulent energy model is developed to simulate the response of a neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layer to sudden changes in surface roughness. A mechanism of turbulent energy transfer is proposed, based upon the results of numerical experiments, that explains the distribution of shear stress and hence the distribution of velocity profiles in the atmospheric surface layer. Two length scales associated with the turbulent energy equation are obtained from experimental data and the law of the wall. Turbulent energy is also predicted.The predicted growth of the internal boundary layer is slower than that obtained from mixing-length models. Also, the predicted surface shear stress obtained from the turbulent energy model is in better agreement with field data than that obtained from mixing-length models. 相似文献
18.
本文利用二阶矩湍流模式着重讨论了有地形条件下Ekman螺旋的特征，结果表明，在北半球一定的环境地转风场结构下，斜坡Ekman螺旋可以变为反时针旋转。另外，还研究了地形对稳定边界层二阶矩湍流量的结构和垂直分布的影响。 相似文献
19.
L. R. Tsvang S. L. Zubkovskii B. A. Kader M. A. Kallistratova T. Foken V. Gerstmann A. Przadka Ya. Pretel Ya. Zeleny J. Keder 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1985,31(4):325-348
The main results of the International Turbulence Comparison Experiment (Tsimlyansk, U.S.S.R., June–July 1981) are presented. Groups from G.D.R., Poland, U.S.S.R., and Czechoslovakia took part in the experiment, while Bulgarian researchers were present as observers. A comparison of in situ measurements (by acoustic anemometers, thermoanemometers, and resistance thermometers) among themselves and with remote soundings (by sodars) was made. Simultaneous measurements of turbulent fluctuation characteristics and of wind velocity and temperature profiles were performed by different instruments. The results and temperature profiles were performed by different instruments. The results of these measurements were used to estimate the comparative accuracy of various models proposed for the evaluation of turbulent fluxes from profile data. 相似文献
20.
M. A. Novitskii D. E. Gaitandzhiev N. F. Mazurin M. K. Matskevich 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2011,36(9):580-589
Turbulence characteristics in the surface layer of the coastal area of Akhtopol (Bulgaria) under conditions of the breeze
circulation are measured. The measurements were carried out at the level of 4.5 m by means of three-component ultrasonic anemometer.
To estimate the wind regime in the atmospheric boundary layer, the sodar data and synoptic charts were used. All turbulent
characteristics except the correlation coefficient of the friction flow have an appreciable daily course in the case of the
sea breeze. In the frontal zone, some characteristics demonstrate sometimes short-term variations of their numerical values.
The sea-land front of the breeze circulation is effectively detected from the measurements of wind speed, wind direction,
and temperature in the surface layer. It is also possible to judge about the breeze circulation type and turbulence structure
in this layer on the basis of these measurements. 相似文献