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1.
北京721特大暴雨极端性分析及思考（一）观测分析及思考 总被引：32，自引：12，他引：20
本文利用多种常规和非常规观测资料对北京2012年7月21日大暴雨过程的降水特点,引发特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的环境场条件及其发生发展过程进行了全面的分析。观测分析发现：这次特大暴雨是一次极端性降水过程,具有持续时间长、雨量大、范围广的特点。降水过程由暖区降水和锋面降水组成。暖区降水开始时间早,强降水中心较为分散,持续时间长。锋面降水阶段,多个强降水中心相连,形成雨带,雨强大,降水效率高,持续时间较短。引发此次特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的环境场条件分析发现：极端降水过程发生在高层辐散、中低层低涡切变和地面辐合线等高低空系统耦合的背景下。来源于热带和副热带的暖湿空气在暴雨区辐合,持续输送充沛的水汽,具有极高的整层可降水量、强低层水汽辐合等极端水汽条件。在充沛的水汽条件下,低涡切变、低空急流上的风速脉动、地面辐合线、地形作用等触发了强降水。随着锋面系统东移,在冷空气和适度的垂直风切变作用下对流系统组织化发展,产生较强的锋面降水。中尺度对流系统发生发展过程分析发现：降水过程首先以层状云降水和分散的对流性降水为主。随着干冷空气的侵入逐渐转化为高度组织化的对流性降水,多个中小尺度对流云团组织化发展并形成MCC,产生极端强降水。由于回波长轴方向、地形以及回波移动方向三者平行,此次过程的雷达回波具有明显的“列车效应”;并具有明显的后向传播特征和低质心的热带降水回波特点。通过此次罕见暴雨事件观测资料的综合分析,提出了需要进一步研究的问题：此次特大暴雨过程极端性降水特点及极端水汽条件的成因;北方地区暖区暴雨的形成机制;列车效应和后向传播的形成机制;对流单体的组织维持机制以及数值预报对暖区降水的模拟诊断能力等。 相似文献
2.
为了研究甘肃东南部相同气候背景条件下极端暴雨天气的成因,提高极端暴雨强度和落区预报的准确率,利用NCEP再分析、自动气象站降水、常规观测资料及卫星云图资料,对2013年8月7日和2017年8月7日发生在甘肃东南部两次极端暴雨进行对比分析。结果表明:两次极端暴雨天气过程都伴随着短时强降水等强对流性天气,具有降水量大、雨强强、灾害重的特点,其中冷空气的强度对暴雨落区、空间分布以及影响系统移动以及对流强度产生重要影响。在强冷空气和高空低槽、低层切变线影响下,暴雨区偏南,强降水区域小,持续时间短,不稳定条件更好,对流强度更强;在弱冷空气和高原槽、低层低涡、低空急流作用下,暴雨区偏北,强降水范围大,持续时间长,大气湿层厚度大,低层水汽辐合强度、涡度以及垂直速度更强,降水效率更高,但对流强度相对较弱。卫星云图上,在强冷空气的影响下对流发展旺盛,形成强中尺度对流云团,对流云团呈带状;在弱冷空气作用下对流云团尺度小,发展范围小,有暖云降水特征,降水效率高。 相似文献
3.
采用常规观测资料、地面加密观测资料、逐时云顶亮温TBB资料和1°×1°NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2013年7月8~11日四川盆地持续性暴雨天气过程的中尺度对流系统活动及其发生发展的物理机制进行了分析。结果表明:(1)暴雨过程发生在对流层中层中高纬度两槽一脊稳定维持的环流背景下,由活跃的高原低值系统以及异常稳定的副高西侧偏南气流配合低层冷空气作用造成。(2)极端降水过程分为暖区强对流性降水和相对稳定的锋面降水两个阶段;暖区对流性降水阶段,偏南暖湿气流源源不断向盆地输送水汽和能量,为暴雨发生提供了高能高湿条件,大气层结极不稳定,中尺度对流云团发展旺盛;锋面降水阶段层结趋于稳定,对流云团有所减弱,但仍有充足的水汽输送且降水云系稳定少动,致使盆地西部产生持续性降水。(3)500h Pa高原低槽前的正涡度平流诱发盆地西部低层气旋性涡度增加、低涡生成和发展,致使暖湿气流持续在盆地西部形成辐合上升,为暴雨的维持提供了很好的动力条件,两个降水阶段均为明显的低层辐合高层辐散的特征,暖区对流性降水阶段正涡度发展较锋面降水阶段更强。(4)青藏高原东侧的地形作用强迫气流在盆地西部强烈辐合上升,使得暖湿水汽更加有效率地形成降水,是此次极端强降水天气出现的一个重要动力因素。 相似文献
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利用常规观测资料、FY-2E TBB资料、自动站降水资料及1°×1°NCEP再分析资料,对发生在黔西南2014年6月9日的暴雨过程进行了分析,结果表明：本次暴雨过程主要是由低涡切变造成的,低涡切变东南移的过程中,黔西南地区低层辐合明显加强,触发了中尺度对流系统的发生发展。暴雨过程强度大、持续时间较短,有典型的 中尺度特征。两个大暴雨中心是由两个MCS产生的,都是沿低涡前侧的切变线移到暴雨中心上空的,降水主要出现在MCS的中部冷云区及梯度大值区。雷达回波资料显示此次过程是由多个对流单体发展、合并,形成混合性片状回波,回波往东南移的过程中逐渐减弱消散。暴雨发生前及发生时整个黔西南地区中低层有强烈的辐合上升运动,中高层为下沉运动,黔西南低层的 为高值区且等值线密集,整层湿层深厚,动力强迫上升运动加强低层能量和水汽的向上输送,加强了中尺度对流系统的发生发展。 相似文献
5.
利用加密自动站降水资料、FY-2E卫星云顶相当黑体温度TBB资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2010年7月16-18日四川盆地持续性暴雨天气过程中的西南低涡及伴随发展的中尺度对流系统(MCS)进行了分析。结果表明,500 hPa高空槽、700 hPa中尺度切变线和暖湿气流为MCS的发生提供了良好的环境条件;地面降水时空分布具有明显的中尺度特征,MCS是造成暴雨的重要原因;暴雨中心集中在TBB冷云区或边缘梯度密集带。在西南低涡发展过程中,MCS有利于激发上升气流,中低层的上升气流和正涡度配合利于热量和水汽垂直输送,高层的辐散进一步促使MCS的发展。水平涡度平流和涡度垂直输送项的配置影响上升气流和涡旋系统的发展,MCS对西南低涡的移动有一定的引导作用。有无MCS伴随发展时,对流活动对热量和水汽的输送能力迥异。 相似文献
6.
一次华南西部低涡切变特大暴雨的中尺度特征分析 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
利用常规观测资料、卫星云图、雷达回波反演资料、自动气象站降水量以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2007年6月12—13日发生在华南西部的一次低涡切变特大暴雨过程的中尺度特征进行了分析,结果表明:(1)500 hPa高空槽经向度加大并东移南压,中低层低涡沿切变线东移,低空西南急流建立以及地面浅薄冷空气活动等天气系统相互作用触发了中尺度对流系统(MCS)的发展,造成暴雨。(2)地面降水时空分布具有明显的中尺度特征。大暴雨中心水平尺度都小于200 km,雨团持续时间5—7 h。(3)特大暴雨中心主要是由MCS移入造成的。柳江特大暴雨中心由两个MCS产生,一个沿低涡切变南侧的偏南气流移到暴雨中心上空;另一个沿切变线东移到暴雨中心上空。沿海暴雨中心则由一个MCS发展引发的。降水主要出现在MCS的中部冷云区内或云团边缘TBB梯度最大处。与MCS的生消过程对应,柳江暴雨区包含两次中尺度降水过程,第1次降水以热对流云团造成为主,第2次降水以低涡云系激发的MβCS产生强降雨为主;而沿海暴雨区是1次短时间持续性的MβCS强降水产生。暴雨主要由不断发展旺盛的对流单体引起,暴雨发生伴随着低空西南急流的建立,2—3 km高度上低空急流风速脉动增强了MCS的发展。(4)暴雨发生在高相当位温舌中,湿层厚度超过400 hPa,暴雨区层结具有位势不稳定或中性层结。(5)中尺度对流系统具有深厚的垂直环流结构,低层涡度柱在暴雨发生过程明显抬升,增强低层水汽辐合,锋区的动力强迫上升运动加强低层能量和水汽的往上输送,高层辐散气流增强MCS的发展。同时,暴雨区地形的作用增强了锋面强迫上升运动。 相似文献
7.
利用山西省109个国家站1960—2019年逐日降水量、2019年9月逐时降水量以及1980—2019年欧洲中期天气预报中心1°×1°逐6 h再分析(ERA5)资料,对2019年9月10—11日山西中南部区域性极端暴雨过程的异常特征及其成因进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次降水过程影响范围大、持续时间长,46站发生极端日降水事件,其中11站日降水量突破9月历史极值。(2)对流层中低层水汽、热力、动力条件均优于1980年以来山西中南部区域性暴雨过程的平均态,不同物理量的标准化距平绝对值(|N|)均达到2.5以上,超过历史相关统计值的上四分位值,尤其是水汽和热力条件表现出一定的极端性。(3)副高位置异常偏西、偏北且强度异常偏强导致中低层水汽和能量输送异常充足,山西中南部地区西边界和南边界的水汽输入对极端降水的发生发展起到重要作用。(4)倾斜上升的西南暖湿气流中存在位势不稳定层,700 hPa暖式切变线和地面冷锋触发对流,回波持续通过暴雨区产生"列车效应";稳定的切变线与异常的低层冷垫提供持续的动力条件,长时间维持异常充沛的水汽和水汽辐合是区域性极端暴雨的主要成因;大范围物理量场异常是导致此次极端降水事件发生的主要因素。 相似文献
8.
利用ERA5 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料、MICAPS4的常规资料以及四川加密自动站逐时降水观测资料,对2020年8月11~13日和15~18日发生在四川盆地西部的两次极端暴雨过程的广义位温和广义湿位涡进行诊断分析。结果表明:两次暴雨过程均属于500 hPa“东高西低”型暴雨,中高层南亚高压、高空急流、西风槽和低层切变线、低涡等天气系统是两次暴雨有利的动力条件,低空急流则是暴雨区良好的水汽条件。两次过程暴雨区上空均存在强广义位温梯度区和强广义湿位涡异常区,“8.11”暴雨出现高度为800~900 hPa,“8.15”暴雨出现高度为700~800 hPa,这种分布与低层相对湿度含量密切相关,即相对湿度越高,广义位温垂直梯度越强,广义湿位涡异常区中心值越高。两次暴雨的强降水站点广义位温和广义湿位涡的时空演变和降水的时间演变均有较好的对应关系,但广义湿位涡强度与小时雨强并不存在明显的正相关关系。 相似文献
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2015年5月19—20日广东省强降水过程具有降水集中、强度大和局地性强的特点,利用广东省自动气象站观测资料、ECMWF_FINE再分析资料,对此次强降水过程进行分析发现:华南地区受低槽东移影响,强降水发生在切变线南侧偏南暖湿流场中,粤北降水属于锋面降水,粤东降水属于锋前暖区降水,两者在水汽输送和动力机制上有显著区别。孟加拉湾和南海输送的水汽在这次强降水过程中占主导地位,南边界和东边界为水汽的流入边界,整体水汽输送以经向输入为主。暖区降水区域处于较强的水汽平流环境中,具有更大的水汽净输送量,造成粤东地区的降水量更大。对流层高层辐散比中低层辐合更为重要,是粤东暖区降水重要的动力属性,且暖区中低层流场的旋转效应弱,有区别于典型的梅雨锋降水。利用绝热无摩擦湿位涡守恒进行诊断发现对流不稳定是此次强降水发展的主要机制,暴雨发生区域对应湿位涡垂直分量为负值,水平分量为正值,底层MPV1＜0和MPV2＞0综合反映了大气对流不稳定和斜压不稳定的增强过程。降水区对流层低层受负湿位涡控制,低层湿位涡负值区与强降水落区有较好的对应关系。 相似文献
10.
内蒙古中西部地区一次极端大暴雨特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用常规观测资料、自动加密站观测资料、NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料、FY-2E卫星云图以及多普勒雷达资料,对2016年8月16—18日内蒙古中西部区域性极端大暴雨天气的成因进行分析。结果表明:暴雨落区位于副热带高压边缘、700~850 h Pa"人"字型切变线、河套气旋前部等压线密集处的叠置区;深厚的湿层以及极端暴雨发生前6 h中低层显著增湿为暴雨的发生输送了充沛的水汽;散度辐合中心和上升运动中心叠置且加强,更有利于强烈上升运动形成,是暴雨发生发展和维持的动力机制;暴雨爆发前对流有效位能(CAPE)有明显跃升,暖云层厚度加大,有利于降水效率的提高;暴雨时段内有两个中尺度对流系统(MCS)以相同路线沿着副热带高压584 dagpm线边缘、阴山山脉东西方向自西向东移动;短时强降水(30 mm·h~(-1))和云顶亮温(TBB)低值中心区(≤-52℃)以及TBB等值线密集区有良好的对应关系。 相似文献
11.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
12.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
13.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
14.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
15.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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17.
<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
18.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
19.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
20.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2012,(3):273
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences 相似文献