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为区分不同天气系统影响下云垂直结构的差异,从而为人工增雨作业提供参考,对2004—2014年辽宁省进行人工增雨作业期间,500、850 hPa以及地面的天气形势进行了统计,利用CloudSat卫星观测资料对筛选的出现频率≥2次·a~(-1)的系统配置下的云垂直结构进行分析,并研究了典型系统影响下的作业云系垂直结构特征。根据系统配置差异,2004—2014年间影响辽宁省的共有225次过程,可划分为17种配置类型,其中典型天气系统四种,分别为西风槽—切变线—冷锋(CF型)、西风槽—低涡—蒙古气旋(MCW型)、西风槽—低涡—南方气旋(SC型)和低涡—低涡—蒙古气旋型(MCV型)。对四种典型天气系统影响下的云垂直结构分析发现,不同天气系统影响下云层均以单层云为主。SC影响下的云层发展较为旺盛,云底较低而云顶较高,云层深厚。MCW影响下的云层云底高度较高,云层较薄。不同天气系统影响下的云夹层厚度大多(50%)在1 km以下,而且随着云层数目增加,低于1 km的云夹层所占的比例增加。将云底高度≤2 km且云厚≥2 km视为作业云系,发现有云条件下,SC型符合条件的作业云系最多(59.7%),而MCW型影响下最少(14.5%)。作业云系以单层低冷云为主,单层低冷云的云底高度低于1 km且云顶高度可达7 km以上,作业云系的云夹层厚度对降水云催化效果影响较小。 相似文献
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2014—2017年四川地区开展了大范围云系观测科学试验。观测对象以盆地层状云系和积层混合云系为主,积状云(对流云)为辅。本文围绕试验目标、区域、观测要素、观测布局设计、观测方案设计、设备技术参数和典型个例等7个方面进行介绍,根据不同类型云系和降水变化特征,设计有针对性的观测方案,获得了不同类型云系和降水的多尺度连续性观测数据,为四川地区开展云和降水关系研究提供详实的综合型外场观测数据。层状降水云典型个例云高可达8km,云强核心部位的云雷达反射率可达28dBz,径向速度可达-6m·s~(-1),在0℃附近,反射率和退偏振因子LDR上有一条明显的亮带,表现为极大值,液态水主要集中于4.5km以下,随着雨强增大,液水含量增加,降水滴谱分布较窄,随着雨强减小,雨滴谱和速度谱变窄,但小粒径数浓度增加,说明对层状云雨强起主导作用的是雨滴直径,而不是数浓度;无降水层状云典型个例云层厚度为3.2km,云顶约为4km,云雷达反射率不超过0dBz,径向速度不超过5m·s~(-1),层状云内整层水汽含量和液水含量较为稳定,云中主要为液态粒子且粒径偏小、小粒径数浓度较高。 相似文献
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利用FY-2C静止卫星、TRMM卫星和Cloudsat卫星分析了台风"艾云尼"的发展演变过程以及台风眼区、外围雨带降水和云的宏、微观结构特征。结果表明,台风发展的不同阶段、不同位置及台风降水的垂直廓线具有不同特征,台风降水云系的5 km高度存在不连续的亮带结构并且亮带以上云系发展较为旺盛,台风云系中的冰水含量和冰粒子数浓度等微观物理参量分布特征对分析台风降水具有一定的帮助。多个卫星的共同观测可以为深入研究台风内部结构、发展演变及降水提供重要的观测实事。 相似文献
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2013年4月19日,河北省人工影响天气办公室在河北中南部地区对回流和西风槽复合天气系统云系进行人工增水作业,催化和探测部位在槽前上升气流云层和回流云层中,这次降水特点：(1) 降水系统呈“槽前云”和“回流云”两层结构,大粒子主要在上层槽前云中增长;(2) “槽前云”温度和云顶温度较高,“回流云”温度低,固态降水粒子在“回流云”粘连增长加大地面降雪;(3) 大云粒子和降水粒子很多;(4) 小云粒子丰富,全谱拟合曲线lgN=algD+b的截距b＞2,适合催化作业。在分析云微物理特征的基础上,结合实时天气、卫星、雷达、探空和雨量资料,从多角度分析了层状云增水作业实用技术和催化的宏微观响应,结果表明：作业后影响区雷达反射因子、卫星反演参量和云内微物理特征量都有明显变化;催化影响区地面降水的变异通过了显著性分析,但作业前后影响区内外这一差异是否是催化效果需要进一步验证。 相似文献
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利用探空数据分析云垂直结构的方法及其应用研究 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
云的垂直结构特征,无论是对天气、气候还是人工影响天气都十分重要,但业务上直接有效的观测手段十分缺乏。本文通过对比分析,确定了相对湿度阈值法分析云垂直结构的方法;利用我国气象业务探空秒数据,计算分析了不同云垂直结构,将得到的分析结果同CloudSat云雷达实测云垂直结构进行多个例的对比分析,验证了相对湿度阈值判断云垂直结构方法的可行性,及利用我国业务探空资料分析云结构的可用性;为业务应用,开发了探空秒数据的实时读取和计算方法,设计制作了云垂直结构探空分析显示图,初步形成基于我国业务探空的云结构分析技术;并实时将这些技术应用到我国60周年国庆期间几次不同天气系统云结构的时间和空间演变特征分析中,得到有意义的结果。 相似文献
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基于地基云雷达、微雨雷达和天气雷达等遥测设备观测资料,结合挂载KPR云雷达和DMT粒子测量系统的飞机平台,详细分析了山东积层混合云降水过程的云降水微物理结构特征。结果表明,积层混合云降水过程呈现层状云和对流云降水特征。零度层以上,5～6 km高度层内,对流云降水多普勒速度和谱宽均大于层状云,说明对流云降水环境垂直气流、粒子尺度等均大于层状云。对流云降水,云雷达和微雨雷达时空剖面上出现由衰减造成的“V”字形缺口,云雷达衰减程度大于微雨雷达,且随高度增加,衰减越大。层状云降水,零度层亮带附近,雷达反射率因子跃增高度比多普勒速度高80 m,多普勒速度跃增高度又比谱宽高20 m。降水云系零度层附近降水机制复杂,粒子形态有辐枝冰晶聚合物、针状冰晶聚合物和云滴;0°C层以上,5～6 km处,对流云降水的多普勒速度和谱宽均大于层状云降水,即对流云降水环境垂直气流、粒子尺度范围等均大于层状云降水。 相似文献
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静止气象卫星的快速区域扫描是监测不同天气过程的有利手段。以获取的风云静止气象卫星快速区域扫描数据为基础,选取2011年台风梅花(1109)及2012年台风海葵(1211)的观测数据,采用Hovm(o|¨)ller分析图、变异系数等参数,研究不同时空分辨率观测数据对台风云系结构特征参数监测的敏感性影响。分析结果表明:可见光通道10 min观测时间间隔配以1.25 km空间分辨率可以很好地反映云系演变特征,在相同观测时间分辨率条件下,降低空间分辨率会对云系结构特征的提取有较大影响;在相同空间分辨率条件下,观测时间分辨率的降低对云系结构及演变特征的分析影响较小;基于变异系数的分析说明云像元特性在60 min的观测时间间隔下发生了较大变化,如果以60 min为观测时间间隔将会失去较多的云像元变化特征。水汽通道不同观测时间的变异系数差值小于红外通道1,说明云像元在红外通道1的特性演变对观测时间的敏感性高于水汽通道,提高观测频率可获取更多的云像元红外通道1的辐射特性。 相似文献
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基于CloudSat资料的东北地区降水云及非降水云垂直结构特征对比分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2007—2010年CloudSat和CALIPSO卫星资料,首先通过大量个例分析并结合地面逐小时降水量观测资料验证CloudSat卫星识别降水云指标的合理性。在此基础上,统计分析了东北地区(39°~53°N、119°~135°E)的云垂直结构参数,着重分析了降水云系和非降水云系的垂直结构差异和季节差异。结果表明:东北地区云量廓线呈双峰分布特征,有明显的昼夜及季节差异。东北地区以单层云为主,降水也主要产生于这类云系,是东北地区人工增雨作业的主要对象。单层降水云以低云、冷云、冰云或混合云为主,主要云类别是雨层云。双层降水云以高低云或中低云配置为主,且都为冷云;高层以冰云为主,主要类型是卷云和高层云;低层以混合云或冰云为主,主要类型是雨层云、层积云、积云。降水云系与非降水云系存在显著的垂直结构差异,双层云的降水由低层产生。云底高度较低、云体较厚且夹层厚度更薄的云易产生降水。同时,降水云云底温度更高,分布呈现出季节差异。 相似文献
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Observational Characteristics of Cloud Vertical Profiles over the
Continent of East Asia from the CloudSat Data 
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下载免费PDF全文 The CloudSat satellite data from June 2006 to April 2011 are used to investigate the characteristics of cloud vertical profiles over East Asia(20°-50°N,80°-120°E),with particular emphasis on the profiles of precipitative clouds in comparison with those of nonprecipitative clouds,as well as the seasonal variations of these profiles.There are some obvious differences between the precipitative and nonprecipitative cloud profiles.Generally,precipitative clouds mainly locate below 8 km with radar reflectivity in the range of-20 to 15 dBZ and maximum values appearing within 2-4-km height,and the clouds usually reach the ground;while nonprecipitative clouds locate in the layers of 4-12 km with radar reflectivity between-28 and 0 dBZ and maximum values within 8-10-km height.There are also some differences among the liquid precipitative,solid precipitative,and possible drizzle precipitative cloud profiles.In precipitative clouds,radar reflectivity increases rapidly from 11 to 7 km in vertical,implying that condensation and collision-coalescence processes play a crucial role in the formation of large-size drops.The frequency distribution of temperature at-15℃ is consistent with the highest frequency of radar reflectivity in solid precipitative clouds,which suggests that the temperatures near-15℃ are conductive to deposition and accretion processes.The vertical profiles of liquid precipitative clouds show almost the same distributions in spring,summer,and autumn but with differences in winter at mainly lower levels.In contrast,the vertical profiles of solid precipitative clouds change from spring to winter with an alternate double and single high-frequency core,which is consistent with variations of the frequency distribution of temperature at-15℃.The vertical profiles of nonprecipitative clouds show a little change with season.The observations also show that the precipitation events over East Asia are mostly related to deep convective clouds and nimbostratus clouds.These results are expected to be useful for evaluation of weather and climate models and for improvement of microphysical parameterizations in numerical models. 相似文献
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为了加强对青藏高原深对流云垂直结构的深入认识,利用TRMM、CloudSat和Aqua多源卫星观测资料及地基垂直指向雷达（C波段调频连续波雷达和KA波段毫米波云雷达）资料,对第三次青藏高原大气科学试验期间2014年7月9日13-16时（北京时）发生在那曲气象站附近的深厚强对流云和那曲气象站以西100 km左右的深厚弱对流云的垂直结构特征进行了分析,得到的结果如下:（1）深厚强对流云和深厚弱对流云的水平尺度均较小（10-20 km）,垂直发展高度较高（15-16 km,均指海拔高度）;深厚强对流云在0℃层以下雷达反射率因子递增非常快,表明对流云内固态降水粒子下落至0℃层以下后融化过程有很重要的作用;在对流减弱阶段有明显的0℃层亮带出现,亮带位于5.5 km左右（距地1 km）;（2）对比TRMM测雨雷达和C波段调频连续波雷达观测到的雷达反射率因子,发现TRMM测雨雷达在11 km以下存在高估;（3）深对流云主要为冰相云,云内10 km以上主要是丰富小冰粒子,而10 km以下是较少的大冰晶粒子;深厚强对流云和深厚弱对流云的微物理过程都主要包括混合相过程和冰化过程,混合相过程分为两种:一种是-25℃（深厚强对流云）或-29℃（深厚弱对流云）高度以下以凇附增长为主,另一种是该高度以上主要以冰晶聚合、凝华增长为主,该过程冰晶粒子有效半径增长较快。这些空基和地基的观测证据进一步揭示了青藏高原深对流云的垂直结构特征,为模式模拟青藏高原深对流云的检验提供了依据。 相似文献
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Knowledge of cloud properties and their vertical structure is important for meteorological studies due to their impact on both the Earth’s radiation budget and adiabatic heating within the atmosphere. The objective of this study is to evaluate bulk cloud properties and vertical distribution simulated by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) using three global satellite products. Cloud variables evaluated include the occurrence and fraction of clouds in up to three layers, cloud optical depth, liquid water path, and ice water path. Cloud vertical structure data are retrieved from both active (CloudSat/CALIPSO) and passive sensors and are subsequently compared with GFS model results. In general, the GFS model captures the spatial patterns of hydrometeors reasonably well and follows the general features seen in satellite measurements, but large discrepancies exist in low-level cloud properties. More boundary layer clouds over the interior continents were generated by the GFS model whereas satellite retrievals showed more low-level clouds over oceans. Although the frequencies of global multi-layer clouds from observations are similar to those from the model, latitudinal variations show discrepancies in terms of structure and pattern. The modeled cloud optical depth over storm track region and subtropical region is less than that from the passive sensor and is overestimated for deep convective clouds. The distributions of ice water path (IWP) agree better with satellite observations than do liquid water path (LWP) distributions. Discrepancies in LWP/IWP distributions between observations and the model are attributed to differences in cloud water mixing ratio and mean relative humidity fields, which are major control variables determining the formation of clouds. 相似文献
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Cloud is essential in the atmosphere, condensing water vapor and generating strong convective or large-scale persistent precipitation. In this work, the relationships between cloud vertical macro- or microphysical properties, radiative heating rate, and precipitation for convective and stratiform clouds in boreal summer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are analyzed and compared with its neighboring land and tropical oceans based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite measurements and TRMM precipitation data. The precipitation intensity caused by convective clouds is twofold stronger than that by stratiform clouds. The vertical macrophysics of both cloud types show similar features over the TP, with the region weakening the precipitation intensity and compressing the cloud vertical expansion and variation in cloud top height, but having an uplift effect on the average cloud top height. The vertical microphysics of both cloud types under conditions of no rain over the TP are characterized by lower-level ice water, ice particles with a relatively larger range of sizes, and a relatively lower occurrence of denser ice particles. The features are similar to other regions when precipitation enhances, but convective clouds gather denser and larger ice particles than stratiform clouds over the TP. The atmospheric shortwave (longwave) heating (cooling) rate strengthens with increased precipitation for both cloud types. The longwave cooling layer is thicker when the rainfall rate is less than 100 mm d?1, but the net heating layer is typically compressed for the profiles of both cloud types over the TP. This study provides insights into the associations between clouds and precipitation, and an observational basis for improving the simulation of convective and stratiform clouds over the TP in climate models. 相似文献
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Millimeter-wavelength radar has proved to be an effective instrument for cloud observation and research. In this study, 8-mm-wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) with Doppler and polarization capabilities was used to investigate cloud dynamics in China for the first time. Its design, system specifications, calibration, and application in measuring clouds associated with typhoon are discussed in this article. The cloud radar measurements of radar reflectivity (Z), Doppler velocity (Vr), velocity spectrum width (Sw) and the depolar-ization ratio (LDR) at vertical incidence were used to analyze the microphysical and dynamic processes of the cloud system and precipitation associated with Typhoon Nuri, which occurred in southern China in August 2008. The results show the reflectivity observed using MMCR to be consistent with the echo height and the melting-layer location data obtained by the nearby China S-band new-generation weather radar (SA), but the Ka-band MMCR provided more detailed structural information about clouds and weak precipitation data than did the SA radar. The variation of radar reflectivity and LDR in vertical structure reveals the transformation of particle phase from ice to water. The vertical velocity and velocity spectrum width of MMCR observations indicate an updraft and strong turbulence in the stratiform cloud layer. MMCR provides a valuable new technology for meteorological research in China. 相似文献
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A study of vertical cloud structure of the Indian summer monsoon using CloudSat data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Rajeevan P. Rohini K. Niranjan Kumar J. Srinivasan C. K. Unnikrishnan 《Climate Dynamics》2013,40(3-4):637-650
Precise specification of the vertical distribution of cloud optical properties is important to reduce the uncertainty in quantifying the radiative impacts of clouds. The new global observations of vertical profiles of clouds from the CloudSat mission provide opportunities to describe cloud structures and to improve parameterization of clouds in the weather and climate prediction models. In this study, four years (2007–2010) of observations of vertical structure of clouds from the CloudSat cloud profiling radar have been used to document the mean vertical structure of clouds associated with the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and its intra-seasonal variability. Active and break monsoon spells associated with the intra-seasonal variability of ISM have been identified by an objective criterion. For the present analysis, we considered CloudSat derived column integrated cloud liquid and ice water, and vertically profiles of cloud liquid and ice water content. Over the South Asian monsoon region, deep convective clouds with large vertical extent (up to 14 km) and large values of cloud water and ice content are observed over the north Bay of Bengal. Deep clouds with large ice water content are also observed over north Arabian Sea and adjoining northwest India, along the west coast of India and the south equatorial Indian Ocean. The active monsoon spells are characterized by enhanced deep convection over the Bay of Bengal, west coast of India and northeast Arabian Sea and suppressed convection over the equatorial Indian Ocean. Over the Bay of Bengal, cloud liquid water content and ice water content is enhanced by ~90 and ~200 % respectively during the active spells. An interesting feature associated with the active spell is the vertical tilting structure of positive CLWC and CIWC anomalies over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, which suggests a pre-conditioning process for the northward propagation of the boreal summer intra-seasonal variability. It is also observed that during the break spells, clouds are not completely suppressed over central India. Instead, clouds with smaller vertical extent (3–5 km) are observed due to the presence of a heat low type of circulation. The present results will be useful for validating the vertical structure of clouds in weather and climate prediction models. 相似文献
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上海地区近10年冷流降雪天气诊断分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
统计了近10年发生在上海地区的冷流降雪过程,初步揭示了此类天气过程的产生机理,并分析了降雪发生时对应的高低空天气形势、探空图、卫星云图和雷达回波特征。结果表明：上海地区2000—2009年共出现冷流降雪12次,占降雪总日数的25%,大部分过程降雪明显时段高空500 hPa上海处在槽前。冷流降雪发生前,宝山站探空图上,低层有不稳定层结,且850～925 hPa湿度较大。冷流降雪对应的红外云图,云阶走向和海岸线一致,且云体呈白亮波状结构,云顶高度多在3000m以下,雷达反射率因子较弱,多低于35 dBz。绝大部分过程海水和850 hPa温差在10～14℃之间,海水和925 hPa温差介于8～11℃之间。降雪发生时宝山站吹NW—WNW—N风,风速为3～6 m·s^-1与山东半岛相比,上海地区地理位置和地形条件决定其冷流降雪有分布范围小、持续时间短、降雪强度弱等特点。 相似文献
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“2009.11”山西大暴雪天气过程诊断分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用山西省109个测站的降雪资料、FY-2C卫星云图和华北雷达拼图,分析了2009年11月9～13日山西大暴雪天气过程的环流背景、中低空系统配置、物理量场中相对湿度、散度及垂直速度沿112.5°E的空间垂直剖面。结果表明,此次暴雪天气以500hPa南支槽与西风槽的相继影响为背景,有利的中低层(700hPa切变与急流、850hPa东风急流)系统配置为持续降雪提供了有利条件。在强降雪时段,物理量场的空间垂直剖面呈现出相对湿度在200hPa以下形成≥80%深厚的湿空气柱,整个对流层为高层辐散、低层辐合的不稳定结构,山西处于上升运动区,最大负值中心(-36×10-3 hPa.s-1)位于400～500hPa,这种配置构成了强降雪产生的有利条件。FY-2C云图的云团发展与华北雷达拼图的组合反射率因子的演变类似,强降雪主要由3次大范围的中低云系和强回波东移影响所致。 相似文献