共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
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本文计算了双水缔合分子的一个转动-振动带的吸收线参量,包括线位置、低态能量、转动跃迁强度和吸收线强度,并进而计算了它在550—750cm~(-1)波长范围内吸收系数。最后估计了双水缔合分子对8—13μ大气窗区水汽连续吸收的贡献。 相似文献
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依据红外分光计（InfraRed Atmospheric Sounder,IRAS）光谱通道特征,发展了基于IRAS的大气辐射传输计算模式。以大气分子吸收光谱数据集（HIgh resolution TRANsmission,HITRAN） 2004为初始谱线输入资料,利用该模式模拟计算IRAS在CO2 吸收带的10个通道辐射率测值对CO2浓度变化的响应,并对比了其与大气温度和水汽、O3等气体浓度误差对辐射率测值的影响,探讨了利用风云三号气象卫星探测大气CO2浓度的可行性。结果表明,IRAS的通道4最适于用来监测大气CO2浓度的变化,当CO2体积混合比浓度变化在10×10-6时,对应的辐射率变化同仪器等效噪声辐射率相当,所以IRAS在理想状态下,最高可分辨的大气CO2浓度变化约为10×10-6。 相似文献
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应用通量方差法估算戈壁绿洲下垫面湍流通量的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用“绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测试验” 2005年绿洲、戈壁点的观测资料, 分析与讨论了温度、水汽的归一化标准差随稳定度变化的通量方差关系, 应用通量方差法对感热、 潜热通量进行了计算, 并同涡动相关系统的观测结果进行了比较。不稳定条件下, 戈壁点温度归一化标准差随稳定度变化的通量方差关系优于下垫面非均匀性更强的绿洲点, 绿洲点水汽的归一化标准差随稳定度变化的通量方差关系较温度量表现得更好。对同一站点, 归一化温度标准差的通量方差关系并不总是优于水汽的通量方差关系, 其取决于该站点的温度以及水汽的源汇分布情况; 通量方差法对两个站点的感热、 潜热通量均有较好的再现, 但戈壁点感热通量的计算效果优于非均匀性更强的绿洲点。应用通量方差法对潜热通量计算时若采用直接观测的感热通量, 则潜热通量的计算效果具有一定程度的改善。 相似文献
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本文概要地介绍了水汽分子的微波吸收特征,计算了各种地表条件下地-气系统的微波波谱,讨论了利用水汽1.348厘米吸收带的微波辐射遥感大气水汽分布的可能性及其特点。运用变分的方法将遥感水汽的非线性方程线性化,讨论了线性化遥感方程的适用范围。对一系列的探空资料进行了模拟反演,讨论了影响反演精度的几个因子以及微波空对地遥感水汽分布的局限性。 相似文献
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本文用一种新的红外透过率模式计算了对流层和平流层水汽的长波(0—2380cm~(-1))冷却率分布.在计算中,我们精确处理了频率积分以及非均匀大气路径效应.结果表明:在近地面层,大气窗区(730—1200cm~(-1))(主要是水汽连续吸收)对总的冷却率贡献很大,在1公里处大约占72％;通常所用的处理非均匀大气路径及漫射辐射的CG近似和1.66漫射因子近似,基本上适用于水汽冷却率的计算.在整个对流层和平流层,它们所带来的最大误差不超过0.16K/日和0.19K/日.同时,我们还考查了水汽吸收系数的温度效应 相似文献
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利用大气气溶胶和云分档模式研究海盐气溶胶和硫酸盐气溶胶在云微物理过程中的作用, 计算结果表明:云中液态水含量随高度的分布并不随海盐、硫酸盐的数目以及云团上升速度的变化而变化; 随着云滴数目的增加, 云滴的有效半径会减小; 硫酸盐对云滴数目影响起主导作用, 海盐在水汽相对充足情况下增加了云滴数目, 在水汽相对不足的情况下减少了云滴数目; 硫酸盐粒子浓度特别强的情况下 (人类活动污染比较严重时), 如果水汽相对不足, 云滴数目会明显小于硫酸盐粒子浓度; 而海盐粒子的存在, 加剧了水汽的供应不足, 从而可以在很大程度上进一步降低云滴数目。也就是说, 在有些情况下, 如果不考虑海盐气溶胶的作用, 硫酸盐气溶胶对云特性的影响会被过高估计。 相似文献
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南京地区大气冰核浓度的测量及分析 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
2011年5～8月期间使用5L混合型云室以及静力扩散云室对南京不同成核机制的大气冰核进行了观测,进而分析了近地层冰核浓度特征。结果表明:活化温度为－20°C时,5L混合型云室观测的总冰核浓度为20.11个/L,静力扩散云室模拟高水汽(计算的云室内水面过饱和度为5%)和低水汽(计算的云室内冰面过饱和度为5%)条件下冰核浓度分别为0.93个/L以及0.29个/L。晴好条件下冰核浓度具有明显的日变化特征,白天冰核浓度高于夜间;在下午时段冰核浓度达到全天最高值,这说明大气冰核可能与大气湍流强度、人类活动以及工业污染有关。降水对冰核的清除作用明显,台风系统过程中冰核浓度明显增加。南京地区冰核浓度随温度降低和湿度增加而增加。后向轨迹模式分析表明东北海洋气团冰核浓度最高,不同气团中冰核浓度的差异随着活化温度的降低而减小。个例分析秸秆燃烧生成的PM1(大气中直径小于或者等于1 μm的颗粒物)与冰核关系发现燃烧产物对冰核有一定的贡献。 相似文献
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中国大气短波吸收辐射的气候研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
根据ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ资料，以及实测和计算的地表吸收辐射资料，计算并讨论了我国大气短波吸收辐射的时空分布特征；分析了其与各影响因子的关系。结果表明，大气短波吸收辐射随纬度和拔高度变化明显，其与天文辐射、水汽压的相关也很显著，总云量对它的影响仅在东部地区有所反映。 相似文献
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Russell Seitz 《Climatic change》2011,105(3-4):365-381
Because air?Cwater and water?Cair interfaces are equally refractive, cloud droplets and microbubbles dispersed in bodies of water reflect sunlight in much the same way. The lifetime of sunlight-reflecting microbubbles, and hence the scale on which they may be applied, depends on Stokes Law and the influence of ambient or added surfactants. Small bubbles backscatter light more efficiently than large ones, opening the possibility of using highly dilute micron-radius hydrosols to substantially brighten surface waters. Such microbubbles can noticeably increase water surface reflectivity, even at volume fractions of parts per million and such loadings can be created at an energy cost as low as J m???2 to initiate and mW m???2 to sustain. Increasing water albedo in this way can reduce solar energy absorption by as much as 100 W m???2, potentially reducing equilibrium temperatures of standing water bodies by several Kelvins. While aerosols injected into the stratosphere tend to alter climate globally, hydrosols can be used to modulate surface albedo, locally and reversibly, without risk of degrading the ozone layer or altering the color of the sky. The low energy cost of microbubbles suggests a new approach to solar radiation management in water conservation and geoengineering: Don??t dim the Sun; Brighten the water. 相似文献
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A. Shibata 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1994,54(1-4):173-181
Summary A simple method of retrieving water vapor and liquid water content is presented and validated by applying the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager data using ground truth data from Japan. The method is based on an iterative technique which uses model functions of relating two geophysical parameters to brightness temperature. Water vapor is found by a model function of relating water vapor content to brightness temperature at 22.235 GHz. Liquid water content is found by two model functions. One function defines a level of clear sky condition, and the other gives a ratio of liquid water content to brightness temperature increased from clear sky conditions. The retrieved water vaporcontent is compared with upper air observations at Chichijima Island. The rms of errors is estimated at 3.3 Kg m–2. The retrieved liquid water content is related to monthly precipitation observed at Chichijima Island, and a correlation coefficient of 0.68 is obtained.With 7 Figures 相似文献
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John E. Hay 《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):128-143
Numerical experiments have been performed to determine the way in which initial errors of relatively small horizontal extent propagate in a barotropic primitive equations model. Six‐day forecasts are made with the model, starting from initial conditions which are assumed to be free from errors. The forecasts are then repeated using the same initial data, except for a small area near the Gulf of Alaska where an error in the form of a low pressure system is added. The difference between the two forecasts, or error, is then examined as a function of time. The results obtained from sixteen cases run with winter data indicate that on the average the largest value in the error pattern travels, in six days, from the Gulf of Alaska to the western tip of the Great Lakes and decreases in amplitude by a factor slightly greater than 2 for an initial amplitude of 8.4 dam at 500 mb. The root mean square error computed over the entire forecast area, on the other hand, is found to remain nearly constant for the first 24 hours and to increase systematically thereafter, with a doubling time of 5 days. 相似文献
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Pricing China's irrigation water 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Many development agencies and other actors are advocating that China adopt a system of water markets or of high water prices in order to resolve the inefficiencies of irrigation agriculture and to supply sufficient water for growing urban and industrial uses. We argue that this proposal rests on a series of propositions: that the price of water is too low to encourage farmers to be efficient; that farmers are not charged volumetric prices and so are not encouraged to conserve water; that water is scarce largely because farmers are profligate in their use of water; and that proper pricing of water will not affect equity. None of these contentions is true. Farmers have to pay not only the official charges for water but also the much higher costs of pumping it onto their fields. Once pumping is included, farmers are paying prices that are volumetric. Furthermore, the inefficiency of farmers arises in large part from the manner in which water is delivered to them: the system offers no rewards for care in the use of water and instead rewards greed. And, finally, although it might be true that higher prices do not affect equity within a village, in fact they would have substantial effects on inter-sectoral equity, with farmers becoming worse off in comparison to urban dwellers. The paper concludes by sketching a more appropriate scheme for raising the efficiency of use of irrigation water. 相似文献
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对预测垃圾填埋场渗滤液产生量的3种模型进行了比较,提出推荐采用Q=C×I×A×10-3公式为填埋场渗滤液产生量的预测模型;以辽宁某垃圾填埋场为例,通过模型预测值与现场实测值的对比,分析了预测模型的可靠性与准确性,为填埋场渗滤液产生量的预测及收集处理系统的设计提供了科学依据;同时,根据国内外渗滤液水质实测值,分析了水质特点。 相似文献
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频发的极端高温事件将导致城市用水量增长,增加城市供水设施的运行风险。综合采用气候相似性、终端用水模拟、供水管网系统水力学模拟等方法,构建了极端高温事件对城市用水量及供水管网系统影响的定量评估方法。以北京某新城区为研究案例,模拟结果表明极端高温事件将使日用水量较夏季常态增加5.7%,人均日用水量增加19.83 L,其中早晚用水高峰时段增幅较大,导致供水管网系统中不能满足28 m水头要求的节点比例增加了约13个百分点。 相似文献
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Marc Muselli Daniel Beysens Jacques Marcillat Irina Milimouk Torbjrn Nilsson Alain Louche 《Atmospheric Research》2002,64(1-4)
We report on the development of an inexpensive radiative condenser for collecting atmospheric vapor. Based on the experience gained using a small working model in Grenoble (France), a prototype of 10×3 m2 was established in Ajaccio (Corsica, France). The condensing surface is a rectangular foil made of TiO2 and BaSO4 microspheres embedded in polyethylene and has an angle of 30° with respect to horizontal. The hollow part of the device, thermally isolated, faces the direction of the dominant nocturnal wind. Dew measurements were correlated with meteorological data and compared to dew condensed on a horizontal polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA, Plexiglas) reference plate. The plate served as a reference standard unit and was located nearby. Between July 22, 2000 and November 11, 2001 (478 days), there were 145 dew days for the reference plate (30%), but 214 dew days for the condenser (45%). This yield corresponds to 767 l (3.6 l, on average, per dew day). The maximum yield in the period was 11.4 l/day. Dew mass can be fitted to a simple model that predicts dew production from simple meteorological data (temperature, humidity, wind velocity, cloud cover). Chemical analyses of the water collected from the plate were performed from October 16, 1999 to July 16, 2000 and from the condenser, from July 17, 2000 to March 17, 2001. The following parameters were investigated: suspended solids, pH, concentration of SO42−, Cl−, K+, Ca2+ ions. Only Cl− and SO42− ions were sometimes found significant. Wind direction analyses revealed that Cl− is due to the sea spray and SO42− to the combustion of fuel by an electrical plant located in the Ajaccio Gulf. Except for a weak acidity (average pH≈6) and high concentration of suspended solids, dew water fits the requirements for potable water in France with reference to the above ions. 相似文献
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Globalisation of water resources: international virtual water flows in relation to crop trade 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《Global Environmental Change》2005,15(1):45-56
The water that is used in the production process of a commodity is called the ‘virtual water’ contained in the commodity. International trade of commodities brings along international flows of virtual water. The objective of this paper is to quantify the volumes of virtual water flows between nations in the period 1995–1999 insofar related to international crop trade and to analyse national virtual water balances in relation to national water needs and water availability. The basic approach is to multiply international crop trade flows (ton/yr) by their associated virtual water content (m3 ton−1). The calculations show that the global volume of crop-related international virtual water flows between nations was 695 Gm3 yr−1 in average over the period 1995–1999. For comparison: the total water use by crops in the world has been estimated at 5400 Gm3 yr−1. This means that 13% of the water used for crop production in the world is not used for domestic consumption but for export (in virtual form). This is a conservative estimate because only a limited number of crops––although the most important ones––have been taken into account and because crop products (such as cotton clothes) have been excluded from the study. The countries with the largest net virtual water export are United States, Canada, Thailand, Argentina and India. The largest net import appears to be in Japan, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, China and Indonesia. 相似文献
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