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1.
辽宁中部城市群灰霾污染的外来影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用MODIS(MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)卫星资料、空气质量监测资料、地面气象资料及后向轨迹方法,对辽宁中部城市群代表性城市——沈阳市2009年全年发生的30 d首要污染物为PM10(空气动力学当量直径小于等于10μm的颗粒物,即可吸入颗粒物)且空气污染指数API(Air pollution Index)为3级及以上污染过程的天气形势及污染来源进行了综合分析。研究结果表明:引发3级以上重污染事件的天气形势主要为4类,分别为高压均压场型(包括高压后均压场型、高压前均压场型和高压内均压场型)、长白山小高压型、弱低压场型及地形槽型。发生污染天气时气流主要有两个来向,即西南方向的京津冀来向和偏北方向的内蒙和长春来向。气流来自偏南方向的天数最多,为19 d。其中最容易受京津冀影响的天气型为高压后均压场型和地形槽型,共有8 d,占总污染天数的26.7%。因此,来自京津冀的外来输送对于辽宁中部城市群霾污染的影响不容小视,辽宁中部城市群空气质量的改善与临近区域的改善紧密相关。 相似文献
2.
根据2004年莱芜市环境质量报告书的结果,莱芜市总体环境质量达到《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-1996)规定的二级标准。由于莱芜市盛行风向的频率仅为11%,各方向风向频率较均匀,因此在工业布局时主导风原则就失去了意义,应参考污染系数和污染风频进行规划设计。研究结果认为,莱芜市的工业布局最好应设在莱芜市的NW到SW之间的方向。 相似文献
3.
基于肇庆市2014—2018年PM_(2.5)质量浓度数据,使用HYSPLIT模式计算肇庆市干季的后向气流轨迹,并应用聚类分析法、潜在源贡献因子分析和质量浓度权重轨迹分析方法评估PM_(2.5)污染物的外来输送特征和潜在源区。结果表明:(1)2015—2018年肇庆市PM_(2.5)污染维持在较高水平,2017—2018年PM_(2.5)污染略有加重趋势;(2)污染较重的月份主要在1—4和10—12月,1月PM_(2.5)污染最严重,而6月PM_(2.5)质量浓度最低,5、7和8月无PM_(2.5)污染超标;(3)全年PM_(2.5)日平均质量浓度与风速相关性最高,干季与风速的相关系数有所提高;(4)干季影响肇庆的气流有5条,其中超过1/2源自东北和偏北方向的气流,来自东北方向的气流轨迹对PM_(2.5)污染贡献最高,其次来自偏西方向绕过珠三角北部进入肇庆的轨迹和广东省内短距离输送的轨迹;(5)肇庆市干季PM_(2.5)外来输送潜在源区主要位于肇庆辖区内和珠三角中南部城市以及粤东、粤东北部分地区,其中佛山、珠海、中山、东莞、惠州、广州南部对肇庆PM_(2.5)质量浓度贡献均超过60μg/m;。 相似文献
4.
上海地区一次典型连续颗粒物污染过程分析 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3
2013年3月4—9日上海地区出现了一次连续6 d的污染过程,本文利用PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的小时监测资料、常规气象资料、激光雷达资料、FY-3A卫星监测资料及NCEP再分析资料,综合探讨了此次连续污染过程的气象特征,发现此次连续污染与天气形势的高低空配置有密切关系,槽后被西北气流控制,稳定的垂直层结及地面较弱的气压场,有利于污染物的积聚和污染天气的维持。文章还对此次连续污染过程中的重污染过程进行了深入的诊断分析,研究发现850 hPa及以上中低空西北气流将上游污染物输送至上海,再配合下沉运动沉降到地面,是造成此次重度污染过程的主因;同时,本地风力小、近地层垂直温度层结稳定等均不利于污染物在水平和垂直方向上的扩散,为污染物的积聚创造了条件。 相似文献
5.
利用常规气象资料、颗粒物观测数据、NCEP 1°×1°分析资料、GDAS 1°×1°数据、激光雷达资料等,对2018年11月下旬河南漯河一次连续重污染天气过程成因与污染物传输特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)本次污染与天气形势关系密切,前期受静稳纬向环流和地面均压场影响,有利污染积累;中期高空槽与地面变性高压引导弱冷空气东移南下,产生滞留效应,污染物迅速增加;后期因低层东路冷空气扩散与静稳形势恢复,污染继续积累增长,形成连续性重污染。(2)PM_(2.5)造成重污染时因辐射逆温持续稳定,导致污染加剧;PM_(10)重污染时因逆温层减弱消失,有利污染物输送沉降;混合重污染时因近地层湍流混合加强形成逆温,污染持续发展。(3)本次重污染天气主要有5条传输路径,西南路径和偏东路径污染比例较高,其轨迹短,高度在900 hPa以下,对PM_(2.5)近距离输送作用明显;西北路径和偏北路轨迹长,起始高度在700—600 hPa之间,高空中远距离输送以PM_(10)为主。(4)受静稳条件和近地层高湿影响,高消光带维持在600 m以下,较低边界层抑制垂直扩散,导致污染细颗粒物与沙尘积累并长时间共存。(5)本次重污染是本地污染累积和高空外源污染输送共同影响。除漯河本地污染贡献较高外,高潜在源区主要集中河南西南部、东北部以及与山东交界处,这也是本次持续性污染发展的重要原因。(6)重污染时地面偏北风占主导,其他方向风速较小,有利形成污染辐合以及污染物二次转化并加剧污染。 相似文献
6.
江西省酸雨变化特征及其与气象条件的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用江西省气象部门12个酸雨监测站2007—2011年的观测资料,分析了江西省酸雨的时空分布特征。结果表明,近年来江西省酸雨污染总体上有缓和趋势。夏半年酸雨污染较轻,其中8月的污染最轻;冬半年酸雨污染较重,其中1月的污染最为严重。整个江西省都受到酸雨污染的威胁,但污染程度分布不均,江西中西部的吉安、宜春以及东北部的景德镇污染较为严重,江西中东部的鹰潭、上饶以及西部的萍乡污染较轻。通过对酸雨与气象条件的关系分析发现,江西省降雨的pH值随降雨量的增加先减小再增大,小雨、中雨和大雨的pH值较小,而暴雨和大暴雨的pH值较大。850 hPa层为北风(N)、东北偏北风(NNE)、东北风(NE)或东北偏东风(ENE)(总方向角为348.75°—78.75°)时,南昌降雨pH值较高,东南偏东风(ESE)时南昌降雨的pH值较低;850 hPa层为东风时赣州降雨的pH值较高,北风(N)时赣州降雨的pH值较低。 相似文献
7.
大气环境数值模拟研究新进展 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
近五年来,中国科学院大气物理研究所(简称大气所)在大气环境数值模拟方面取得了丰硕的成果,通过自主发展和引进,建立了完备的多尺度、多成分的大气环境数值模式,包括全球大气化学输送模式、区域和城市空气质量预报模式。大气所利用这些模式研究各种空间尺度上污染物浓度时空分布以及污染物的输送和演变,研究了多种污染过程的成因和污染变化规律,在污染物输送、低对流层臭氧高污染、区域及城市污染等方面取得了很多成果,并对区域或城市空气质量进行业务化实时预报。大气所还拓展了我国大气环境模拟研究的新领域:大气化学资料同化、污染模式集合预报、污染源反演新方法。初步建立了空气质量模式的资料同化系统(分别基于最优插值技术和集合卡曼滤波技术)和多模式集合预报体系,提高了模式预报水平;在污染源反演新方法方面进行了初步的探索。结合我国目前仍然面临着的大气环境问题,对今后大气环境数值模式的发展方向进行了展望。 相似文献
8.
造成北京PM10重污染的二类典型天气形势 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6
利用北京空气质量监测资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了北京发生PM10重污染的天气形势。研究表明:1)虽然北京地区PM10重污染(API指数3级以上)每年只有10 d左右,但与之关联的轻微或轻度空气污染(API指数3级)天数,却可能占全年3级污染总天数的40%-50%。因此,分析研究造成北京PM10重污染的天气形势,对于空气污染的预警预报以及污染源的控制和管理,都具有十分重要意义。2)通过海平面气压场的主观分析,确定了二类北京PM10重污染的典型天气形势,即高压南下东移阻滞型和与北上台风(或热带低压)相关联的弱高压控制型,并指出了后者在2008年奥运会期间,对开展北京空气污染预报和污染控制的指导作用。 相似文献
9.
Trends of surface PM_(2.5) over Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei in 2013–2015 and their causes: emission controls vs. meteorological conditions 
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下载免费PDF全文 《大气和海洋科学快报》2017,(4)
文章以2013年为基准年对京津冀地区2014–15年的PM_(2.5)浓度变化趋势作了分析,并结合区域空气质量模式NAQPMS研究了气象条件和大气控制措施对PM_(2.5)浓度变化的贡献。研究结果表明:京津冀地区2014–15年PM_(2.5)年平均浓度较2013年有明显下降,其中:南部城市(邢台、邯郸、石家庄和沧州)PM_(2.5)浓度下降由气象条件和排放源控制共同作用,排放源控制起主导作用;天津市和廊坊市2014年PM_(2.5)浓度下降有赖于排放源控制,气象条件总体不利于污染物扩散,2015年则由气象条件和排放源控制共同作用,以排放源控制为主导作用;受制于不利气象条件影响,北京市PM_(2.5)浓度下降幅度较其它污染城市更小(2014和2015年分别为4%和9%)。在采暖季和非采暖季的对比中,2015年采暖季期间,整个区域重污染下的PM_(2.5)浓度下降幅度显著大于其它时期,这表明当前该区域大气污染治理正朝精细化的方向发展。 相似文献
10.
《高原气象》2021,40(3):671-679
利用EA-12型黑碳仪对邢台市2019年1-12月的黑碳(BC)浓度监测数据和同期气象观测数据,分析了邢台市BC污染特征、来源及与气象因子的变化关系。结果表明:邢台市BC日平均浓度为0.85μg·m~(-3),全年占比79.80%的浓度频数集中分布在0.30～1.20μg·m~(-3);而1月份占比达到90.62%的浓度频数分布在1.05～5.05μg·m~(-3),1月份的严重BC污染对全年环境空气质量恶化起到了重要贡献;当风速8 m·s~(-1)和8 m·s~(-1)时,分别存在偏北方向和偏西与偏南方向的输送影响;湿沉降可以对BC起到了清除作用,而降水量和降水时长对BC的湿清除具有同等的重要作用;燃煤和机动车尾气排放的本地、局地源对邢台市的BC污染影响明显,当大气逆温底高200 m时,由于扩散能力减弱和堆积效应的共同影响,BC浓度将出现明显增加。 相似文献
11.
淄博市污染气象特征与大气环境容量 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
利用淄博市环境监测站2002-2004年间的主要大气污染物浓度和同期气象资料,综合分析了淄博市大气环境污染状况及演变特征,用A-P值法对大气环境容量进行测算.结果表明该市主要污染物为可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和二氧化硫(SO2),其实际排放量均高于理想大气环境容量.此外,引入美国NOAA后向轨迹模式(HYSPLIT4),分析了影响淄博市强污染天气的外来气团,确认它们是源于东北地区和内蒙古东部的偏北气流,以及蒙古国中部的偏西气流.这些结果为今后制定城市发展规划,控制和防治大气污染提供了科学依据. 相似文献
12.
在分析辽宁能源状况和水资源量与分布状况及生态环境现状的基础上,揭示了经济发展与生态环境方面存在的矛盾,针对辽宁的能源利用率低、水环境安全受到威胁、区域环境污染集中等问题,结合辽宁实际情况,对此进行了探讨并提出了对策与建议。 相似文献
13.
Improving China’s water resources management for better adaptation to climate change 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Challenged by insufficient water resources and by degraded water quality caused by widespread pollution, China faces an imbalance
between the supply and the demand of water for supporting the rapid social and economic development while protecting the natural
environment and ecosystems. Climate change is expected to further stress freshwater resources and widen the gap between the
demand for and supply of water. As a legacy of the earlier planned economy, water resources management has been primarily
supply-driven, which largely fails to account for the economic nature of water resources in relation to their natural characteristics.
This paper presents a historical perspective on the water resources management policies and practices in China, and recommends
demand management and pollution control as key measures for improving water resources management to adapt to climate change
based on the current political, socio-economic and water resources conditions. The past and future impacts of climate change
on water resources in China and the general adaptation strategies are also presented. How demand management through increasing
water use efficiency, improving water rights and rights trade, and effective regulation enforcement, along with pollution
control could improve China’s water resources management are discussed in details. Ultimately, China should develop a sustainable
water resources management strategy based on both supply- and demand-side management options to make the limited water supplies
meet the demands of economic development, social well-being and the conservation of ecosystems in the context of global climate
change. 相似文献
14.
Numerous studies show that the environmental concentrations of PCBs have been decreasing since the production and use of PCBs in most industrialised countries was banned in the 1970s. However, most of these studies have been conducted close to historical sources. The few studies conducted in remote locations detect no trend of decreasing concentrations over the past 20–30 years. These observations suggest that PCBs may be removed more slowly from the environment, when viewed from a global or hemispheric perspective. The present study estimates the mass fluxes of individual PCB congeners in the Northern Hemisphere in order to elucidate the most important removal processes and the rate of decrease one may expect with complete cessation of emissions. Atmospheric reaction lifetimes, open‐ocean settling fluxes and the pools and mobility of PCBs in the terrestrial environment are shown to be crucial parameters. However, the calculations identify important gaps of knowledge regarding predictions of environmental half‐lives of PCBs. The results suggest that highly chlorinated congeners such as PCB 153 and 180 may be persistent in the global environment with annual rates of decrease of less than 1%. The compiled environmental data also highlight large differences between the different PCB congeners. Although this paper is based on more than 800 PCB measurements it should be considered a starting point for further research aiming to quantify the global fate of toxic and persistent organic substances such as the PCBs. 相似文献
15.
16.
A. I. Bedritskii V. V. Asmus V. A. Krovotyntsev O. Yu. Lavrova A. G. Ostrovskii 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2007,32(11):669-674
The results of satellite monitoring of pollution in the Russian sector of the Azov-Black Sea basin in 2003–2007 are considered. Within the framework of this work, a technology of monitoring the state and pollution of the water environment from satellite information received during this period from Russian and foreign satellites has been developed. With this technology, the coastal pollution parameters and hydrometeorological characteristics of the water environment in the area of observation were mapped operationally; 14 types of different satellite information products were issued daily; and the results were generalized over 3 days, ten days, a month, and a period of observation. Long-term satellite monitoring makes it possible to determine and analyze typical situations of pollution distribution in the coastal waters and to detect new circulation elements that transport pollutants, thus purifying the water environment. For example, for the first time, it was found from satellite data that the contribution of a small-scale circulation of waters of the Russian sector of the Black Sea to the transport and distribution of pollutants is commensurable with the contribution of the Main Black Sea Current and coastal anticyclonic eddies. The regularities in the dynamics of pollution distribution promote the increased reliability of charting of the environmental situation, including the prediction of dynamics of pollution spreading. 相似文献
17.
基于辽宁省辽河流域水环境安全的严峻形势,从产业结构调整与经济布局、环境资源价值、环保投入机制3个方面对造成辽宁省辽河流域水环境问题的主要原因进行了分析,并对现阶段辽宁省辽河流域水污染防治的相关政策与合理机制进行了深入探寻,试图为辽河流域水污染防治的可持续管理提供参考依据。 相似文献
18.
对乌鲁木齐市环境污染现状作了分析，重点分析大气污染、水环境质量、污染物排放、噪声环境以及其它环境问题，较为综合地反应了乌鲁木齐市环境总体状况，并就污染问题提出防御对策。 相似文献
19.
Per capita consumption of plastic continues to increase and remains at high levels in high-income countries, despite obvious contributions to the global problem of plastics pollution. This paper attempts to provide an explanation for this phenomenon based on construal level theory, positing that plastic waste is a problem that is perceived as “out of sight and out of mind” for consumers in high plastic consumption (typically high income) countries and that this is influenced by the export of plastic waste to other (typically lower income and lower consumption) countries for disposal – shifting the burden of mismanaged plastic waste and perceptions of plastics pollution in the countries creating the majority of plastic waste. The apparent lack of plastics pollution in a local environment becomes a mediator, influenced by the export of plastic waste, which may then contribute to further plastics consumption. The theory is tested using structural equation modelling using rare, available matched data for mismanaged plastic waste, plastic waste exports, and plastics consumption at an aggregate country level. All study hypotheses are supported. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and practice, including potential changes to government policy aimed at reducing future plastics consumption and pollution. 相似文献
20.
The present research is based on the annual Reviews of Environmental Conditions and Pollution in the Russian Federation and Yearbooks of Environmental Pollution in the Russian Federation for the period of 2006-2015. The parameters and estimates of abiotic environmental component (air, surface water, and soil) and radiation conditions are generalized from the data of the national observation system of environmental conditions (a base of the national system of environmental pollution monitoring in the Russian Federation) as well as from the data of local environmental observation systems. The results of the analysis of observational data and the conclusion on the conservation of high levels of air pollution in the cities and surface water pollution in many water bodies (including the assessment of priority of existing problems) are an important element of the informational support of state control of the sources of pollutant emissions (discharges) to the environment. The given information is also used for the comprehensive assessment of the influence of unfavorable environmental factors on the population health and terrestrial and water ecosystems. Besides, information on the dynamics and actual levels of environmental pollution allows assessing the efficiency of nature protection measures taking into account the observed trends and dynamics of variations. 相似文献