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根据内蒙古自治区1961—2007年107个气象站资料,利用梯度距离平方反比法,推算出内蒙古自治区湿润度的千米网格数据图形。结合内蒙古实际植被类型的分布规律,确定了内蒙古5种草原类型和6个产草量等级的气候区划指标。利用得到的气候区划指标,对湿润度栅格数据进行分级,绘制了内蒙古自治区天然草原草地类型和产草量地理分布的区划图。应用2007—2009年65个野外考察样点数据和2004—2008年49个生态观测站点的数据,对气候区划结果进行了可靠性验证,分析表明:内蒙古草原类型区划结果和实际的草原类型分布具有较好的一致性,可以用于内蒙古草原气候区划。针对各分区进行评述,并提出了合理布局的对策建议,研究结果可为内蒙古自治区农业结构调整及畜牧业生产优化布局提供参考。 相似文献
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内蒙古半干旱草原土壤-植被-大气相互作用综合研究 总被引:20,自引:1,他引:19
为深化对中纬度半干旱草原气候-生态相互作用过程、机制及其对全球变化的响应与贡献的认识,一项名为“内蒙古半干旱草原土壤-植被-大气相互作用(IMGRASS)”的基金重大项目于1997~2001年在内蒙古锡林郭勒草原执行。IMGRASS计划在1998年草原生长季节在所选定的以典型草原为主,包括草甸草原、稀疏沙地草原等在内的中尺度试验区开展了多点、多要素的综合观测。观测内容包括土壤、植被、大气的相关要素和发生于地-气界面的潜热、感热通量,还包括N2O,CH4,CO2等微量气体交换量、辐射与降水分布。除1998年中尺度观测试验外,1999~2001年在代表性地点进行了微量气体收支、遥感和沙尘天气相关的专项观测,结合草原站已进行的长期监测资料,分析气候-生态长期相互作用,特别是人类活动干预的影响。在分析观测结果的基础上,对该地区的气候-生态相互作用进行了数值模拟研究。文章简要介绍IMGRASS计划目标和初步成果,包括:计划目标与实验区背景;半干旱草原不同地表陆气相互作用特征;浑善达克沙地及其沙尘气溶胶特征;半干旱草原温室气体收支与碳循环测量分析;人类活动干预下半干旱草原生态退化与恢复演替规律;半干旱草原的遥感测量。 相似文献
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内蒙古草原温室气体排放日变化规律研究 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
采用静态值-气相色谱法研究内蒙古草原温室气体N2O、CO2、CH4与大气交换的日变化规律。CO2日排放变化形式基本相同,和大气交换的总结果是向大气排放,影响草原N2O排放日变化形式的关键是土壤含水量和表层土壤理化特性,日温变化主要影响其日变化强度;影响草原CH4日变化形式的关键因子是土壤水分和供氧状况,而温度和植物的生长状况则影响吸收强度,利用内蒙古草原温室气候排放相对固定的日变化形式,可以对相同生产季内每周1次的观测结果进行矫正。 相似文献
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在估算未来大气CO2浓度倍增导致年平均气温场和降水量场变化的气候背景下,应用水热指数法对我国杉木分布边界的地理变迁及杉木商品材生产基地生态气候适宜性的变化进行了分析,估计未来的气候变暖将使杉木分布的南界与北界有不同程度的北移,适宜杉木生长的面积将会缩小,同时,现有的商品材基地届时将只有个别片能继续保持优越的生态气候,多数基地的杉木生长生态气候适宜性将减低。 相似文献
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对锡林郭勒草原退化的研究表明,除了人为干扰因素外,气象灾害也是造成草原退化的重要因素,研究气象灾害及其发生规律与草原退化的关系,对遏制和御防草原生态系统退化,防灾减灾,恢复草原原生植被有着重要意义,利用1953—2005年气象资料和2002—2005年生态气候监测资料,采用气候相似分区计算和分析干旱发生规律及演变趋势;对沙尘暴的发生强度和分布规律也做了深入研究。由于气象灾害日趋加重,草地植被不断退化,气象灾害与草原退化相互间的影响越来越大,气象灾害加速了草原退化进程,而草原退化使自然灾害更加频繁,造成的损失更加严重。治理草原生态环境,御防和减少气象灾害,是草原生态系统可持续发展的迫切需要。 相似文献
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文章以Holdridge生命地带分类系统原理为指导,利用典型站点的气象资料,从气候的生物作用角度统计气候指标,并用该指标对内蒙古三种草原类型区域近50年的气候变化规律进行了分析。研究结果不仅反映了气候因子的综合变化规律,而且可以了解水热的综合变化对植被类型的可能影响。对探讨区域气候变化对植被演变的影响,合理利用气候资源,保护草原生态环境有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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通过分析1978-2013年三北(东北、西北、华北)防护林建设区降水、气温等气象要素变化与植被生态质量的相互关系,以及1961-2013年我国主要草原区气象要素变化与草原生产力的相互关系,指出2000年以来北方降水增多导致三北防护林地区植被生态质量持续好转,且2000年以来在降水增加、生态工程实施的情况下,北方草原生态恶化的局面有所改变。进一步根据RCPs排放情景和预估的我国未来气候变化,指出未来30~60年我国北方地区气候呈现暖湿化趋势,利于巩固和扩大三北防护林和草原生态建设成果,缩短生态恢复的时间;但气候增暖会增加森林和草原火灾及病虫害的发生范围和频率。在对策上,指出应充分利用北方气候暖湿化的正效应,加快三北防护林建设和北方草原生态恢复;同时加强防护林和草原适应气候变化和防灾减灾的科学研究。 相似文献
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内蒙古典型草原区近40年气候变化及其对土壤水分的影响 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
分析气候变化对草原区土壤水分的影响对了解草原退化原因、恢复草原生态环境有重要的指导意义。根据近40年气象资料和近20年的土壤水分观测资料,利用线性趋势等数理统计方法,分析了内蒙古典型草原区气候变化趋势和对土壤水分变化的影响,得出内蒙古典型草原区近40年气候变化趋势与全球气候变化规律相似;影响土壤湿度的气象因子主要是降水和蒸发,温度通过影响蒸发而间接影响土壤湿度,蒸降差是分析气候变化对土壤水分影响的直观指标。气候变暖导致蒸发加剧,在降水增加不明显的条件下,加速了土壤干旱化程度。 相似文献
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Environmental change in grasslands: Assessment using models 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Modeling studies and observed data suggest that plant production, species distribution, disturbance regimes, grassland biome boundaries and secondary production (i.e., animal productivity) could be affected by potential changes in climate and by changes in land use practices. There are many studies in which computer models have been used to assess the impact of climate changes on grassland ecosystems. A global assessment of climate change impacts suggest that some grassland ecosystems will have higher plant production (humid temperate grasslands) while the production of extreme continental steppes (e.g., more arid regions of the temperate grasslands of North America and Eurasia) could be reduced substantially. All of the grassland systems studied are projected to lose soil carbon, with the greatest losses in the extreme continental grassland systems. There are large differences in the projected changes in plant production for some regions, while alterations in soil C are relatively similar over a range of climate change projections drawn from various General Circulation Models (GCM's). The potential impact of climatic change on cattle weight gains is unclear. The results of modeling studies also suggest that the direct impact of increased atmospheric CO2 on photosynthesis and water use in grasslands must be considered since these direct impacts could be as large as those due to climatic changes. In addition to its direct effects on photosynthesis and water use, elevated CO2 concentrations lower N content and reduce digestibility of the forage. 相似文献
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Jun Wang Daniel G. Brown Rick L. Riolo Scott E. Page Arun Agrawal 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(5):1266-1276
There has been a decrease in grazing mobility in the Mongolian grasslands over the past decades. Sedentary grazing with substantial external inputs has increased the cost of livestock production. As a result, the livelihoods of herders have become more vulnerable to climate variability and change. Sedentary grazing is the formal institutional arrangement in Inner Mongolia, China. However, this may not be an efficient institutional arrangement for climate change adaptation. Self-organized local institutions for climate change adaptation have emerged and are under development in the study area. In this study, we did exploratory analyses of multiple local institutions for climate change adaptation in the Mongolian grasslands, using an agent-based modeling approach. Empirical studies from literature and our field work show that sedentary grazing, pasture rental markets, and reciprocal pasture-use groups are three popular institutional arrangements in the study area. First, we modeled the social–ecological performance (i.e., livelihood benefits to herders and grassland quality) of these institutions and their combinations under different climate conditions. Second, we did exploratory analyses of multiple social mechanisms for facilitating and maintaining cooperative use of pastures among herders. The modeling results show that in certain value-ranges of some model parameters with assumed values, reciprocal pasture-use groups had better performance than pasture rental markets; and the comparative advantage of cooperative use of pastures over sedentary grazing without cooperation becomes more evident with the increase in drought probability. Agent diversity and social norms were effective for facilitating the development of reciprocal pasture-use groups. Kin selection and punishments on free-riders were useful for maintaining cooperation among herders. 相似文献
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放牧强度对内蒙古半干旱草原地气间能量和物质交换的影响 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
利用涡度相关技术, 于2006年7月27日至8月10日在内蒙古半干旱草原三种放牧强度的下垫面进行微气象观测。本文分析了放牧强度对内蒙古半干旱草原地气间能量和物质交换的影响, 发现: (1)放牧降低植被覆盖率, 使地表反射率增大。(2)放牧使潜热通量减小。而放牧强度最大的锡林河河道潜热通量最大,表明土壤水分状况是半干旱草原地表能量收支的决定性因素。(3)羊草和冬季放牧观测点日平均CO2通量分别为-1.92 g?m-2?d-1和0.73 g?m-2?d-1, 表明放牧可以使草地由CO2的汇转变为源。锡林河河道为CO2的汇, 日平均CO2通量-3.35 g?m-2?d-1, 与羊草比较, 锡林河河道吸收CO2更多, 表明土壤湿度是影响半干旱草原CO2通量交换的重要因素。(4) 放牧通过减小叶面积指数, 减弱植被的光合作用能力。 相似文献
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Climate variability has been evident on the Mongolian plateau in recent decades. Livelihood adaptation to climate variability is important for local sustainable development. This paper applies an analytical framework focused on adaptation, institutions, and livelihoods to study climate adaptation in the Mongolian grasslands. A household survey was designed and implemented in each of three broad vegetation types in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. The analytical results show that livelihood adaptation strategies of herders vary greatly across the border between Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. Local institutions played important roles in shaping and facilitating livelihood adaptation strategies of herders. Mobility and communal pooling were the two key categories of adaptation strategies in Mongolia, and they were shaped and facilitated by local communal institutions. Storage, livelihood diversification, and market exchange were the three key categories of adaptation strategies in Inner Mongolia, and they were mainly shaped and facilitated by local government and market institutions. Local institutions enhanced but also at times undermined adaptive capacity of herder communities in the two countries, but in different ways. Sedentary grazing has increased livelihood vulnerability of herders to climate variability and change. With grazing sedentarization, the purchase and storage of forage has become an important strategy of herders to adapt to the highly variable climate. The multilevel statistical models of forage purchasing behaviors show that the strategies of livestock management, household financial capital, environmental (i.e., precipitation and vegetation growth) variability, and the status of pasture degradation were the major determinants of this adaptation strategy. 相似文献
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内蒙古西辽河流域特种玉米品种特性及气候区划 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
基于玉米本身的特性和用途的不同,将玉米分为高油型玉米、高淀粉型玉米、高赖氨酸型玉米和甜玉米四大类型.根据每种玉米品种对气候条件、土壤类型、地形特征等的不同需求,以通辽地区作为内蒙古东部西辽河流域玉米主产区的示范区,提出了特种玉米的区划指标,并利用GIS技术进行适宜种植区域划分.内蒙古通辽地区大部分农区适宜种植特种玉米,最适宜区、适宜区基本上均位于通辽南部和中部农业区. 相似文献
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内蒙古典型草原N2O研究刍议 总被引:15,自引:1,他引:14
利用中国科学院内蒙古草原生态定位研究站(IMGERS)的气候、土壤、植被、土地利用方式和家畜等方面的资料,根据目前国际上N2O的研究进展,分析了内蒙古典型草原区影响N2O收支作用的可能控制因子,认为:(1)作为N2O主要来源的土壤,其理化性状,尤其是土壤温度、水分状况、土壤有机质和土壤结构等,是影响该地区N2O收支平衡的主要控制因子;(2)土地利用方式的改变对N2O的释放的影响还不十分清楚。草场农用与一定的耕作管理措施以及对天然草场的人为影响(割草、放牧等)是对N2O收支平衡影响的主要方面;(3)家畜排泄物,无论作为本地区的主要燃料,还是作为肥料,在典型草原区N2O的释放中起着不可忽视的作用。 相似文献