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1.
The three-dimensional structure of precipitation on a seasonal scale in the Asian-Pacific＇s three monsoon regions is investigated based on the tropical rainfall measurement mission （TRMM） data. The results show that： （1） The maximum seasonal variation of the relative proportional difference of convective precipitation and stratiform rain occurs in the East Asian monsoon region, the second occurs in the Indian monsoon region, and the minimum is in the northwest Pacific monsoon region. In both the northwest Pacific mon soon region and the Indian monsoon region, the convective rain is proportionately larger than stratiform rain in all four seasons. （2） Cloud ice reaches its maximum at around 9 km. Cloud water＇s maximum range is between 3 and 4 km. The large value area of precipitation ice is mainly between 4 and 9 km. The precipi tation water particle is concentrated mostly below 4 km. The largest content is from the ground to 2 km. （3） The most remarkable variance of the content of cloud ice in the Indian monsoon region occurs from spring to winter, and the content of cloud water in the northwest Pacific is always higher than that in the other two regions. （4） The latent heat profile has a similar double-peak structure. The first peak is at 4 km and the second peak is at 2 km. In autumn and winter, the latent heat is higher in the northwest Pacific than in other two regions. In all three regions, the release of the latent heat is higher in summer and autumn than in spring and winter.  相似文献   

2.
A. Malej    P. Mozeti&#;    V. Mala&#;&#;  V. Turk 《Marine Ecology》1997,18(3):273-288
Abstract. Despite increasing evidence that atmospheric deposition may contribute considerably to new production in coastal seas, the role of this nutrient source in the shallow northern Adriatic ecosystem has remained largely unassessed. This study demonstrates that locally collected rain water significantly stimulates primary production and phytoplankton biomass accumulation in microcosm experiments. The concentration of nutrients in rain water collected during summer storms (11.38–77.19 μmol·1-1 nitrate. 4.45–36.38 μmol.1·1 ammonium, 0.93–4.75 μmol·1-1 phosphate) indicated that the precipitation is influenced by anthropogenic emissions from urbanised and industrialised regions of the European continent. Rainfall events delivered relatively large (127 tons nitrogen, 9.5 tons phosphorus in the period 10 June to 10 September, 1993). though episodic, nutrient input into the area. Field measurements showed that storm events were followed by an increase of phytoplankton standing crop and a shift of community structure.  相似文献   

3.
基于热带大洋地区共23个海洋定点浮标雨量器数据比较了GPM和TRMM两种卫星降水数据(IMERG和TMPA)对热带海洋降水日变化的观测能力,选取时间为2014年4月1日—2018年4月30日。相较于浮标观测结果,2种卫星数据都低估了降水日变化范围。在太平洋和印度洋,IMERG和TMPA都能捕捉到降水极大值出现在早上、极小值出现在傍晚的特征,与浮标观测结果基本吻合。在大西洋,两种卫星数据与浮标观测的降水日变化特征有较大差异,主要是由于大西洋降水较少,而卫星对小降水的观测存在较大偏差,同时浮标观测在小降水区域更容易存在误差。  相似文献   

4.
Gaofen-3(GF-3), a Chinese civil synthetic aperture radar(SAR) at C-band, has operated since August 2016.Remarkably, several typhoons have been captured by GF-3 around the China Seas over its last two-year mission.In this study, six images acquired in Global Observation(GLO) and Wide ScanSAR(WSC) modes at verticalvertical(VV) polarization channel are discussed. This work focuses on investigating the observation of rainfall using GF-3 SAR. These images were collocated with winds from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF), significant wave height simulated from the WAVEWATCH-III(WW3) model, sea surface currents from climate forecast system version 2(CFSv2) of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) and rain rate data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) satellite. Sea surface roughness,was compared with the normalized radar cross section(NRCS) from SAR observations, and indicated a 0.8 correlation(COR). We analyzed the dependences of the difference between model-simulated NRCS and SARmeasured NRCS on the TRMM rain rate and WW3-simulated significant wave height. It was found that the effects of rain on SAR damps the radar signal at incidence angles ranging from 15° to 30°, while it enhances the radar signal at incidence angles ranging from 30° to 45° and incidence angles smaller than 10°. This behavior is consistent with previous studies and an algorithm for rain rate retrieval is anticipated for GF-3 SAR.  相似文献   

5.
姜德娟  张华  常远勇  李瑞泽 《海洋科学》2015,39(10):116-124
降水是全球能量平衡和水分循环中的关键要素,但海洋区域实时、准确的降水观测资料难以获取,因此,遥感卫星资料在海洋降水及全球能量和水分循环研究领域具有十分重要的应用前景。本文基于1998~2012年6个气象站点(岛屿或海岸带)的实测降水资料,评估TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)V7版本3B42、3B43两个降水产品对渤海降水量的估算精度,在此基础上,分析并揭示渤海区域年、季和月降水量的时空特征。结果表明:在日尺度,3B42产品对渤海降水量的估算效果总体较差,而在月、年尺度,3B42、3B43产品与实测降水量比较接近,而且,3B43产品的估算精度稍高;总体上,TRMM表现出低估降水的特点,且当实测月降水量大于300 mm时,这种特征尤为显著;1998~2012年,渤海年降水量表现出明显的年际丰枯变化特征,多年均值为631.6 mm;夏季降水量占年降水总量的62.0%,7月是降水量最丰富的月份;空间上,渤海中南部降水量相对较高,而近岸区域降水量相对较低;受大气环流等因素的影响,夏季降水量重心向西北方向偏移,冬季则向东南方向偏移。  相似文献   

6.
1 IntroductionObservation of the tropical rainfall is crucial forthe research on tropical weather and climate. Nu-merous studies have shown that the ingestion of rain-fall data into a numerical model can have considera-ble impacts on simulation results(Kr…  相似文献   

7.
文章采用1998—2017年间日本气象厅(Japan Meteorological Agency, JMA)台风最佳路径、热带测雨卫星(tropical rainfall measuring mission, TRMM)逐3小时降水及日本55年再分析(Japanese 55-year reanalysis, JRA-55)逐6小时数据, 针对起源于西北太平洋、移动路径位于台湾岛以南且台风最外围第一波螺旋雨带经过华南地区的台风, 将符合上述条件的台风筛选出来后, 由卫星云图和TRMM降水资料判断出台风第一波螺旋雨带到达华南地区的日期, 并分析雨带到达之前台风对该地区日降水的影响, 以此探索台风登陆前外围环境场对华南地区降水日变化的影响规律及机理。结果表明, 在台风临近华南地区期间, 一方面台风外围气流会向该地区输送水汽促进该地区降水, 另一方面华南地区在台风外围辐散场下沉气流的影响下降水受到抑制。当前者作用大于后者时, 华南地区降水增强, 此情形下华南地区大气不稳定极值时间多发生于午后, 午后降水明显, 对应的台风多发生于7、8月份, 西太平洋副热带高压偏东, 有利于台风北移, 台风第一波雨带到达华南地区时台风中心距华南沿海较近; 反之, 华南地区降水减小, 大气层结较稳定, 夜间至清晨出现因辐射冷却导致的层云降水峰值, 对应的台风多出现于9、10月份, 西太平洋副热带高压西伸, 不利于台风向北发展, 台风第一波雨带到达华南地区时台风中心距华南沿海较远。文章结果有望提高对台风登陆前的外围环流场影响沿海地区云和降水过程的规律性认知。  相似文献   

8.
Abstract. This paper briefly summarises research carried out in 1982–1990 in the coastal area off Monte Conero, SW northern Adriatic Sea. Oceanographic data on temperature, salinity, oxygen saturation, nutrients (nitrates, silicates and orthophosphates), and chlorophylls were collected to characterise this coastal ecosystem in view of the setting up of the "Costa del Monte Conero" protected marine area.
Towards the coast the physical and chemical parameters exhibited a seasonal periodicity.
Temperature showed a clear annual periodicity with a certain interannual variability; this also holds true for oxygen saturation, with peaks in March and minima in September, though without hypoxic events.
Nutrient concentrations peaked at the surface layer at the coastal station from December to March (nitrates: 35–50 μmol 1−1; silicates: 22–70 μmol 1−1; orthophosphates: 0.37–0.54 μmol 1−1) and minima in summer (Jul-Aug) on surface and bottom (0–12μmol 1−1, 0–18.5 μmol 1−1, and 0–0.15 μmol 1−1, respectively). From 1988 to 1990 nutrient peaks were lower and coastal salinity exceed 33, with nitrates below 16 μmol 1−1, silicates below 8 μmol 1−1, and orthophosphates less than 0.2 μmol 1−1.
In the coastal area of Senigallia, 40 km to the north, where the influence of the coastal current that carries the river inflows to the south is stronger, the seasonal cycle was similar, albeit with higher values for nutrients and chlorophylls.  相似文献   

9.
采用EOF（Emprical Orthogonal Function）、小波分析和交叉小波分析等方法研究了福建省汛期降水的不同空间分布型在不同的时间尺度下与西北太平洋夏季风、印度洋夏季风的关系.结果表明：福建汛期降水空间分布以全省一致型和东南—西北反相型两种模态为主;西北太平洋夏季风主要影响福建整个汛期降水总量的多寡,当西太平洋夏季风较强（弱）时,福建整个汛期全省降水偏多（少）;而印度洋夏季风则主要影响福建汛期降水量东南-西北向差异,即ISM强（弱）,福建东南-西北部降水差异增大（减小）.  相似文献   

10.
The performance of an atmospherically forced ocean general circulation model (OGCM) in simulating daily and monthly sea surface temperature (SST) is examined during the historical El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events during the time period 1993–2003. For this purpose, we use the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) configured for the North Pacific north of 20°S at a resolution of ≈9 km. There is no assimilation of (or relaxation to) SST data and no date-specific assimilation of any data type. The ability of the model in simulating temporal variations of SST anomalies is discussed by comparing model results with two satellite-based SST products. The HYCOM simulation gives a basin-averaged monthly mean bias of 0.3 °C and rms difference of 0.6 °C over the North Pacific Ocean during 1993–2003. While the model is able to simulate SST anomalies with mean biases  <0.5 °C  in comparison to observations during most of the ENSO events, limitations in the accuracy of atmospheric forcing (specifically, net short-wave radiation) have some influence on the accuracy of simulations. This is specifically demonstrated during the 1998 transition period from El Niño to La Niña, when a record large SST drop of  ≈7 °C  occurred in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

In the present study, mean rainfall for the months of June-July-August-September (JJAS) during summer monsoon is simulated over India and its adjoining regions for a period between 1982 and 2006. The study was carried out using Regional Climate Model (RegCM) version 4.6 at a resolution of 25?km. The simulated mean JJAS monsoon rainfall was validated against the observational IMD data. Comparison of JJAS seasonal mean summer rainfall for the first decade 1982–1991, with the later decade 1997–2006 indicate that the intensity of rainfall increases over Indian land-mass during the later decade under the forced conditions of Era-Interim. The observed JJAS mean rainfall indicates two maximum rainfall areas i.e. the Western Ghats and the Himalayan region. A significant bias is observed in the central and Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) region. The JJAS mean seasonal surface air temperature distribution at 0.25?×?0.25-degree grids resolution shows a decreasing trend of temperature over the Indian landmass.  相似文献   

12.
Diel vertical migration (DVM) of medusae was investigated at a fixed station in the oligotrophic Southern Adriatic Sea at several depths during summer (July) 2003. We hypothesized that medusan DVM is considerably influenced by environmental variables such as hydrographic features, light intensities, and potential prey densities. We used short-term repetitive sampling as an approach to detail these relationships. Of the 26 species collected, the highest abundance was in the layer between the thermocline (15 m) and 100 m depth, where Rhopalonema velatum predominated, reaching the maximum count of 93 individuals per 10 m3. Seven species were observed over a wide depth range: Solmissus albescens (15–1200 m), R. velatum (0–800 m), Persa incolorata (50–1200 m), Octophialucium funerarium (200–1200 m), Arctapodema australis (200–1200 m), Amphinema rubra (100–800 m), and Rhabdoon singulare (15–600). According to the medusan weighted mean depth (WMD) calculations, the longest DVMs were noted for the deep-sea species S. albescens , O. funerarium , and A. australis . The shallowest species, Aglaura hemistoma , was primarily non-migratory. Certain medusan assemblages were associated consistently with a particular depth layer characterized by a particular light intensity. The interplay of environmental factors and trophic relationships explains some of the features of medusan migratory patterns. These findings thus contribute to understanding the variables that determine patterns of medusan vertical migratory behavior.  相似文献   

13.
This article reviews several microwave instruments employed in research and analysis of tropical cyclones (TCs), typhoons, and hurricanes. The instruments discussed include scatterometers, microwave radiometers, synthetic aperture radars (SARs), and rain radar from space. Examples of the particular contribution by one or more of these instruments in analysis of several storms illustrate the comprehensive new views provided by the SeaWinds scatterometers, the detailed high-resolution wind field provided by RADARSAT-1 SAR, particularly inside and in the vicinity of hurricane “eyes,” and the presence of secondary flows in the region between rainbands in TCs. The high spatial resolution of precipitation data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission's rain radar, combined with scatterometer or SAR data, give a significant improvement in the details that can be seen from space, at the surface, and in the precipitating areas of TCs. The microwave instruments provide a penetrating view below the upper level cirrus clouds. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

14.
The rain rate (RR) retrieval method for the RR estimation over ice-free areas of the ocean is presented. Measurements of the Japanese Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) on board the satellite GCOM-W1 are used. The method is based on the results of the numerical modeling of brightness temperatures of the outgoing microwave radiation of the ocean–atmosphere system and their subsequent conversion into the RR using neural networks. A simplified form of the transfer equation is used. Its errors for the considered wavelengths do not exceed 1 K at an RR of less than 20 mm/h. The method is verified by comparison with the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission’s (TRMM) Microwave Instrument (TMI) RR product. As a result of the comparison, the rain rate retrieval error within the range of 20 mm/h is found to be 1 mm/h.  相似文献   

15.
利用NASA提供的热带测雨卫星(TRMM)资料和NCEP/AVN模式的实况分析场研究了热带气旋“威马逊”(2002)的演变过程、结构和降水特征.对要素场及倾斜对流有效位能诊断分析发现,降水的分布和强度对热带气旋的发展有很好的指示作用.针对MM5的几种积云参数化方案进行了数值试验,初步研究了各方案在热带气旋定量降水预报(QPF)中的作用.  相似文献   

16.
邹燕  黄凯安  江晓南 《台湾海峡》2006,25(1):110-116
通过对1961～2001年福建前汛期降水与东亚前冬季冬季风强弱与副高强度间的相关性等统计分析表明：前冬季冬季风强（弱）年，前汛期西太平洋副高偏弱（强），福建降水偏多（少），此外，本文利用ECMWF再分析资料，对比分析了旱涝年份前冬季500hPa环流形势差异．其结果显示：旱（涝）年前冬季，东亚大槽偏弱（强），冬季风减弱（增强），副热带高压偏强（弱）。  相似文献   

17.
Estimating diversity of modular organisms may be problematic due to actual difficulties in discriminating between 'individuals' and quantifying their abundances. Quantitative data, when available, are collected through methods that could preclude the application of classical diversity indices, making comparisons among studies difficult. Taxonomic distinctness indices, such as the 'Average Taxonomic Distinctness' (Δ+) and the 'Variation in Taxonomic Distinctness' (Λ+) may represent suitable tools in investigating diversity beyond the simple species number. The potential usefulness of such indices has been explored almost exclusively on unitary organisms, neglecting modular ones. In this study, we employed Δ+ and Λ+ to analyse patterns of diversity of epiphytic hydroid assemblages living on Cystoseira seaweeds at a hierarchy of spatial scales, along 800 km of rocky coast (SE Italy). ANOVA on species richness and Λ+ showed no significant difference in sample diversity at the investigated spatial scales. In contrast, there were significant differences at the scale of 10s of km in Δ+. Analyses based on simulations detected significant variations at all spatial scales in Δ+. Such findings underline the potential of Δ+ in highlighting relevant spatial scales of variation in patterns of hydroid diversity. Our results also suggest that the interplay between natural environmental variations and the complex ecological traits of modular organisms might affect taxonomic distinctness indices. We stress the need for further investigations focusing on modular organisms before any generalizations on the use of taxonomic relatedness measures in examining marine biodiversity can be made.  相似文献   

18.
G. J. Herndl    J. Faganeli    N. Fanuko    P. Peduzzi  V. Turk 《Marine Ecology》1987,8(3):221-236
Abstract. The interdependences between phytoplankton standing crop, bacterial biomass and the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool in the water column were investigated and related to sediment parameters in a shallow marine bay (Bay of Piran, Northern Adriatic Sea) over an annual cycle. Bacterioplankton density varied between 1–10 × 105 cells ml-1, with lowest density observed in March corresponding to the low Chi a concentrations during this period. Generation times as determined by dialysis incubations ranged between 4h (June) and 82 h (March). Mean bacterial secondary production rates during summer were about 40 mg C m-1 d-1 and 5mg C m-3.d-1 during winter. With a short time lag, DOM concentrations followed the fluctuation in Chi a.
Sediment oxygen demand measurements revealed a mean mineralization rate of about 260 mg C m-2 d-1 during summer and 100–200 mg C m-2 d-1 in winter. Sediment bacterial density varied between 108 - 109 cells g (sediment dry wt)-1 in the top 5 cm sediment layer or, in terms of biomass, 4.3 g C m-l during summer and 0.6 g C m-2 during winter. Highest concentrations of DOM in pore waters were measured in September, coinciding with high rates of sediment oxygen demand.  相似文献   

19.
To date, coral proxy studies have proved largely unsuccessful in reconstructing temporal variability of the Indian monsoon system in the NW Indian Ocean. In a recent publication in this journal, Storz and Gischler demonstrated that extension rates in corals can be used to fill this gap. Those authors found a link between decadal and interannual variations of the SW monsoon current velocities and Porites lutea extension rates in the lagoon of Rasdhoo Atoll (4°N/73°W) in the central Maldives for the period 1917–2007. This sister paper shows that this extension-rate record can be used to reconstruct decadal variations of summer monsoon rainfall over peninsular India and adjacent areas. The amount of monsoon rainfall and current velocities during summer are both affected by the strength of the Indian monsoon system. Assessments of coral extension rates and the mean May–September All India Monsoon Rainfall index, a measure of monsoon strength over the Indian subcontinent, revealed a significant spectral coherence within periods of 18–19 and 6–7 years. Almost 92% of variance is shared between both time series in the former band, and 85% in the latter. A correlation between the 5-year running mean extension rate and rainfall records from the Western Ghats (grid of 73–76°E/13–15°N) is significant especially for 1958–2006 (r = −0.82, p < 0.05). These findings imply that coral growth characteristics can serve as a new marine archive to reconstruct past variations of the Indian monsoon system on interannual to decadal timescales.  相似文献   

20.
Rainfall has two significant effects on the sea surface, including salinity decreasing and surface becoming rougher,which have further influence on L-band sea surface emissivity. Investigations using the Aquarius and TRMM 3B42 matchup dataset indicate that the retrieved sea surface salinity(SSS) is underestimated by the present Aquarius algorithm compared to numerical model outputs, especially in cases of a high rain rate. For example, the bias between satellite-observed SSS and numerical model SSS is approximately 2 when the rain rate is 25 mm/h. The bias can be eliminated by accounting for rain-induced roughness, which is usually modeled by rain-generated ring-wave spectrum. The rain spectrum will be input into the Small Slope Approximation(SSA) model for the simulation of sea surface emissivity influenced by rain. The comparison with theoretical model indicated that the empirical model of rain spectrumis more suitable to be used in the simulation. Further, the coefficients of the rain spectrum are modified by fitting the simulations with the observations of the 2–year Aquarius and TRMM matchup dataset. The calculations confirm that the sea surface emissivity increases with the wind speed and rain rate. The increase induced by the rain rate is rapid in the case of low rain rate and low wind speed. Finally, a modified model of sea surface emissivity including the rain spectrum is proposed and validated by using the matchup dataset in May 2014. Compared with observations, the bias of the rain-induced sea surface emissivity simulated by the modified modelis approximately 1e–4, and the RMSE is slightly larger than 1e–3. With using more matchup data, thebias between model retrieved sea surface salinities and observationsmay be further corrected,and the RMSE may be reduced to less than 1 in the cases of low rain rate and low wind speed.  相似文献   

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