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1.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2017,(6)
探测发现南海白云凹陷东侧存在一个宽1 500m、深达75m的巨型麻坑,在麻坑内采集了大量的碳酸盐岩结核。大部分结核中存在新鲜孔洞和流体通道。本文从中选取了5块结核,进行XRD衍射、扫描电镜、碳氧同位素分析。结果表明,5个结核中碳酸盐矿物主要是含铁白云石,其中一个还有少量方解石,碎屑矿物主要是石英和长石。结核的显微结构以纤维状为主,存在裂隙和孔洞。δ~(13)C值为-24.7‰~-10.9‰V-PDB,显示孔隙流体主要以热成因甲烷为主。δ~(18)O值为5.6‰~6.9‰V-PDB,高值主要与天然气水合物分解有关。巨型麻坑海底之下最可能存在天然气水合物埋藏。含铁白云石结核在麻坑表层沉积物之下形成,随后出露海底。碳酸盐岩结核指示巨型麻坑内曾发生的甲烷渗漏活动可能与深部油气泄露有关,浅地层剖面中疑似气体羽和结核表面管状蠕虫活体都显示巨型麻坑仍在发生甲烷渗漏。 相似文献
2.
黄土沉积中生物成因的钙结核是在古土壤的发育阶段由上层的碳酸盐淋滤并在古土壤的下部形成的次生碳酸盐。探讨了黄土钙结核硼同位素样品的处理方法，并利用负热电离质谱法（NTIMS）测定低含量黄土钙结核中同位素组成，实验表明采用稀盐酸溶解样品、硼特效树脂分离提取样品中的硼是适宜的。黄土钙结核酸溶相的硼含量变化范围为3．4－5．7μg/g，δ^11B值变化为－3．3‰－＋16．9‰。硼含量和硼同位素组成有正相关关系。黄土和钙结核之间硼同位素组成有较大的差异，其原因可能与钙结核中更高的碳酸钙含量及水体的pH值有关，黄土钙结核酸溶相中的硼同位素组成的初步结果表明其示踪黄土沉积环境的可能性。 相似文献
3.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2010,(3)
选取青海湖咸水介形虫——埃及真星介为研究对象,通过温度培养实验评价胖真星介壳体的碳氧同位素分馏状况及对古环境重建的意义。实验结果表明,埃及真星介壳体的碳同位素组成来自其生长水体DIC,10℃、15℃和19℃下埃及真星介与其生长水体DIC之间的平均碳同位素差值分别为-0.48‰、-0.59‰和0.7‰。介壳与水体DIC之间存在明显的碳同位素分馏,但是两者之间的碳同位素分馏几乎不受温度的影响。与碳同位素平衡分馏条件下形成的无机方解石相比,随水体pH值的升高,埃及真星介壳体与水体DIC之间的碳同位素分馏越接近平衡分馏。因此,在利用介形虫的碳同位素组成进行古环境重建时,应该考虑不同水体生长环境中介形虫的碳同位素分馏对重建结果产生的可能影响。 相似文献
4.
南海东北部甲烷成因碳酸盐岩的矿物学及同位素组成(英文) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
取自南海北部的3块自生碳酸盐岩主要为圆环状、结核状和结壳状。X射线衍射分析显示,这3件碳酸盐岩主要由黏土矿物、陆源碎屑(石英、长石)和碳酸盐矿物(高镁方解石和铁白云石)组成;碳氧同位素分析表明,结核状和结壳状碳酸盐岩具有极负的δ13C(分别为-32.83‰和-38.01‰PDB)和正的δ18O(分别为+2.19‰和+2.96‰PDB),不同于正常沉积的海相碳酸盐岩,甲烷厌氧氧化过程控制了这些碳酸盐岩的形成。碳酸盐岩为甲烷成因,记录了南海东北部海底富含甲烷的冷泉活动历史。 相似文献
5.
我国近岸海域产出的钙质结核,其数量之多,分布之广,在世界陆架海域中首屈一指,黄海、东海钙质结核在结构、构造及碳酸钙含量等方面均有差异,然而它们的自生组分均为方解石,含MgO量均在1.05%以下,含Fe、Mn量均低.二海区结核的碳氧稳定同位素值基本一致,δ18O和δ13C的全距为2‰左右,并具有轻碳轻氧的特征,结核的矿物成分、结构、构造及碳氧同位素资料均说明它形成于大陆环境之下,约形成在1.8万-2.5万年前的晚更新世晚期,可以有条件地作为一种指相标志. 相似文献
6.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2016,(2)
下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层是塔里木盆地古城地区的主要产气层。为了探讨研究区下奥陶统碳酸盐岩碳同位素变化的原因,对取自塔中地区古城7、古城8、古城9和古城12等4口井的51块碳酸盐岩样品进行了分析,结果显示,δ13 C值为-2.26‰~1.55‰,δ18 O值为-10.57‰~-4.69‰,Mn/Sr也小于2~3的范围。结果表明,研究区碳酸盐岩样品基本保持了碳氧同位素的原始组成。δ13 C值与海平面变化存在正相关关系,证明研究区早奥陶世晚期存在一海退期。 相似文献
7.
南海北部陆坡九龙甲烷礁冷泉碳酸盐岩沉积岩石学特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文对南海北部陆坡九龙甲烷礁采集的两个冷泉碳酸盐岩样品TVG-1和TVG-11进行了矿物学、岩石学和碳氧同位素分析研究。X射线衍射分析（XRD）结果表明，自生矿物主要为文石、白云石和高镁方解石等，碎屑矿物含量较少。TVG-11中存在大量的文石，而TVG-1只保留了已转化为方解石的文石假象，据此可以推断TVG-1的形成要早于TVG-11。扫描电镜（SEM）显微结构特征显示，自生矿物主要是通过细菌的厌氧氧化作用，直接从冷泉中沉淀出来的。碳、氧同位素测试结果显示，碳酸盐岩具有强δ^13C亏损和一定程度的δ^18O富集的特征，TVG-1和TVG-11的δ^13C值分别为-46．22％。和-52．88％，均低于-40%，表明碳源于微生物作用的甲烷厌氧氧化，是指示该海域存在冷泉的重要证据；TVG-1和TVG-11的δ^18O值分别为3．19‰和4．07‰，存在一定程度的δ^18O富集。碳氧同位素和矿物的显微结构特征都说明九龙甲烷礁碳酸盐岩是烃类渗漏微生物作用而形成的自生碳酸盐岩，可能是天然气水合物分解引起的沉积，显示该区存在水合物的可能性很大。 相似文献
8.
南沙渚碧礁生态系营养关系的稳定碳同位素研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用稳定碳同位素分析技术研究了南沙渚碧礁生态系食物网主要生物类群之间的营养关系。结果表明，生物的稳定碳同位素组成与其营养来源有密切关系。浮游植物的δ^13C为-18.3‰，与其所处海域的环境条件一致，浮游动物的δ^13C值变化较大，范围为-20.4‰～-10.9‰,表明可能存在浮游植物和碎屑两种营养来源。珊瑚和砗磲的碳同位素组成（-17‰～-15‰）与浮游动物相差较大，暗示共生虫黄藻可能在这些珊瑚的营养来源中起重要作用。底栖海参（-9.6‰)和蜘蛛螺（-12.5‰)的碳同位不比组成与它们沉积物食性的营养特征吻合。鱼类的δ^13C值变化范围较大（-17.7‰～-10.9‰），未表现出随营养级升高而增大的趋势，说明影响鱼类碳同位素组成的因素比较复杂。 相似文献
9.
10.
对"中国第五次北极科考"和"中国第六次北极科考"采集的楚科奇海陆架、海台及海盆区的5个多管样品进行210 Pb、粒度、有机碳(OC)和总氮(TN)含量及有机碳同位素(δ13 C)、总氮同位素组成(δ15 N)分析,初步获得5个多管样品近百年来的沉积速率,陆架区沉积速率为0.19~0.41cm/a,海台和海盆区沉积速率为0.03~0.04cm/a;近百年来陆架有机碳、总氮含量分别为1.21%~1.62%、0.17%~0.21%,有机碳、总氮同位素组成分别为-22.30‰~-22.25‰PDB、7.24‰~8.12‰;海台与海盆区有机碳、总氮含量分别为0.80%~1.26%、0.13%~0.16%,有机碳、总氮同位素组成分别为-22.52‰~-22.07‰PDB、7.38‰~7.81‰。陆架与海台和海盆相比,具有沉积速率高、沉积物颗粒粗、有机碳和总氮含量高的特点。近百年来楚科奇海域陆架、海台和海盆区有机碳以海洋生源输入为主,反映了北极气候变暖,水体初级生产力增加。 相似文献
11.
Ancient hydrocarbon seepage occurred in the Hrabůvka quarry at the boundary between the basement of the Bohemian Massif (represented by folded Lower Carboniferous siliciclastics of the Culm facies) and Tertiary sedimentary cover of the Carpathian Foredeep (formed by Lower Badenian siliciclastics and calcareous clays). The unconsolidated Lower Badenian sediments contain lithified domains composed of limestone and breccias with limestone cement, whereas the basement rocks are cut by subvertical neptunic dykes filled up by limestone and calcite-marcasite-pyrite veinlets representing sealed fluid conduits. The deeply negative δ13C values of both vein calcite and limestone (down to −38.1‰ V-PDB) indicate that oxidation of hydrocarbons was the major source of carbon for authigenic mineralization. A fluid inclusion study suggests low fluid temperatures (<50 °C) and low and variable salinities of aqueous fluids associated with hydrocarbons (0.7–6.7 wt. % NaCl eq.). The variability of δ18O values of authigenic carbonates (−1.7 to −8.2‰ V-PDB) could reflect either slight changes in temperature of escaping fluids (mostly within 15 °C), and/or some mixing with meteoric waters. The low δ34S values of vein marcasite (∼–20‰ V-CDT) are consistent with bacterial reduction of sulfate in the hydrothermal system. Low C1/(C2+C3) ratios in hydrocarbon gas extracted from authigenic carbonates (9.9 and 5.8) as well as the high δ13C values of methane (−31.8 and −32.4‰ V-PDB) are compatible with a thermogenic source of hydrocarbons. REE data indicate sequestration of REE from finely dispersed detrital material in the apical part of the hydrothermal system. The available data are compatible with two possible scenarios of fluid origin. The hydrocarbons could have been leached from underlying Paleozoic sedimentary sequence by aqueous fluids that infiltrated into the basement after Tertiary tectonic reactivation. Alternatively, an external source of hydrocarbon-bearing fluids can be found in the adjacent Outer Western Carpathians flysch nappes containing petroleum-producing lithologies. Nevertheless, a regional flow of hydrocarbon-bearing fluids is evidenced by the occurrence of very similar hydrocarbon-bearing vein mineralizations in a wider area. 相似文献
12.
The processes involved in the interaction between organic fluids and carbonates, and the resulting effect on reservoir quality during the evolution and maturation of organic matter remain unclear despite the fact that these processes influence the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonates. Here, we provide new insights into these processes using data obtained from a detailed analysis of a mixed dolomitic–clastic and organic-rich sedimentary sequence within the middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin of NW China. The techniques used during this study include drillcore observations, thin section petrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis, and carbon and oxygen isotope analyses. Oil grades and total organic carbon (TOC) contents represent the amount of oil charging and the abundance of organic fluids within a reservoir, respectively, and both negatively correlate with the whole-rock δ13C and δ18O of the carbonates in the study area, indicating that organic fluids have affected the reservoir rocks. Secondary carbonates, including sparry calcite and dolomite overgrowths and cements, are common within the Lucaogou Formation. Well-developed sparry calcite is present within dark mudstone whereas the other two forms of secondary carbonates are present within the dolomite-rich reservoir rocks in this formation. Comparing thin section petrology with δ13C compositions suggests that the carbon isotopic composition of matrix carbonates varies little over small distances within a given horizon but varies significantly with stratigraphic height as a result of the development of secondary carbonates. The net change in whole-rock δ13C as a result of these secondary carbonates ranges from 1.8‰ to 4.6‰, with the secondary carbonates having calculated δ13C compositions from −18.6‰ to −8.5‰ that are indicative of an organic origin. The positive correlation between the concentration of Fe within matrix and secondary carbonates within one of the samples suggests that the diagenetic system within the Lucaogou Formation was relatively closed. The correlation between δ13C and δ18O in carbonates is commonly thought to be strengthened by the influence of meteoric water as well as organic fluids. However, good initial correlation between δ13C and δ18O of whole rock carbonates within the Lucaogou Formation (resulted from the evaporitic sedimentary environment) was reduced by organic fluids to some extent. Consequently, the δ13C–δ18O covariations within these sediments are not always reliable indicators of diagenetic alteration by organic fluids or meteoric water.The characteristics and δ13C compositions of the sparry calcite within the formation is indicative of a genetic relationship with organic acids as a result of the addition of organic CO2 to the reservoir. Further analysis suggests that both carbonate and feldspar were dissolved by interaction with organic CO2. However, dissolved carbonate reprecipitated as secondary carbonates, meaning that the interaction between organic fluids and dolomites did not directly improve reservoir quality, although this process did enhance the dissolution of feldspar and increase porosity. This indicates that the δ13C and δ18O of secondary carbonates and their influence on whole-rock carbonate isotopic values can be used to geochemically identify the effect of organic fluids on closed carbonate-rich reservoir systems. 相似文献
13.
Catherine Pierre Marie-Madeleine Blanc-Valleron Jér?me Demange Omar Boudouma Jean-Paul Foucher Thomas Pape Tobias Himmler Noemi Fekete Volkhard Spiess 《Geo-Marine Letters》2012,32(5-6):501-513
The southwest African continental margin is well known for occurrences of active methane-rich fluid seeps associated with seafloor pockmarks at water depths ranging broadly from the shelf to the deep basins, as well as with high gas flares in the water column, gas hydrate accumulations, diagenetic carbonate crusts and highly diverse benthic faunal communities. During the M76/3a expedition of R/V METEOR in 2008, gravity cores recovered abundant authigenic carbonate concretions from three known pockmark sites—Hydrate Hole, Worm Hole, the Regab pockmark—and two sites newly discovered during that cruise, the so-called Deep Hole and Baboon Cluster. The carbonate concretions were commonly associated with seep-benthic macrofauna and occurred within sediments bearing shallow gas hydrates. This study presents selected results from a comprehensive analysis of the mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of diagenetic carbonates sampled at these five pockmark sites. The oxygen isotope stratigraphy obtained from three cores of 2–5?m length indicates a maximum age of about 60,000–80,000?years for these sediments. The authigenic carbonates comprise mostly magnesian calcite and aragonite, associated occasionally with dolomite. Their very low carbon isotopic compositions (–61.0?<?δ13C ‰ V-PDB?<?–40.1) suggest anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) as the main process controlling carbonate precipitation. The oxygen isotopic signatures (+2.4?<?δ18O ‰ V-PDB?<?+6.2) lie within the range in equilibrium under present-day/interglacial to glacial conditions of bottom seawater; alternatively, the most positive δ18O values might reflect the contribution of 18O-rich water from gas hydrate decomposition. The frequent occurrence of diagenetic gypsum crystals suggests that reduced sulphur (hydrogen sulphide, pyrite) from sub-seafloor sediments has been oxidized by oxygenated bottom water. The acidity released during this process can potentially induce the dissolution of carbonate, thereby providing enough Ca2+ ions for pore solutions to reach gypsum saturation; this is thought to be promoted by the bio-irrigation and burrowing activity of benthic fauna. The δ18O–δ13C patterns identified in the authigenic carbonates are interpreted to reflect variations in the rate of AOM during the last glacial–interglacial cycle, in turn controlled by variably strong methane fluxes through the pockmarks. These results complement the conclusions of Kasten et al. in this special issue, based on authigenic barite trends at the Hydrate Hole and Worm Hole pockmarks which were interpreted to reflect spatiotemporal variations in AOM related to subsurface gas hydrate formation–decomposition. 相似文献
14.
In Zakynthos Island (Greece), authigenic cementation of marine sediment has formed pipe-like, disc and doughnut-shaped concretions. The concretions are mostly composed of authigenic ferroan dolomite accompanied by pyrite. Samples with >80% dolomite, have stable isotope compositions in two groups. The more indurated concretions have δ18O around +4‰ and δ13C values between −8 and −29‰ indicating dolomite forming from anaerobic oxidation of thermogenic methane (hydrocarbon seep), in the sulphate-methane transition zone. The outer surfaces of some concretions, and the less-cemented concretions, typically have slightly heavier isotopic compositions and may indicate that concretion growth progressed from the outer margin in the ambient microbially-modified marine pore fluids, inward toward the central conduit where the isotopic compositions were more heavily influenced by the seep fluid. Sr isotope data suggest the concretions are fossil features, possibly of Pliocene age and represent an exhumed hydrocarbon seep plumbing system. Exposure on the modern seabed in the shallow subtidal zone has caused confusion, as concretion morphology resembles archaeological stonework of the Hellenic period. 相似文献
15.
Catherine Pierre Germain Bayon Marie-Madeleine Blanc-Valleron Jean Mascle Stéphanie Dupré 《Geo-Marine Letters》2014,34(2-3):253-267
On the passive margin of the Nile deep-sea fan, the active Cheops mud volcano (MV; ca. 1,500 m diameter, ~20–30 m above seafloor, 3,010–3,020 m water depth) comprises a crater lake with hot (up to ca. 42 °C) methane-rich muddy brines in places overflowing down the MV flanks. During the Medeco2 cruise in fall 2007, ROV dives enabled detailed sampling of the brine fluid, bottom lake sediments at ca. 450 m lake depth, sub-surface sediments from the MV flanks, and carbonate crusts at the MV foot. Based on mineralogical, elemental and stable isotope analyses, this study aims at exploring the origin of the brine fluid and the key biogeochemical processes controlling the formation of these deep-sea authigenic carbonates. In addition to their patchy occurrence in crusts outcropping at the seafloor, authigenic carbonates occur as small concretions disseminated within sub-seafloor sediments, as well as in the bottom sediments and muddy brine of the crater lake. Aragonite and Mg-calcite dominate in the carbonate crusts and in sub-seafloor concretions at the MV foot, whereas Mg-calcite, dolomite and ankerite dominate in the muddy brine lake and in sub-seafloor concretions near the crater rim. The carbonate crusts and sub-seafloor concretions at the MV foot precipitated in isotopic equilibrium with bottom seawater temperature; their low δ13C values (–42.6 to –24.5‰) indicate that anaerobic oxidation of methane was the main driver of carbonate precipitation. By contrast, carbonates from the muddy lake brine, bottom lake concretions and crater rim concretions display much higher δ13C (up to –5.2‰) and low δ18O values (down to –2.8‰); this is consistent with their formation in warm fluids of deep origin characterized by 13C-rich CO2 and, as confirmed by independent evidence, slightly higher heavy rare earth element signatures, the main driver of carbonate precipitation being methanogenesis. Moreover, the benthic activity within the seafloor sediment enhances aerobic oxidation of methane and of sulphide that promotes carbonate dissolution and gypsum precipitation. These findings imply that the coupling of carbon and sulphur microbial reactions represents the major link for the transfer of elements and for carbon isotope fractionation between fluids and authigenic minerals. A new challenge awaiting future studies in cold seep environments is to expand this work to oxidized and reduced sulphur authigenic minerals. 相似文献
16.
The Flemish Pass Basin is a deep-water basin located offshore on the continental passive margin of the Grand Banks, eastern Newfoundland, which is currently a hydrocarbon exploration target. The current study investigates the petrographic characteristics and origin of carbonate cements in the Ti-3 Member, a primary clastic reservoir interval of the Bodhrán Formation (Upper Jurassic) in the Flemish Pass Basin.The Ti-3 sandstones with average Q86.0F3.1R10.9 contain various diagenetic minerals, including calcite, pyrite, quartz overgrowth, dolomite and siderite. Based on the volume of calcite cement, the investigated sandstones can be classified into (1) calcite-cemented intervals (>20% calcite), and (2) poorly calcite-cemented intervals (porous). Petrographic analysis shows that the dominant cement is intergranular poikilotopic (300–500 μm) calcite, which stared to form extensively at early diagenesis. The precipitation of calcite occured after feldspar leaching and was followed by corrosion of quartz grains. Intergranular calcite cement hosts all-liquid inclusions mainly in the crystal core, but rare primary two-phase (liquid and vapor) fluid inclusions in the rims ((with mean homogenization temperature (Th) of 70.2 ± 4.9 °C and salinity estimates of 8.8 ± 1.2 eq. wt.% NaCl). The mean δ18O and δ13C isotopic compositions of the intergranular calcite are −8.3 ± 1.2‰, VPDB and −3.0 ± 1.3‰, VPDB, respectively; whereas, fracture-filling calcite has more depleted δ18O but similar δ13C values. The shale normalized rare earth element (REESN) patterns of calcite are generally parallel and exhibit slightly negative Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies. Fluid-inclusion gas ratios (CO2/CH4 and N2/Ar) of calcite cement further confirms that diagenetic fluids originated from modified seawater. Combined evidence from petrographic, microthermometric and geochemical analyses suggest that (1) the intergranular calcite cement precipitated from diagenetic fluids of mixed marine and meteoric (riverine) waters in suboxic conditions; (2)the cement was sourced from the oxidation of organic matters and the dissolution of biogenic marine carbonates within sandstone beds or adjacent silty mudstones; and (3) the late phases of the intergranular and fracture-filling calcite cements were deposited from hot circulated basinal fluids.Calcite cementation acts as a main controlling factor on the reservoir quality in the Flemish Pass reservoir sandstones. Over 75% of initial porosity was lost due to the early calcite cementation. The development of secondary porosity (mostly enlarged, moldic pores) and throats by later calcite dissolution due to maturation of organic matters (e.g., hydrocarbon and coals), was the key process in improving the reservoir quality. 相似文献
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Paola Ridge, along the NW Calabrian margin (southern Tyrrhenian Sea), is one of the few reported deep sea sites of precipitation of authigenic carbonates in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Here, the changing composition of the seeping fluids and the dynamic nature of the seepage induced the precipitation of pyrite, siderite and other carbonate phases. The occurrence of this array of authigenic precipitates is thought to be related to fluctuation of the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ).Concretions of authigenic minerals formed in the near sub-bottom sediments of the Paola Ridge were investigated for their geochemical and isotopic composition. These concretions were collected in an area characterized by the presence of two alleged mud volcanoes and three mud diapirs. The mud diapirs are dotted by pockmarks and dissected by normal faults, and are known for having been a site of fluid seepage for at least the past 40 kyrs. Present-day venting activity occurs alongside the two alleged mud volcanoes and is dominated by CO2-rich discharging fluids. This discover led us to question the hypothesis of the mud volcanoes and investigate the origin of the fluids in each different domed structure of the study area.In this study, we used stable isotopes (carbon and oxygen) of carbonates coupled with rare earth element (REE) composition of different carbonate and non-carbonate phases for tracing fluid composition and early diagenesis of authigenic precipitates. The analyses on authigenic precipitates were coupled with chemical investigation of venting gas and sea-water.Authigenic calcite/aragonite concretions, from surficial sediments on diapiric structures, have depleted 13C isotopic composition and slightly positive δ18O values. By contrast, siderite concretions, generally found within the first 6 m of sediments on the alleged mud volcanoes, yielded positive δ13C and δ18O values. The siderite REE pattern shows consistent LREE (light REE) fractionation, MREE (medium REE) enrichment and positive Gd and La anomalies. As shown by the REE distribution, the 13C-depleted composition and their association with chemosymbiotic fauna, calcite/aragonite precipitated at time of moderate to high methane flux close to the seafloor, under the influence of bottom seawater. Authigenic siderite, on the other hand, formed in the subseafloor, during periods of lower gas discharges under prolonged anoxic conditions within sediments in equilibrium with 13C-rich dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and 18O-rich water, likely related to methanogenesis and intermittent venting of deep-sourced CO2. 相似文献
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Authigenic carbonates from outcrops of the northern Apennines consist of small and irregular lenses and exhibit numerous features indicative of cold-seep settings. Detailed petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical studies from two Miocene deposits are presented. The first carbonate outcrop, named Fosso Riconi, is located in the foredeep basin of the Apenninic chain, whereas the second deposit represents a satellite basin called Sarsetta. The stable isotope data from specific carbonate minerals show a wide range of values well known from other palaeoseeps of the Apennine Mountains. The majority of seep carbonates are formed by low-Mg calcite and ankerite. Those minerals have δ13C values between ?7 and ?23‰ V-PDB, suggesting variable amounts of carbonate derived from oxidized methane, seawater (dissolved inorganic carbon) and sedimentary organic matter. Dolomite samples have the lowest δ13C values (?30.8 to ?39.0‰ V-PDB), indicating methane as the main carbon source. The findings suggest an evolutionary formation of the seeps and development of authigenic carbonates influenced by the activity of chemosynthetic organisms, of which large lucinid clams are preserved. Bioirrigation by the clams controlled the sediment–water exchange, and is here considered as an explanation for the anomalous Mg content of the calcite. We hypothesize that the seep carbonates were formed during periods of active methane-rich seepage, whereas during periods of slow seepage carbonate formation was reduced. Despite different geological settings, the two examined deposits of Sarsetta and Fosso Riconi show similar features, suggesting that a common pattern of fluid circulation played a major role in carbonate formation at both seep sites. 相似文献
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ZHANG Weiyan JIN Haiyan YAO Xuying JI Zhongqiang ZHANG Xiaoyu YU Xiaoguo ZHANG Fuyuan GAO Aigen 《海洋学报(英文版)》2015,34(10):46-56
Surface sediments from the Changjiang River(Yangtze River) Estuary,Hangzhou Bay,and their adjacent waters were analyzed for their grain size distribution,organic carbon(OC) concentration,and stable carbon isotope composition(δ13C).Based on this analysis,about 36 surface sediment samples were selected from various environments and separated into sand(0.250 mm,0.125–0.250 mm,0.063–0.125 mm) and silt(0.025–0.063 mm)fractions by wet-sieving fractionation methods,and further into silt-(0.004–0.025 mm) and clay-sized(0.004mm) fractions by centrifugal fractionation.Sediments of six grain size categories were analyzed for their OC andδ13C contents to explore the grain size composition and transport paths of sedimentary OC in the study area.From fine to coarse fractions,the OC content was 1.18%,0.51%,0.46%,0.42%,0.99%,and 0.48%,respectively,while theδ13C was –21.64‰,–22.03‰,–22.52‰,–22.46‰,–22.36‰,and –22.28‰,respectively.In each size category,the OC contribution was 42.96%,26.06%,9.82%,5.75%,7.09%,and 8.33%,respectively.The OC content in clay and fine silt fractions(0.025 mm) was about 69.02%.High OC concentrations were mainly found in offshore modern sediments in the northeast of the Changjiang River Estuary,in modern sediments in the lower estuary of the Changjiang River and Hangzhou Bay,and in Cyclonic Eddy modern sediments to the southwest of the Cheju Island.Integrating the distribution of terrestrial OC content of each grain size category with the δ13C of the bulk sediment indicated that the terrestrial organic material in the Changjiang River Estuary was transported seaward and dispersed to the Cyclonic Eddy modern sediments to the southwest of the Cheju Island via two pathways:one was a result of the Changjiang River Diluted Water(CDW) northeastward extending branch driven by the North Jiangsu Coastal Current and the Yellow Sea Coastal Current,while the other one was the result of the CDW southward extending branch driven by the Taiwan Warm Current. 相似文献