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1.
本项研究试图从沉积记录中分析古风暴事件的时间序列。以海南岛东南部黎安潟湖和新村潟湖钻孔沉积物为研究对象,选取沉积物粒度、有机质和碳酸盐含量等参数建立台风事件的鉴别指标,同时利用放射性核素210Pb计年确定沉积物柱状样的年代序列,对海南岛东南部的古风暴活动进行了分析。结果显示,柱状岩心的粒度指标、有机质和碳酸盐含量清晰地记录了海南省东南部过去350年期间的35次特大风暴潮事件,与历史文献资料对比良好。基于历史文献和沉积记录的风暴潮事件恢复了近350年来的风暴活动历史,发现海南省东南部特大风暴事件频数与厄尔尼诺强度有显著关系,同时还可能受到太平洋涛动和太阳黑子活动等多种因素的综合影响。恢复海岸带地区长时间尺度高分辨率的古风暴记录,为探讨全新世以来古风暴活动的气候响应机制提供了有效信息。  相似文献   

2.
海南岛东南部潟湖台风事件沉积记录   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
研究海岸潟湖沉积记录可恢复器测记录之前和史前时期热带气旋活动的频率和强度信息。本文试图通过分析潟湖沉积揭示南海北部地区的古台风活动信息,以海南岛东南部两个潟湖的钻孔沉积物为研究对象,选取沉积物粒度、有机质和碳酸盐含量等参数建立台风事件的鉴别指标,同时借助210Pb CRS计年模式确定了沉积物柱状样的沉积速率和年代序列,对海南岛东南部的古风暴活动进行了分析。结果显示,柱状岩心清晰地记录了海南省东南部过去350年期间的35次特大风暴潮事件。基于历史文献和沉积记录的风暴沉积事件恢复了近350年来的风暴活动历史,发现海南省东南部特大风暴事件频数与厄尔尼诺强度有显著关系,同时还可能受到太平洋涛动（PDO）、北大西洋涛动（NAO）和太阳黑子活动等多种气候因素的综合影响。本文研究表明,结合风暴沉积记录和历史文献资料可为恢复海岸带地区长时间尺度高分辨率的古风暴活动规律提供有效信息。  相似文献   

3.
Numerous studies have been carried out to identify storm deposits and decipher storm-induced sedimentary processes in coastal and shallow-marine areas. This study aims to provide an in-depth review on the study of coastal storm deposits from the following five aspects. 1) The formation of storm deposits is a function of hydrodynamic and sedimentary processes under the constraints of local geological and ecological factors. Many questions remain to demonstrate the genetic links between storm-related processes and a variety of resulting deposits such as overwash deposits, underwater deposits and hummocky cross-stratification (HCS). Future research into the formation of storm deposits should combine flume experiments, field observations and numerical simulations, and make full use of sediment source tracing methods. 2) Recently there has been rapid growth in the number of studies utilizing sediment provenance analysis to investigate the source of storm deposits. The development of source tracing techniques, such as mineral composition, magnetic susceptibility, microfossil and geochemical property, has allowed for better understanding of the depositional processes and environmental changes associated with coastal storms. 3) The role of extreme storms in the sedimentation of low-lying coastal wetlands with diverse ecosystem services has also drawn a great deal of attention. Many investigations have attempted to quantify widespread land loss, vertical marsh sediment accumulation and wetland elevation change induced by major hurricanes. 4) Paleostorm reconstructions based on storm sedimentary proxies have shown many advantages over the instrumental records and historic documents as they allow for the reconstruction of storm activities on millennial or longer time scales. Storm deposits having been used to establish proxies mainly include beach ridges and shelly cheniers, coral reefs, estuary-deltaic storm sequences and overwash deposits. Particularly over the past few decades, the proxies developed from overwash deposits have successfully retrieved many records of storm activities during the mid to late Holocene worldwide. 5) Distinguishing sediments deposited by storms and tsunamis is one of the most difficult issues among the many aspects of storm deposit studies. Comparative studies have investigated numerous diagnostic evidences including hydrodynamic condition, landward extent, grain property, texture and grading, thickness, microfossil assemblage and landscape conformity. Perhaps integrating physical, biological and geochemical evidences will, in the future, allow unambiguous identification of tsunami deposits and storm deposits.  相似文献   

4.
陆架海岸台风沉积记录及信息提取   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
长时间尺度风暴强度–频率关系与气候变化相关联，而器测记录和历史记载难以提供充分的信息，因此从沉积记录中提取风暴信息成为一个前沿科学问题。在应用上，这项研究可为海岸带城市群应对未来气候和海面变化提供决策依据。本文回顾了台风沉积记录研究进展，显示陆架泥质沉积、海滩及海岸沙丘、潮滩、潟湖、巨砾是台风事件记录的良好载体，可通过层序形态和物质特性分析而识别。同时，还需进一步完善分析方法，以区分台风、冬季风暴、河流洪水和海啸等不同类型的极端事件沉积。在台风强度信息提取方面，陆架泥质沉积所含贝壳–粗颗粒沉积物可作为海底再悬浮强度的指标，但需更多实测数据的率定；海滩及海岸沙丘顶部的台风沉积分布高程指示了台风激浪流的上冲高度，而台风巨砾的重量可以与近岸波浪的波高建立联系。以上数据经过换算后可以得出台风强度的信息，虽然这些间接的沉积学信息还不足以建立风暴强度–频率关系，但有助于台风强度大数据的建立。潮滩、潟湖沉积连续性好，可构成台风事件的时间序列，然而关于台风强度却是多解的，台风最大风力、持续时间、移动路径、登陆地点的不同组合可能产生同样的事件沉积。我们建议，应发展台风信息提取的新方法，来解决这个问题。进行现代过程模拟，根据已知的台风事件资料构建沉积物输运堆积模型，使之能够复演事件沉积的特征；进行多个地点事件沉积的反演模拟，在此情形下，即便每个站位的结果是多解的，但针对多个站位上求取其解的交集之后，多解性将下降，这种模拟方法可称之为“解空间收缩法”；采用大数据融合方式，将其他来源的台风强度数据纳入模拟体系，可进一步降低风暴信息提取的不确定性。动力过程模拟与大数据融合方法的建立，有助于获得与沉积记录同样时间尺度的台风强度–频率关系曲线，进而分析台风动态与气候变化的关系。  相似文献   

5.
The southwestern-most Okinawa Trough (SOT), characterized by high sedimentation rates (>0.1 cm/yr), has the potential for recording high-resolution episodic events, such as storm floods and seismic activities, at least on a regional scale. To retrieve data on past climate change from nearby sediment cores and quantitatively reconstruct it, particularly with respect to precipitation (or typhoon-induced flood events), a linkage between fluvial sediment discharge and terrigenous sediment flux is warranted. Apparent sediment fluxes, observed with four arrays of sediment traps deployed in the SOT, were found to vary with fluvial sediment discharges. Empirical equations for individual arrays of sediment traps are site-dependent and related to the scenario of initial supply, transport and final deposition of terrigenous sediments (i.e. land–sea interaction). Using these equations and hydrological data from 1950 to 2000, the long-term temporal and spatial variations of settling sediment fluxes were simulated. Simulation results agree well with sediment mass accumulation rates derived from literature data on 210Pb and 137Cs chronology. The simulated spatial patterns of sediment fluxes along a slope–trough section illustrate that sediment plumes can disperse concurrently in two manners, namely near-bottom and mid-depth plumes, and the flood-driven plumes can travel very long distances, approaching 125°E or beyond. The sediment burial budget in the SOT was estimated to be approximately 5.2 Mt/yr, representing about 80% of riverine exports from the Lanyang Hsi, Taiwan. This is the first study dealing qualitatively and quantitatively with two parameters, namely terrigenous sediment flux and fluvial sediment discharge.  相似文献   

6.
波致水流的能量差异有助于风暴和海啸巨砾的区分。本文基于这一思路, 进行风暴波浪和波致水流的能量分析, 给出海岸珊瑚巨砾在风暴潮期间以推移质方式输运的动力学过程表达, 推算出风暴巨砾的理论输运距离。结合海南岛极端事件历史记录, 得出海南岛小东海风暴巨砾在礁坪的分布格局, 并与该海区的巨砾实际分布进行对比。结果表明, 小东海风暴巨砾分布与巨砾的质量、形状及风暴潮能量密切相关。研究区现场观测的大部分巨砾沉积分布符合风暴巨砾的理论空间分布格局, 因而判断其为风暴潮成因堆积。未来经过模拟假设条件的完善, 并构建相应海啸水流输运模式, 可形成用以区分风暴、海啸巨砾的完整判据。  相似文献   

7.
A series of sediment cores were obtained from the Whiting Basin southeast of Puerto Rico to investigate the factors affecting the velocity of sound in marine carbonate deposits. The cores indicated that the deposits in the Whiting Basin are similar to abyssal-plain deposits with lenticular turbidite sequences alternating with pelagic sediments. The sediment, comprised of highly porous sands and silts, averaged 80% calcium carbonate consisting of aragonite, low-Mg calcite and high-Mg calcite.Normal methods for predicting sound velocity from the physical properties of the deposits were found to be inaccurate for these samples. The established relationships of grain size and porosity to sound velocity were invalid because the sands found in the cores consisted of hollow-foram tests, causing high porosity independent of grain size. The rigidity of the deposit was the most significant factor determining sediment sound velocity and was itself controlled by the sediment source, transportation effects and the packing of the deposit. Future work is needed to accurately measure the effect of these factors on the rigidity modulus.  相似文献   

8.
Several important mechanisms for storm-induced entrainment of estuarine cohesive sediments are analyzed using field measurements collected in a moderately energetic estuary, central Long Island Sound, U.S.A. The sediment concentration and hydrographic data were obtained by an array of sensors mounted at 1 m above the bottom. The bottom sediment in the study site composed mostly of silt and silty sand. The study showed that the bottom shear stress, computed using a wave-current interaction model, increased significantly during the episodic wind events. A large resuspension event was triggered by a frontal passage when strong wind-driven currents augmented the tidal currents. The timing of storm waves with respect to the tidal phase also was a critical factor. Based on the changes of suspended sediment concentration, the bottom appeared to respond to the shear stress in two phases: the tidal resuspension and the storm-induced erosion. During each tidal cycle, entrainment was associated with resuspension of high water content, loosely consolidated material. During episodic events, a thin layer of more consolidated bed below the sediment-water interface was eroded by the enhanced bottom stress.  相似文献   

9.
海南岛东北部海岸极端波浪事件沉积记录   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
建立长时间尺度台风序列对于预测未来超强台风的活动规律具有重要科学和实践意义。历史上影响海南岛地区的台风十分频繁，但因缺少确切而详实的记载往往无法判断其是否为超强台风，因此迫切需要寻找千百年尺度的超强台风沉积记录。本文对海南岛东北部翁田镇沿海地区进行详细野外调查，选定白石堡海岸沙丘剖面为研究对象，在该沙丘剖面中识别出风暴越岸沉积和海滩岩巨砾沉积。根据沉积学分析和动力过程分析，这两种类型沉积极有可能是由历史上的台风事件形成，形成年代可能达到距今3 400 a；将该沉积层中的海滩岩巨砾与台风"威马逊"搬运的最大海滩岩巨砾进行对比，发现形成该沉积层海滩岩巨砾的台风事件强度应比台风"威马逊"更强，表明该区域历史上超强台风的存在，这对建立千百年尺度的台风序列有很重要的意义。同时，研究区岸外珊瑚岸礁发育良好，动力分析表明礁坪宽度对于波浪消减、海岸防护具有显著作用。然而，随着海南岛珊瑚岸礁日益衰亡、风暴强度逐渐加大和海面持续上升，未来海南岛地区的海岸极端风浪危害和海岸侵蚀形式威胁正日益加大，亟待加强海南岛珊瑚岸礁保护。  相似文献   

10.
Washovers, dune scarps and flattened beach profiles with concentrations of coarse-grained sediment or heavy minerals are the diagnostic geological signatures of large storms on barriers today. It is clear that storms are a major force driving transgressive barriers onshore, but what is not as well understood is the role these powerful erosive events play in the evolution of prograding barriers. Application of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and a combination of coring techniques have significantly improved our ability to image barrier architecture. Results of these studies reveal a more complex evolution than previously recognized. It is now possible to precisely locate and map storm deposits within prograded barrier lithosomes.

A comprehensive study of northern Castle Neck, Massachusetts was performed using 15 km of GPR surveys, a 120-m-long seismic line, 11 cores, and several radiocarbon dates. Storm-related layers are the most prominent horizons contained in the barrier stratigraphy. The geometry and sedimentology of these layers closely resembles those of a present-day post-storm beach. Twenty closely spaced, curvilinear heavy mineral layers imaged in the landward portion of the barrier suggest that the Castle Neck barrier was heavily influenced by storms during its initial phase of progradation beginning 4000 years BP. Approximately 1800 years BP, two intense storms impacted the coast depositing two extensive coarse-grained units. These layers mimic the flat-lying sand and gravel deposits that occur in front of a nearby eroding till outcrop following major storms. The great number of storm deposits in the early history of Castle Neck is related to either a period of greater storm activity and/or a slow rate of barrier progradation. The occurrence and preservation of these earlier storm layers are likely a product of the exposure of nearby drumlins resulting in greater availability of iron oxide and ferromagnesian sands. The supply of heavy-mineral sands has gradually diminished as the barrier prograded and the proximal drumlin source was buried by beach and dune sands.  相似文献   


11.
Sediment stability in the shallow Venice Lagoon was investigated by means of numerical modelling. Results from a hydrodynamic model allowed for the determination of the wave climate and bottom effective parameters so that simulations with a Lagrangian model for suspended particulate matter could be performed. A spring–neap cycle in summer 1998 was chosen as integration period since data for calibration and verification were collected within the European project F-ECTS between summer 1998 and spring 1999. Deposition on shallow mud flats as well as short term erosion during a strong wind event were reproduced and mass balances for two areas computed. A relation of patterns of SPM in the water and in the sediment was found and can be ascribed to the displacement of material during storm events from shallow areas to the bottom of very small channels. Assuming about 10 to 14 storm events during the year comparable to the Bora event during the integration time, estimates for long-term trends of sediment loss on shallow flats by Day et al. [Day, J.W., Rybczyk, J., Scarton, F., Rismondo, A., Are, D., Cecconi, G., 1999. Soil accretionary dynamics, sea-level rise and the survival of wetlands in Venice Lagoon: a field and modelling approach. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 49, 607–628] are met by the simulation results. Evidently, long-term sediment evolution of the lagoon is therefore not dominated by the average (residual) processes that occur in the lagoon, but by the few peak events that happen randomly over the year.  相似文献   

12.
长江水下三角洲沉积物柱状样重金属垂向分布特征   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
李亚南  高抒 《海洋通报》2012,31(2):154-163
对长江水下三角洲3个沉积物柱状样进行粒度分析、210Pb测年,并测定其中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属元素和Al等常量元素的含量,得到了沉积物粒度、粘土含量、重金属含量的垂向分布曲线和沉积物测年数据。通过相关分析来研究沉积物中的Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属、粒度、Al相互之间的关系;以Al为参照元素对这4种重金属进行归一化处理,分析其归一化前后的垂向分布特征。结果表明,Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种重金属元素在此区域的地球化学行为相似,其分布受细颗粒沉积物的吸附和胶体的絮凝作用共同控制;近一二十年来,该区域的Cr、Cu、Pb含量并没有显著增加,Zn有轻微污染。此外,CJ19柱中Cu存在异常峰值,可能是特大风暴潮事件对研究区浅水区底质沉积物中重金属的分布造成的影响。  相似文献   

13.
南沙群岛的珊瑚礁以环礁形式存在, 拥有各具特色的地貌形态。九章环礁中的牛轭礁和西门礁是两座发育有新生沙洲的环礁, 代表灰沙岛形成前一个重要的过渡性地貌演化阶段。这两处新生沙洲表层沉积物样品的粒度分析表明: 沉积物主要组分为珊瑚碎屑, 长轴中值粒径在14~45mm之间, 属于砾石级别; 样品分选系数在4.5~31之间, 分选性很差; 球度值为0.52~0.68, 球度差。粒度特征值中, 中值粒径具有随着到水边线距离的增大而升高的趋势, 而分选性和球度与距水边线距离关系不大。整体上中值粒径与分选系数呈正相关关系, 而与球度呈负相关关系。历史文献记载和卫星图像表明, 牛轭礁和西门礁上的新生沙洲都是近年来才形成的, 与风暴过程及冬季风有关。牛轭礁上沙洲向北迁移, 同时其长轴向东南方向延伸; 西门礁上沙洲整体向东南方向迁移, 并形成回弯形沙嘴形态。新生沙洲的出现与珊瑚碎屑物质供给变化或风暴浪作用变化的关系还需进一步探讨。  相似文献   

14.
The characteristics of grain-size,total organic carbon(TOC) and total nitrogen(TN) contents,TOC/TN ratios,stable carbon isotope(δ13C) and 210 Pb dating were measured in six sediment cores from the Xiaohai Lagoon.The results show distinct spatial and temporal variations in sedimentation patterns.The sediments are dominated by clayey silt,sandy silt and by silty sand in the southern,middle lagoon and the northern lagoon,respectively.TOC and TN contents decline from south to north.Sedimentation rates,determined by 210 Pb dating,tend to decrease from south to middle.However,the determination of sedimentation rate in the north is difficult.These spatial variations are related to the variations in sediment sources and hydrodynamic conditions in the Xiaohai Lagoon.The variations of organic matter signatures can be divided into two stages in the cores from the southern and middle lagoon.Before 1988,the organic matter signatures are relatively stable.The contribution of terrestrial organic carbon sources varies between 60% and 85%.After 1988,the organic matter signatures demonstrate significant variations.TOC and TN contents increase rapidly,TOC/TN ratios decrease,δ13C values shift to higher and the contribution of terrestrial organic carbon sources decreases to 40%-50%.The contributions of phytoplankton organic matter have increased in the sediment since 1988.Increasing aquaculture activities have had a significant impact on organic matter signatures since 1988.The sedimentation rates have increased rapidly in the southern and middle lagoon since 1988 due to the anthropogenic activities which include aquaculture,mining and deforestation.These activities have caused eutrophication and increased siltation in the southern and middle lagoon.  相似文献   

15.
受限于海洋动力条件的复杂性，基于陆架泥质沉积重建的古气候或古环境一直存在争议。为此，本文在北黄海地区沿沉积物输运路径采集3根柱样，通过沉积物粒度及其端元组分和基于器测数据的东亚冬季风指数和黄海暖流强度，分析了不同泥区沉积物粒度端元组分对冬季风暴和黄海暖流变化的响应机理和强度，揭示了上述变化在不同区域产生的沉积效应。结果表明，近百年以来黄河远端泥北支的沉积物组分变化受到了自然因素和人类活动的共同影响。1980年以后，人类活动对黄河沉积物入海通量及其组成的影响开始增强，并掩盖了自然演化信息。而1980年以前，不同泥区的不同端元组分对冬季风暴和黄海暖流的响应机理和强度存在差异，具有显著的区域沉积效应：粗端元组分受冬季风暴强度变化主导，能够反映山东半岛北岸跨锋面物质输运强度的变化；细端元组分受到黄海暖流强度变化主导，反映沉积物从北黄海西部泥区到辽东半岛东岸泥区的输运过程。上述结论说明，虽然粒度是表征古气候和古环境变化的重要标志物，但应根据不同泥区沉积物来源和沉积动力环境的特点，谨慎选择敏感端元组分，正确地使用粒度指标。  相似文献   

16.
P. Lesueur  J. P. Tastet 《Marine Geology》1994,120(3-4):267-290
Seventy cores from the Aquitaine continental shelf were examined using radiographic and grain-size techniques in order to describe the sedimentary structures of the muddy deposits, and to evaluate their depositional processes. Four lithofacies are identified in this fine-grained deposit: (a) homogeneous silty sand, (b) interbedded homogeneous mud and sand, (c) silty-clayey mud, and (d) mottled mud. They show a logical pattern in relationship to the water depth and the distance from the coast.

Primary structures are present particularly in the landward and central portion of the mud fields, where the sediment is organized into sequences with a sharp-based erosional contact, overlain by a fining-up succession (centimetre to decimetre scale). The beginning of each of these is characteristic of a high-energy storm event, which is common on this shelf. The settling of suspended fine sediment corresponds to the flood estuarine discharge during quiet periods. Primary sedimentary structures decrease in the distal area where the muddy sediment is frequently reworked by infauna. Finally, primary structures and their preservation depend on the relative magnitudes of surface waves, storms, infaunal mixing and fluvial sediment deposition rates (i.e. floods).  相似文献   


17.
Distributions of five of the more toxic heavy metals have been assessed for Puget Sound sediments. Twenty-one Kasten cores were collected for the study. Analysis by Zeeman-corrected graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy has made possible the accurate and precise determination of silver and cadmium in Puget Sound sediment cores for the first time. Data show that Puget Sound is moderately impacted by anthropogenic Ag, Hg, Pb and Cu. No enrichment of Cd was found. The study also indicates that Puget Sound is quite well mixed with respect to the residence time of particle-bound metals. Toxic metal accumulation sites in the central Sound are determined almost exclusively by grain size, rather than proximity to sources. Estimates are made of trace metal fluxes to the sediments as a function of sediment type and areal distribution.  相似文献   

18.
可可西里BDQ0608钻孔沉积物色度环境意义及其影响因素   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
通过对青藏高原腹地可可西里边缘地区古湖泊体BDQ0608钻孔岩心分析发现,色度在干样和湿样测试中,它们的变化趋势相同,但值有很大的不同,a*和b*值变化较小,而L*值变化较大,达到了22.48,并且色度值随岩心明暗有很好的变化趋势,说明岩心颜色反映一定的成岩环境,可以作为一个环境指标来恢复过去环境。进一步分析认为,L*值高低变化主要是由于总有机碳含量高低引起的。粒度与L*相关分析表明,沉积环境的改变会影响总有机碳的储存情况,进而影响L*值的变化。通过对彩度Ca*b*与其他环境代用指标的分析,认为引起沉积物彩度Ca*b*值变化的主要原因可能是由于当时的温度和水分所引起的氧化-还原反应所生成的致色矿物。彩度Ca*b*值与磁化率、总有机碳和碳酸盐含量都呈正相关关系,而且高的彩度值通常与高的黏土组分含量变化表现出较好的一致性,说明彩度Ca*b*的高值可能指示了较高的湖面,此时研究区环境相对暖湿。  相似文献   

19.
Indian monsoon precipitation fluctuated significantly during the Holocene and a reliable reconstruction of the timing of the events and their implications is of great benefit to our understanding of the effect and response of low latitude climate systems to the forcing factors. We have carried out high-resolution terrigenous proxy studies on a laminated sediment core from the Oxygen Minimum Zone of the eastern Arabian Sea margin to reconstruct the summer monsoon-controlled precipitation changes during the Holocene. The temporal variation in the terrigenous proxy indicators of this core, in combination with other high-quality cores from the Arabian Sea, suggests several abrupt events in monsoon precipitation throughout the Holocene. The early Holocene monsoon intensification occurred in two abrupt steps at 9500 and 9100 years BP and weakened gradually thereafter, starting at 8500 years BP. A weakening in precipitation recorded at ∼7000 years BP, synchronous with similar conditions in India. One of the most significant weak monsoon periods recorded in our studies lies between 6000 and 5500 years BP. Spectral analysis of the precipitation records reveals statistically significant periodicities at 2200, 1350, 950, 750, 470, 320, 220, 156, 126, 113, 104 and 92 years. Most of these millennial-to-centennial cycles exist in various monsoon records as well as the tree ring Δ14C data and/or other solar proxy records. We suggest that throughout the Holocene, externally, small changes in solar activity controlled the Indian monsoon to a large extent, whereas internally, non-solar causes could have influenced the amplitude of decadal-to-centennial oscillations.  相似文献   

20.
The interaction of waves and currents is studied by the dynamical coupling of a third generation wave model and a two-dimensional storm surge model. The coupling process of the two models is implemented synchronously. To estimate the effects of waves on the generation of storm surges, the theory of Janssen is used. The effects of the wave radiation stress on surge levels and the effects of storm-induced currents on waves are also investigated.The coupled wave and storm surge models have been tested by hindcasting two storm events in the northern South China Sea. The use of the Simth and Banke stress relation underestimates the surges by 10%. The inclusion of the radiation stress improves the accuracy of the computed results slightly by 2%. The introduction of a wave-dependent surface drag gives a significant improvement. The storm-induced currents clearly affect the wave characteristics at the peak stage. However, as far as the prediction of wave height is concerned, it is better not to consider the wave radiation stress in the storm surge model unless this is accompanied by a wave-dependent surface drag.  相似文献   

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