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1.
Freshly excreted droppings from Canada geese (n=80), black swans (n=80), ducks (n=80) and gulls (n=80) were collected from sites around New Zealand. The droppings were enumerated for Escherichia coli, enterococci and Salmonella spp., and for the presence/absence of Cryptosporidium spp. Overall prevalence of E. coli and enterococci in samples was 95% and 94%, respectively. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 2% of the samples, whereas no Salmonella spp. were detected in the survey. Preliminary estimates of daily microbial outputs suggest that ducks will produce the highest loadings of E. coli and enterococci per bird, whereas Canada geese will produce the highest loadings of Campylobacter spp. per bird. This study provides the first set of indicator and pathogen counts for one of the largest sources of diffuse faecal contamination of natural waters in New Zealand.  相似文献   

2.
为探讨迟缓爱德华菌(Edwarsiellatarda)入侵途径,建立感染模型,作者通过电转化法构建GFP标记的迟缓爱德华菌EtMc1512(质粒PMDpp-EGFP),实验设立浸泡组、腹腔注射组和肌肉注射组,感染后采集各组实验诸氏鲻虾虎鱼(Mugilogobius chulae)血液、鳃、肝脏、肠、肌肉,培养法统计分析各组织中的荧光细菌数;浸泡组取样时间为0、2、4、6、8、12、24 h,腹腔注射组和肌肉注射组取样时间为6、12、24、48、72、96h。结果显示,构建的EtMc1512-GFP具有较强荧光,GFP标记前后菌株毒力基因(citC、mukF、esrB、katB、fimA、gadB)检测结果均为阳性。浸泡感染后实验鱼各组织内的荧光菌随时间表现为先升后降的趋势,最高菌量出现在肠道(2.51×106CFU/g),其次为鳃(4.19×104CFU/g)、血液(1.65×104CFU/g),肠道荧光菌显著高于其他组织(P0.05);腹腔注射感染后肝脏(4.55×106CFU/g)和血液(4.65×106CFU/g)菌量最高;肌肉注射感染后肌肉在48h首先检出荧光菌,血液(2.93×104 CFU/g)菌量最高。结果表明,肠道、肝脏和肌肉分别是迟缓爱德华菌浸泡感染、腹腔注射感染和肌肉注射感染诸氏鲻虾虎鱼的主要组织器官,在自然条件下迟缓爱德华菌经口感染诸氏鲻虾虎鱼风险较高。  相似文献   

3.
Faecal contamination of rural streams is of increasing concern in New Zealand. This study assessed hill‐country streams in the Whatawhata district that were impacted by pastoral farming, indigenous forest, or Pinus radiata forest; by measuring Escherichia coli bacteria at 14 sampling sites fortnightly for 2 years. E. coli concentrations were highest in streams flowing through grazed pasture. In both years there was a noticeable seasonal pattern in all streams irrespective of land use, with highest bacterial concentrations in summer and autumn and lowest in winter and early spring. There was no obvious correlation between E. coli concentration and rainfall or stream flow. In those streams impacted by a change in land use from pastoral to pines during the study, E. coli concentration fell rapidly and remained at levels lower than those in streams impacted by either indigenous or 7‐year pine forests. As E. coli was detected in all but two samples, the water in these streams is not suitable for human consumption. The pastoral streams consistently failed to meet stock drinking‐water guidelines (median concentration not greater than 100 E. coli 100 ml–1) and the forest streams failed to do so in summer. Twenty‐eight percent of pastoral samples, 25% of indigenous forest samples, 14% of 7‐year pine forest samples, and 5% in New Pines stream samples (after planting) had E. coli concentrations associated with a high level of risk for contact recreation (>500 E. coli 100 ml‐1) and the high concentrations usually occurred in summer.  相似文献   

4.
Stoichiometry among bioactive trace metals in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
The distribution of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in seawater was investigated in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the western Arctic Ocean in September 2000. The unfiltered and filtered seawater samples were used for determination of total dissolvable metal (TDM) and dissolved metal (DM), respectively. The concentration of labile particulate metal (LPM) was estimated with the difference between that of TDM and DM. The concentrations of TDAl, TDMn, TDFe, TDCo and TDPb varied substantially in the study area. The high concentrations occurred at stations near the Bering Strait, in the Mackenzie delta, and above reductive sediments on the shelf and slope. These elements were mostly dominated by labile particulate species, such as Fe?CMn oxides and species adsorbed on terrestrial clay. DCo was correlated with DMn over the study area (r?=?0.78, n?=?135), and the slope of the regression line was 27 times higher at a pelagic station than at a shelf station. TDNi, TDCu, TDZn and TDCd showed relatively small variations and were generally dominated by dissolved species. There was a moderate correlation between DCd and phosphate for all samples (r?=?0.79), whereas there were no significant correlation between the other DMs and nutrients. TDNi and TDCu showed a remarkable linearity for most stations except those near the Bering Strait (R 2?=?0.95, n?=?126). These results suggest that biogeochemical cycling including uptake by phytoplankton and remineralization from settling particles has only minor control over the distribution of trace metals in this area. Using the present data, the annual input of bioactive trace metals form the Bering Strait and the Mackenzie River was estimated. Also, the trace metal compositions of major water masses were evaluated. The dissolved elemental ratio was P:Al:Mn:Fe:Co:Ni:Cu:Zn:Cd?=?1:1.2?×?10?2:4.4?×?10?4:1.4?×?10?3:3.7?×?10?5:3.7?×?10?3:1.4?×?10?3:4.5?×?10?3:2.2?×?10?4 for Canada Basin deep water (CBDW). This ratio was significantly different from that for Pacific deep water and Bering Sea water, suggesting substantial modification of the trace metal compositions of seawater in the study area.  相似文献   

5.
通过分析海绵清除大肠杆菌的过程,研究海绵净化细菌的机理。作者利用荧光显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜观测等手段,监测和分析了绿色荧光大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)在繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perlevis)体内、体外水环境中数量变化过程。在1 L含有3×107个/m L绿色荧光大肠杆菌的海水中放入鲜重(1.02±0.11)g的繁茂膜海绵24块,处理7 h,海水中的荧光大肠杆菌数量逐渐降低;而海绵体内荧光大肠杆菌数量在2 h时内逐渐增多,之后的2 h趋于稳定,4 h以后开始逐渐减少。水体中大肠杆菌不仅进入海绵体内,而且进入海绵细胞内。含有荧光大肠杆菌的海绵块转入无菌海水中后,海绵体内及细胞中大肠杆菌逐渐消失,而且大肠杆菌没有被释放到环境海水中。分析表明,繁茂膜海绵能够以摄食的方式净化水环境中的大肠杆菌。  相似文献   

6.
Coliform and faecal coliform bacteria isolated from potable water supplies (springs and wells), streams, seawater, and effluents were examined for the incidence of antibiotic resistance. More than 40% of the coliform and faecal coliform bacteria isolated from drinking water supplies were resistant to one or more antibiotics. In stream and seawater samples, the incidence was increased to more than 60%, and to more than 70% among faecal coliforms isolated from effluents. Approximately 40% of the isolates resistant to streptomycin or tetra‐cycline were able to transfer their resistance determinants to an antibiotic‐sensitive strain of Escherichia coli within 2 h.

Although the widespread use of antibiotics is perhaps the major selective force favouring the increased incidence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, antibiotic‐resistant faecal coliforms may also have a selective advantage in natural waters.  相似文献   

7.
Urban stormwater runoff could contribute to the deterioration of water quality of a receiving water body. In this research, field studies and laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the microbial contamination resulting from urban stormwater runoff into the Lake Pontchartrain estuary. Fecal coliform, Escherichia coli and enterococci were used as indicator organisms. The specific objectives of the research were to examine the distribution of the indicator organisms in different environmental elements (water column, suspended particles and sediment) and to further investigate the mechanisms related to their fate. Results of the research indicated satisfactory water quality at the study sites during dry weather periods. However, a significant increase was observed in the concentrations of the indicator organisms in the water columns and sediment at specific study sites following a given stormwater event. Three to seven days were needed for the elevated indicator organisms to return back to their background levels in the water column and sediment, respectively. The mechanism of sedimentation contributed to a reduction in the microbial concentration in the water column, as the indicator organisms were found to attach to the suspended particles in the stormwater. The percentage of fecal coliform, E. coli and enterococci attached to the suspended particles was found to be within the range of 9.8–27.5%, 21.8–30.4%, and 8.4–11.5% of the total indicator organisms in the stormwater loaded into the estuary, respectively. About 75–80% of the total indicator organisms remained free-floating for some distance in the water column before dying off.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Bacterial numbers and production were measured in the upper water column in the winter and spring of 1993 in five water masses surrounding the South Island of New Zealand. Average bacterial numbers and production were found to be higher in spring (8.5 × 105 cells ml?1 and 0.20 mg m3 h?1, respectively) than winter (5.5 × 105 cells ml?1 and 0.05 mg C m3 h?1 respectively). Bacterial production was strongly correlated with chlorophyll a and primary production (P < 0.001) in spring but not in winter. Spring bacterial production and at 10 m depth averaged across 28 stations was 23% of primary production, and with a growth efficency of 40%, may have consumed up to 57% of primary production. Bacterial biomass was greater than phytoplankton biomass for 75% of the 10 m depth comparisons during winter sampling and 44% during the spring sampling. The bacterial biomass was found to represent 24.6–33.5% of the nitrogen in particulate organic matter (<200 μm) supporting the concept that in New Zealand oceanic water masses bacteria are of significant biogeochemical importance.  相似文献   

9.
A study was carried out to determine the food safety status of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) harvested from rural streams under Maori protocol. Sixty‐five sample bunches (c. 500 g) were collected from four streams in the Waikato region of New Zealand each summer from 2005 to 2007. Two streams, Southern Enclosure and Te Waihou, were within reserves and the other two, Mangapiko and Piopio, flowed through pastoral farms. To assess faecal contamination status, Escherichia coli and thermotolerant Campylobacter were measured on watercress as collected and E. coli counts assessed against the New Zealand guideline for ready‐to‐eat foods (satisfactory: <3 E. coli per g). To determine whether washing would ensure the watercress met food safety standards, an additional 6 bunches were collected and washed in running tap water (household regime). A further 15 bunches were washed by a simulated commercial triple washing regime. At harvest, 16 of 17 watercress samples collected from the Southern Enclosure and 11 of 22 from Te Waihou met the satisfactory criterion for ready‐to‐eat food, but only 1 of 17 from Mangapiko and none of 9 from Piopio were satisfactory. No Campylobacter was recovered from any sample of watercress collected from the four sites. After washing in running tap water, E. coli numbers still exceeded the satisfactory criterion. Commercial triple washing was more effective in ensuring satisfactory watercress, but of the 15 samples subjected to this regime, only 6 met the satisfactory criterion. Escherichia coli remained firmly attached to watercress leaves after both washing regimes (presumably in biofilms). Overall, these findings suggest that it is not advisable to use watercress harvested from rural streams as a raw salad vegetable, particularly from those affected by pastoral farming.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

The water chemistry, flora, and fauna of Lake Rotokawa (38° 37.8’ S, 176° 11.2'E) was studied in 1975–76. The mean pH is 2.1 and thermal inflows may elevate the mean summer temperature of the surface waters 4.2°c above that of nearby cold water Lake Rotongaio (18.9°c). The temperature range of surface water was from 10.1 °c in winter to 23.1°c in summer. The major anions were SO4 2? 679 g.m?3, and Cl‐ 314 g.m?3. Mean concentrations of major cations were Na+ 224 g.m?3, K+ 28.9 g.m?3, Ca2+ 13.3 g.m?3, and Mg2+ 2.6 g.m?3.

Two species of flagellate algae were recorded, of which Euglena anabaena was predominant. Only two benthic macroinvertebrates were found, larvae of Chironomus zealandicus, mean density 253 per square metre, and Helobdella sp., 1.3 per square metre.

The Parariki Stream was influenced by thermal springs in its upper and lower reaches, being cooler (24–25°c) about halfway along its length than near its source (27.8–39.0°c) or confluence (26.5°‐28.0°c) with the Waikato River. In the cooler stretch of the stream where unidentified benthic algae were not limited by high temperature, chlorophyll and total pigment increased from 3.9 to 377.9 mg.m?3 and from 17.5 to 534.4 mg.m?3 respectively, and nutrient levels fell (NO3‐N, 22–10.5 mg.m?3; NH4‐N, 6440–230 mg.m?3; and PO4‐P, 51–19 mg.m?3).  相似文献   

11.
Holothuria arguinensis is a potential species for sea cucumber aquaculture in Europe. In a first experiment, feeding rate (FR), growth, absorption efficiency (AE) and survival of adults (135.01?±?10.87?g eviscerated weight) were assessed under sediment tank conditions. In a second experiment, the feasibility to use sea bream (Sparus aurata) biodeposits as a food source was studied for adults (168.69?±?14.59?g eviscerated weight). Individuals in the first experiment showed an increase of weight (specific growth rate (SGR)?=?0.2% d?1), positive FRs and mean value of AE close to 80% with a mean organic matter content of 90.07?±?11.5?mg/g in the offered sediment. Sea cucumbers fed with fish biodeposits showed a reduction of weight (SGR??1), low FRs and negative values of AE. The influence of low salinity and temperature during experiments should be considered to explain these results. Indeed, sea cucumbers can be affected by a decrease of these parameters during winter months resulting in a period of inactivity.  相似文献   

12.
Hydration, ion-water interactions, and water structure effects in seawater were studied by determining differences (Δβ) between the compressibilities of test salt solutions and the compressibilities of reference solutions. The reference solutions were distilled water and seawater (35%0), and the test salt solutions were either 0.13 m or 0.26m with respect to one of the following test salts: LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl, NaF, NaI, MgCl2, CaCl2, BaCl2, Na2SO4, K2SO4, and MgSO4. The compressibility measurements (to 900 bars) were carried out at 2°C and also at 15°C using a differential method in which a pressure increase or a temperature increase causes Δβ to become less negative. At 1 bar and 15°C, the Δβ (0.26 m, distilled water reference) values ranged from ?1.14 × 10?6 bar? for NaI to ?3.84 × 10?6 bar?1 for Na2SO4, and the Δβ (0.26 m, seawater reference) values ranged from ?1.30 × 10?6 bar?1 for NaCl to ?3.04 × 10?6 bar?1 for Na2SO4. The Δβ values were used to calculate hydration numbers. Entropy of transfer, excess hydrogen bond breaking (determined by NMR), and effective radii of ions are properties which can be used to describe the influence of ions on water structure. The extent to which these properties correlate with Δβ values depends upon whether the ion is an anion or a cation, and this correlation forms the thesis that anions alter water structure in a different way than do cations.  相似文献   

13.
Batches of mussels, Mytilus edulis, obtained from a sewage-free shore were introduced into the water column at a sewage polluted site and the changed content (Escherichia coli, faecal streptococci) was assessed after immersion periods of 2 to 40 h. Rapid bacterial uptake was demonstrated; changes were analysed with respect to immersion period, revealing that 2h was satisfactory. The numbers of bacteria varied with height in the water column; mussels from the sea bed contained higher numbers of E. coli than mussels immersed just below the surface except for mussels withdrawn at, and for about 3h after, low water (LW). These observations were shown to be related to the characteristics of the e effluent and tidal systems operative at the site.  相似文献   

14.
Sea water samples, still hot from volcanic emanations were taken in a bay of Nishinoshima-Shintô Island just after volcanic activity had ceased and were analysed for borate-B, fluoride-F and bromide-Br. The hot water is considered to be formed by the conservative mixing of volcanic emanations with sea water, and the emanations containedCl, B, F andBr in the ratio of 1∶1.84×10?3∶0.474×10?3∶6.47×10?3 by weight. RatiosB/Cl andF/Cl can be used as effective measures of the contribution of volcanic emanations to sea water.  相似文献   

15.
Management of faecal contamination of water would be improved if sources could be accurately identified through water analysis. Human faeces are generally perceived as constituting a greater human health risk than animal faeces, but reliable epidemiological evidence is lacking. United States waterborne disease data suggest that human‐specific enteric viruses account for over half the documented outbreaks. However, in New Zealand, where there is a high grazing animal:human ratio (increasing the relative importance of water‐transmissible zoonoses), it seems prudent to assume that human and animal faecal pollution both constitute a risk to human health. Irrespective of the relative risks, the ability to identify sources would assist in overall management of microbial water quality. Faecal streptococci do not appear to provide reliable faecal source identification. Human and animal sources, respectively, maybe distinguishable by two tests on Bifidobacterium spp.—growth at 45°C in trypticase phytone yeast broth and sorbitol fermentation. Different species of Bacteroides tend to be present in humans and animals, but poor survival in water is a problem. Phages of the Bacteroides fragilis strain HSP40 appear to be human specific, but low counts in effluent in some countries, including New Zealand, may limit their usefulness. Different F‐RNA phage subgroups appear to be associated with human and animal faecal sources. The actinomycete Rhodococcus coprophilus has potential as a grazing animal indicator but it is persistent, and existing culturing techniques are time consuming. The development of DNA‐based techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), may assist in the assay of some microbial faecal source indicators. Various faecal sterol isomers offer the possibility of distinguishing between human and animal sources, and even between different animals. Washing powder constituents such as fluorescent whitening agents, sodium tripolyphosphate and linear alkyl benzenes, offer useful human source identifiers. It is unlikely that any single determinand will be useful in all situations, but statistical analysis of appropriate “baskets” of microbial and chemical determinands offers the possibility of identifying and apportioning human and animal faecal inputs to natural waters.  相似文献   

16.
Monosaccharides were determined in waters and sediment pore waters from a wide variety of environments and locations. Desalting was performed by electrodialysis and concentrated extracts were analyzed by two forms of liquid chromatography. At least 12 sugars were identified. Glucose and fructose were the dominant monosaccharides in nearly all samples examined. Analyses of over 150 seawater and sediment pore water samples showed that fructose is highly significantly correlated (>0.99) with glucose concentrations. Laboratory kinetic experiments on the epimerization reaction, glucose ? fructose, in sterilized natural seawater in the dark, yielded a forward rate constant, k1, of 1.2 × 10?5 h?1 at 25°C and 1.6 × 10?7 h?1 at 2°C. The approximate time required to attain equilibrium at 25°C was 1.1 y and at 2°C, 15.4 y; the measured equilibrium constant was in the range 0.3–0.4. The actual ratio of fructose to glucose in natural water samples was usually in the range 1.0–1.4/l, independent of the total monosaccharide concentrations, which varied in the samples by a factor of ～100. Several possible explanations for the apparent discrepancy in the determined and found ratios are discussed: the presence of universal, as yet, undiscovered major biological sources for fructose in marine environments; preferential utilization of glucose; preferential incorporation of fructose into or onto inorganic colloids; and preferential formation of fructose-transition metal ion associations.  相似文献   

17.
对2018年1月在广东环雷州半岛近海海域采集的海底表层沉积物、鲬鱼(Platycephalus indicus)进行汞含量的测定,分析比较了鲬鱼不同部位汞含量的差异,并采用单因子污染指数法对沉积物和鲬鱼的汞污染状况进行了风险评价。结果表明,环雷州半岛海域表层沉积物中汞含量范围为0.005×10-6～0.359×10-6,平均值为0.081×10-6,雷州半岛东部海域表层沉积物汞含量高于南部和西部海域。鲬鱼的鳃中汞含量范围为0.032×10-6～0.034×10-6,平均值为0.033×10-6;肌肉中的汞含量范围为0.065×10-6～0.080×10-6,平均值为0.073×10-6;肝脏中的汞含量范围为0.228×10-6～0.270×10-6,平均值为0.249×10-6。鲬鱼样品的汞含量都呈现出肝脏＞肌肉＞鳃。单因子污染指数评价结果显示,雷州半岛海域鲬鱼受到汞的轻微污染,雷州半岛东部海域表层沉积物存在汞污染生态风险,而其南部、西部海域尚未受到汞污染的威胁。  相似文献   

18.
A new water quality index for evaluating the water quality of Jinhae Bay and Gwangyang Bay was developed. Four water quality parameters were selected as water quality indicators for the water quality index: dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and dissolved oxygen (DO). Reference levels of DIN, DIP, and Chl-a were determined as 6.22 μmol L?1, 0.38 μmol L?1, and 2.32 μmol L?1, respectively, on the basis of a long-term dataset that was collected monthly in the Korea Strait over a period of seven years (2006–2012). The water quality index established for Jinhae Bay and Gwangyang Bay is (bottom DO grade × 0.33) + (surface Chl-a grade × 0.33) + (surface DIN grade × 0.17) + (surface DIP grade × 0.17). On the basis of a three-year observation, the water quality of Jinhae Bay was classified as “good” in winter and spring, “poor” in summer, and “fair” in autumn and exhibited large spatial variation, with the lowest-quality water observed in Masan Bay. The water quality of Gwangyang Bay was classified as “good” in winter, “fair” in spring, “poor” in summer, and “fair” in autumn. Unlike Jinhae Bay, the water quality of Gwangyang Bay exhibited minimal spatial variation. In both bays, water quality among the four seasons was worse during summer. It is essential that a survey for water quality evaluation be conducted during summer.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

Nitrogen fixing potential was measured in summer 1975 by acetylene reduction in situ at 5 stations on the intertidal flats of the Waimea Inlet, Nelson, New Zealand, which receive nutrients from several sources. Highest values (644 μmol?m?2.d?1) were obtained on sediments near an apple cannery effluent discharge and were linear through at least two tidal cycles. The cannery waste had the highest carbon to nitrogen ratio (10.3 : 1.0) of all the effluents examined and exhibited the highest rate of acetylene reduction (14.0 μmol?‐l?1.d?1). Sizeable populations of the nitrogen fixing bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from the cannery effluent (2 × 104 per millilitre) and also from the mud adjacent to the discharge pipe (5 × 105 per millilitrc). The stimulatory effect of the cannery effluent on nitrogen fixation in the sediment was shown to be restricted to close to the discharge point. Sediments in areas affected by slaughterhouse and sewage effluents exhibited the second and third highest rates of acetylene reduction, (130 &; 28 μmol?m?2.d?1 respectively). In both places, the activities were not restricted to the immediate vicinity of the effluent channels. Nitrogen fixation was lowest in sediments fronting a catchment of grazed pasture. Fixation was low also in sediments affected by effluents from the hydraulic debarker of a woodchip mill.  相似文献   

20.
Saldanha Bay is a narrow-mouth bay on the west coast of South Africa linked to the southern Benguela upwelling system. Bay productivity was investigated by use of the conventional light-and-dark bottle oxygen method, and, for comparison, through assimilation of the stable isotope tracer 13C. Gross community production GCP and net community production NCP, as determined from the oxygen method, were respectively 2.6 and 2.4 times higher than estimates determined from the stable isotope method. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations increased with the onset of spring and well-defined subsurface maxima developed in association with increasingly stratified conditions (mean water column Chl a concentrations ranged from 5.4 to 31.5?mg m?3 [mean 15.5?mg m?3; SD 7.6]). A sharp decline in photosynthetic rates P* (GCP normalised to Chl a concentration) with depth was attributed to light limitation, as demonstrated by the high vertical attenuation coefficients for downward irradiance Kd, which varied from 0.29 to 0.70?m?1 (mean 0.48?m?1; SD 0.12). Productivity maxima were consequently near-surface despite the presence of deeper subsurface biomass maxima. The community compensation depth Zcc, where gross community production balances respiratory carbon loss for the entire community, ranged from 2.9 to 9.2?m (mean 5.8?m; SD 2.2), and was typically shallower than the 1% light depth for PAR (photosynthetically available radiation), Z1%PAR, which is traditionally assumed to be the depth of the euphotic zone and which ranged from 6.6 to 15.9?m (mean 9?m; SD 2.6). Autotrophic communities, where organic matter is produced in excess of respiratory demand, were confined on average to the upper 5.8?m of the water column, and often excluded the bulk of the phytoplankton community, where light limitation is considered to lead to heterotrophic community metabolism. Estimates of integrated water column productivity ranged from 0.84 to 8.46?g C m–2 d?1 (mean 3.35?g C m?2 d?1; SD 1.9).  相似文献   

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