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1.
J. D. Booth 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):407-440
The late stage larvae of five common mytilid bivalves (Mollusca: Pelecypoda: Mytilacea) are described and provisionally identified as Mytilus edulis aoteanus, Modiolus areolatus, Perna canaliculus, Xenostrobus pulex, and Modiolarca impacta. All are readily distinguishable on the basis of larval shell features, including hinge structure. However, one common species, Aulacomya maoriana, was not discerned, and thus the identifications must remain tentative. The larvae were recovered from plankton samples from Bay of Islands (35° 15’ S, 174° 10’ E), Wellington Harbour (41° 16’ S, 174° 51’ E), and Raumati Beach (40° 56’ S, 174° 58’ E), New Zealand, during 1970–72. Their seasonal occurrences in the plankton are described and related to the condition index of the adults as far as possible. 相似文献
2.
From June 1984 to May 1985, monthly and seasonal panel tests of fouling organisms were carried out on rafts at Tuoji Island. Seventy - three species were obtained. The occurring frequencies of the following species are all at least 30%: Ectocarpus confervoides, Polysiphonia urceolata, Tubularia mesembryanthmum, Cfytia edwardsi, Tubulipora pulchra, Celleporella hyalina, Mytilus edulis, Hiatella arctica, Caprella acanthogaster, Corophium crassicome, Jassa cf.falcata and Podocerus cf . inconspicuus. Large or calcareous species are not dominant ones. The wet weight is comparatively light, the yearly wet weight being 9.12 kg m-2. Attaching seasons of major species are from June to October and no bio - attachment occurs between January and April. Fouling organisms at Tuoji Island differ rather greatly from those in the harbours along the continental coast, showing the charcteristics of fouling organisms in the northern island harbours of China. 相似文献
3.
S. Buchanan 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(5):859-870
The annual reproductive cycle of Perna canaliculus (Gmelin) was investigated for 1 year by collecting monthly gonad samples from an intertidal population. Gonads of 50 animals were dissected and photographically recorded on video before being fixed for histological sectioning. The histological gonad sections were examined both qualitatively, using a classification and scoring system (S) and quantitatively, using image analysis technology. The quantitative measures used were the proportion of: (1) sections comprising follicles (FC); (2) sections comprising gametes (GC); and (3) the proportion of follicles comprising gametes (G/F). Significant consecutive monthly changes in the qualitative and quantitative measures indicated major spawning events. Gametogenesis occurred during winter with a spawning in August‐September. Gonad condition remained low during the spring and early summer until a development period between January and March. A second major spawning event occurred between March and April. There was a high degree of synchrony in reproductive status observed between the sexes. When comparing the four measurement methods using the f statistic as an index of power the GC measure was found to be the most reliable. A gonad visual grading system was developed for rapid assessment of gonad reproductive status and tested. Visual grades of pre‐recorded gonad samples were compared to the histological measures. Increasing visual grade correlated strongly with increases in all of the histological measurements. The visual grading was a good predictor of the spawning activity of female P. canaliculus. 相似文献
4.
通过比较贻贝属5个物种包括中国的两种贻贝的线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列,来初步确定它们的系统发育关系和了解中国沿海两种贻贝的遗传多样性情况.以Perna viridis为外群,采用NJ法和MP法构建分子系统树.系统发育分析表明,5种贻贝(Mytilus californianus, M. corcuscus, M. galloprovincialis, M. edulis, M. trossulus)在系统树上依次进行分叉,呈放射状.M. californianus最为原始,M. corcuscus次之.每一个贻贝物种都形成单系.其中,M. edulis和M. trossulus是非常相似的,M. corcuscus和M. californianus的亲缘关系近.同时发现,我国沿海分布的紫贻贝(M. galloprovincialis)和厚壳贻贝(M. corcuscus)的遗传多样性都较高,但厚壳贻贝的遗传多样性要低于紫贻贝,可能是由于厚壳贻贝过度被渔民开采等导致厚壳贻贝群体大小降低的缘故.这里系统发育分析为将来进行物种进化、迁移和育种方面的比较研究提供理论基础. 相似文献
5.
J. B. Jones 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):567-568
Spores of a new species of Nematopsis have been found in the green‐lipped mussel Perna canaliculus Gmelin. This is the first record of a sporozoan parasite of a New Zealand shellfish. 相似文献
6.
Comparison of Phytoplankton Species Composition and Abundance in the Rias Arosa and Muros (NW Spain) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abstract. Seasonal changes in phytoplankton species composition and abundance were studied in the Rias de Arosa and Muros (NW Spain) in November 1975, April and August 1976. Data on density and percentage contribution of species were used to calculate spatial and temporal relationships of phytoplankton communities by affinity matrices. The phytoplankton communities of both rias differed in species composition and abundance during the three sampling seasons. Diatoms dominated and total abundance was always higher in Arosa. Both rias have upwelling of nutrient-rich oceanic water but the Arosa has an intense raft aquaculture of the edible mussel Mytilus edulis. 相似文献
7.
J. P. C. Greenway 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):304-317
Surveys are described which were made to determine distribution and relative density of stocks of mussels, Perna canaliculus Gmelin (Lamellibranchia: Anisomyaria; Mytilidae), in the Firth of Thames, North Island, New Zealand, during the late autumn‐early winter of each year 1961–63 and 1965–67. Two dredges available for sampling were tested against one another over similar ground. Both gave comparable results, but although the one chosen was never actually calibrated, it gave consistent results which allowed relative changes of abundance to be studied. In 1961, 206 stations were sampled on a grid of 1 square mile which covered most of the Firth. Early results showed that the densest beds were along the western shore line; there were only small patches of mussels off Coromandel and along the eastern shore. A well‐stocked and readily identifiable area of 2 square miles off Matingarahi Point was selected for more intensive sampling on a 1/16 square‐mile grid. Samples collected there annually showed a rapid decline of the population after commercial dredging in 1961–62; there was no substantial regeneration on the bottom after this, though satisfactory settlement occurred above the bottom on experimental moorings. Declining yields are shown for other areas (Ponui Island and New Brighton) which were also sampled on a 1/16 square‐mile grid. Commercial landings of mussels decreased rapidly after 1961, and have not recovered. There have been no regular landings since 1966 but a promising private experiment in small‐scale cultivation is described. 相似文献
8.
H. J. Cranfield 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):183-203
Settlement of Ostrea lutaria on sand‐cement‐plastered asbestos plates held in steel frames on the bottom of Foveaux Strait was studied from March 1965 to April 1967. Spat mortality over the period of plate exposure (about one month) was very low (maximum of 3 percent) and was greatest shortly after settlement. There was no evidence that mortality was due to predation. Essentially the same seasonal pattern of settlement was observed each year. Eighty to 90 percent of spat settled between mid December and mid February in both summers; settlement occurred as early as October; some was observed as late as July. Results of field experiments suggest some very tentative conclusions on the settlement behaviour of O. lutaria: (1) The larvae are benthopelagic and remain on the bottom in strong current conditions. (2) Light stimulates swimming of larvae in still water. (3) In still water and low light intensities of the area larvae tend to swim upward toward the light. (4) In still water and dim light of the area larvae settle predominantly on under surfaces. (5) In still water in the absence of light larvae settle predominantly on upper surfaces. (6) Under the conditions of current and light in the multiplate frames used to sample spatfall here, larvae settle mainly on upper surfaces. (7) Larvae tend to crawl up inclined surfaces before settling. The results indicate that larval behaviour may be changed by small alterations of light intensity and current. The contradictory nature of surface angle preferences found by other workers for various species of Ostrea and Crassostrea may have been due to such small variations caused by the experimental techniques. It is possible that the settlement behaviour of all species of these genera is similar. 相似文献
9.
Stephen A. Nielsen 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):631-636
Cultured mussels, Perna canaliculus (Gmelin), from two widely separated locations in New Zealand have been analysed for variation in heavy metal content with depth. The mussels, which are grown on vertically suspended ropes to a depth of 9 m, have been analysed for cadmium, lead, iron, and zinc at 1‐m intervals. At the first location (Kenepuru Sound), cadmium, lead, and iron increased with depth, while zinc decreased with depth. At the second location (Waiheke Island), concentrations of the four metals all remained essentially constant with depth. The differences in vertical concentration gradients between these two locations must result from differences in mixing of the water column. The differences in mixing may cause variations in the type of food organisms with depth, or variations in the ratio of particulate v. dissolved metal levels with depth. Either or both of these conditions could result in differences in the bioavailability of these metals with depth. 相似文献
10.
Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense on the greenshell mussel Perna canaliculus
Abstract Oxygen consumption, grazing rate, and byssus production of the greenshell mussel Perna canaliculus were measured following exposure to bloom concentrations (106 cells l?1 ) of a toxic clone of the dinoflagellate AIexandrium tamarense (GT429), using anon‐toxic clone of the same species (PLY173) as control. Following feeding for 1 h on GT429, mussels (dry weight 54–127 mg) showed significantly increased oxygen uptake at 15°C (0.08 μl O2 (mg dry tissue weight)?1 ) compared with control mussels. However, following 24 h recovery, oxygen uptake was similar to initial values in all experimental conditions. The grazing rate of P. canaliculus fed upon toxic clone GT429 was 4.58 ± 0.76 cells mg?1 h?1 compared with 1.99 ± 0.47 cells mg?1 h?1 for PLY173. On exposure to A. tamarense, mussels maintained normal opening behaviour and there was no change in the byssus production over 24 h. It was concluded that P. canaliculus showed no dramatic physiological effects following short‐term feeding on the toxic strain of A. tamarense. During 2 weeks’ exposure to twice daily bloom concentrations of GT429, there was no mussel mortality. Toxicity in the tissues was 1295 μg STX equivalent per 100 g tissue, levels at which these mussels would be unsuitable for human or animal consumption. 相似文献
11.
12.
Spatial and temporal patterns of recruitment of reef corals were assessed for the first time in Mozambique by deploying settlement plates at various spatio-temporal scales between October 2012 and October 2013. The abundance of juvenile corals (5?50?mm in diameter) was assessed along transects. Settlement of acroporids was highly seasonal, with 97% of spat settling between July and October 2013. Pocilloporids settled throughout the year, peaking slightly between October 2012 and January 2013. The annual mean larval settlement of up to 1 135 spat m?2 was comparable to that on other East African reefs, but was dominated by acroporids, which constituted over 80% of all spat, whereas pocilloporids settle in higher densities in Kenya and South Africa. The peak settlement season also differed from other African locations. A greater proportion of variance in settlement rates occurred at the spatial scale of kilometres (between sites) and centimetres (between settlement plates) than at the scale of metres (between subsites), implying that most patchiness occurs at those scales. The peak in acroporid settlement coincided with the period of multispecific spawning, with settlement occurring as early as nine days after a spawning event. As no similar spawning events have been reported for other reefs in the area, our results suggest that these spawning events strongly influence overall annual settlement rates and promote high levels of self-seeding at Vamizi. There was no relationship between settlement of larvae to settlement plates and juvenile density on adjacent reefs, suggesting either variable levels of early post-settlement mortality or high interannual variability in settlement. 相似文献
13.
Francesca Porri Tembisa Jordaan Christopher D. McQuaid 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,79(4):687-693
Intertidal population dynamics are driven by a complex series of processes, including larval supply and the possibility of larval predation by benthic animals such as filter-feeders. We hypothesised that cannibalism by adults could play a major role in the population connectivity of mussel populations by removing larvae as they attempt to settle in the adult habitat. Specifically, we tested hypotheses that consumption of mussel larvae by adults removes a significant proportion of potential settlers and is influenced by both settlement intensity and tidal state (flooding or ebbing). Predation of mussel larvae by adult mussels was investigated on incoming and ebbing tides during four spring tides by analysing the gut contents of adult Perna perna and Mytilus galloprovincialis collected from the low intertidal mussel zone between October 2005 and January 2006. Consumption rates were then compared with estimates of successful settler densities on natural beds. The results showed that mortality of competent mussel larvae through adult ingestion removes up to 77% a of potential settlers. Rates of larval consumption were highest during months of intense settlement, suggesting that mussels feed opportunistically, filtering a relatively fixed volume of water and removing particles, including larvae, in proportion to their densities in the water. Rates of larviphagy were also higher during receding than incoming tides. We suggest that this is due to changes in larval density or, more probably, in adult filtration efficiency that are related to the state of the tide. Despite significant effects of both tidal state and settlement intensity on rates of larval ingestion, neither had a significant effect on the proportion of potential settlers removed. During settlement more than half of all potential settlers are lost through cannibalism, with potentially serious consequences for population maintenance. The results highlight the paradoxical nature of the evolution of settlement mechanisms in mussels, which must balance the advantages of settlement in habitats favourable to adults against the consumption of larvae by adults. 相似文献
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15.
J. B. Jones 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):667-676
The pea crab Pinnotheres novaezelandiae Filhol (Brachyura: Pinnotheridac) infests the mussel Perna canaliculus (Gmelin) in Wellington Harbour. The crab passes through the same post‐planktonic stages as other pea crabs. The number of eggs hatching increases over summer, although females can be found incubating eggs at any time of the year. Shellfish below the level of low water neap tide are more heavily infested than those above this level. Damage to the host is restricted to erosion of the demibranchs and nodule formation on the mantle. 相似文献
16.
张仁斋 《海洋学报(英文版)》1984,3(3):409-416
The present investigation a baled on the collection of the eggs and larvae in the past several years during March, 1964 to February 1965, January to October 1973, January 1975 to May 1976, and January 1978 to February 1979 respectively from the South China Sea. The plank-tonic larvae of Katsuwonus pelamis albacores and Auxis (hazard were examined for the occurrence and distribution in those waters. According to the occurrence of these larvae, one will be able to conjecture their activity area and spawning season of the adult species in the South China Sea. The main spawning season of the three species is from April to August in those years. 相似文献
17.
Geoffrey B Read 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):83-100
Shells of commercially valued bivalves in New Zealand, Crassostrea gigas, Perna canaliculus and Pecten novaezelandiae, are damaged by blister-causing Polydora polychaete species known to be close in morphology to the widely recorded oyster pest Polydora websteri Hartman. Recent New Zealand occurrences are here confirmed to relate to two species, P. websteri, and a second similar species, Polydora haswelli Blake & Kudenov, a new record for New Zealand, previously known only from Australia; the two species are described and compared. The worms have limited distributions, with P. websteri confirmed only for Pacific oysters (C. gigas) in northern New Zealand, although prior reports indicate it may also occur on scallops and have reached the northern South Island. Polydora haswelli has been found only in northern New Zealand, occurring on subtidal mussels and scallops and native oysters (Perna canaliculus, Pecten novaezelandiae, Ostrea chilensis), as well as co-existing with intertidal P. websteri on Pacific oysters. The worms are not present in Foveaux Strait O. chilensis beds, a major source of past oyster exports to Australia. The history of mud-blister worm outbreaks in Australasia is examined. While trans-Tasman exports of live oysters from New Zealand were commonplace during the nineteenth century, there is no evidence that mud-blister worms were present in New Zealand then. The earliest reports only date from the early 1970s and only from northern New Zealand, whereas a century earlier in the 1870s at least one of these pest worms had become widespread along eastern Australian coasts. 相似文献
18.
Faecal coliform levels were determined for sea water and shellfish flesh from farms of the green mussel, Perna canaliculus, in Pelorus Sound, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Simple linear models were developed to relate logarithmically transformed data on the faecal coliform levels to measures of fresh water entering the mussel beds. These models support guidelines to restrict harvesting following periods of heavy rain in order to comply with shellfish sanitation standards. Alternative guidelines are suggested based on the volume of river water entering the sound or salinity. 相似文献
19.
Effects of Soft Corals on Scleractinian Coral Recruitment. II: Allelopathy, Spat Survivorship and Reef Community Structure 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abstract. Two field experiments were performed on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, at Orpheus Island and Lizard Island, respectively, to investigate the effects of allelopathic soft corals on survivorship and community structure of scleractinian coral spat. Ceramic tiles were placed around the allelopathic soft corals Sinularia flexibilis (Quoy & Gaimard 1833) and Sarcophyton glaucum (Quoy & Gaimard 1833), and controls. One control consisted of settlement plates surrounding a scleractinian coral (non‐allelopathic planktivore); another control had no adult soft or scleractinian coral present. The experimental soft corals affected the recruitment of various taxonomic groups of coral spat differentially, as evidenced by the diversity of coral spat settling in treatments and controls. At Orpheus Island (O.I., n = 1038 spat) and Lizard Island (L.I., n = 7032 spat), there were significant differences between recruitment success of the two dominant coral taxa, Pocilloporidae (O.I., 61.4 %; L.I., 20.5 %) and Acroporidae (O.I., 33.7 %; L.I., 53 %). Settlement plates exposed to Sinularia flexibilis at either site had the lowest proportion of acroporid recruits. Diversity indices (Shannon‐Wiener Indices) varied significantly between treatments at both Orpheus and Lizard Islands. This appears to be due to selective inhibition of acroporid spat by Sinularia flexibilis at both sites. Growth of coral spat was higher on settlement plates in the presence of Sarcophyton at Lizard Island. Settlement of most associated epibiota was generally inhibited under these conditions. Coral spat survivorship was highest in the presence of Sinularia at Orpheus Island; at Lizard Island, this was the case with the Sarcophyton treatment. Higher survivorship, and in some cases growth, of coral spat near soft corals was apparently due to reduced competition for space between spat and associated epibiota. This hypothesis is supported by the results of a sister experiment where a coating of Sinularia flexibilis extract on settlement tiles significantly decreased fouling by sessile epibiota. Soft corals have an allelopathic effect on recruitment and early development of scleractinian corals and, consequently, on early coral reef community succession. 相似文献
20.
Sílvia Santos Pieternella C. Luttikhuizen Joana Campos Carlo H.R. Heip Henk W. van der Veer 《Journal of Sea Research》2011,66(3):238-247
The bivalve Scrobicularia plana is an important species of shallow water benthic communities with a wide geographic distribution but also with a general patchy pattern, i.e. irregular in occurrence and in density. This review aims to determine the processes responsible for the species' spatial distribution pattern based on the available information on S. plana. Although several pre- and post-settlement processes are believed to influence spatial patterns of marine invertebrates, the general patchy distribution of S. plana seems to be determined by the existence of specific environmental conditions during settlement. Factors such as temperature, salinity, sediment type, hydrographic conditions and predation affect settlement and spat survival and not one but a combination of factors seems to explain the species distribution pattern. Future work should focus on determining the scale of patchiness, using hierarchical sampling, as well as the connectivity between populations by analysing the population genetic structure. 相似文献