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中国海水利用技术与21世纪的发展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
海水是海洋中最大的资源,其中约９７％是淡水,海水的总体积约１３．７Ｘ１０７ｋｍ３,可以说是取之不尽,用之不竭的水资源。目前,世界上最大的资源危机是水资源危机。已知有１００多个国家缺水,严重缺水的国家约２６个。我国是淡水资源较为贫乏的国家。世界人均淡水总量约１２０００ｍ３,而我国淡水资源总量虽有２．８Ｘ１０１２ｍ３,但人均水资源量只有约２３００ｍ３,人均淡水资源占有量仅为世界人均占有量的１／４,位居世界各国排名的第８８位。据预测,我国从２１世纪开始将全面进入水资源危机阶段。目前中国经济发达的沿海地… 相似文献
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21世纪将是水的世纪。面对着人口的迅速增长,清洁饮用水的紧缺,人均淡水占有量的减少,淡水资源问题越来越引起世界各国的高度警觉。估计到2025年,全世界将有近1/3的人口缺水,涉及的国家和地区达40余个,中国是其中之一。我国被联合国认定为世界上13个最贫水的国家之5一。我国淡水资源总量名列世界第六,但人均占有量仅为世界平均值的l/4,而且水资源在时间和地区分布上很不均衡,尤其在我国沿海地区,其经济地位是举足轻重的,淡水资源却极其贫乏,大部分城市的人均水资源占有量在500m3以下,而如大连、青岛、连云港、上海和舟山等沿海城市人均占有… 相似文献
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我国是世界上12个严重缺水国家之一,人均淡水占有量仅是世界人均占有量的四分之一。据有关部门统计,目前,我国668个大中城市中,就有400个缺水,100个严重缺水。华北、东北、西北地区,连年干旱缺雨;南方地区水体污染严重,使水源性缺水成为城市供水的突出问题。淡水资源短缺正严重制约着我国经济的发展。解决我国水资源短缺问题已是全国上下的共识;也是摆在全国人民面前亟待解决的重大课题,当前的问题是加快落实的步伐。 相似文献
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有人说,新世纪人类面临的最大挑战莫过于水资源危机！此言不无道理。我国即是一个严重缺水的国家。在一个拥有１３亿人口的国度,其淡水资源量仅占世界水资源总量的７％,人均拥有水量为２３００立方米左右,是世界平均值的 １／４。全国 ３００余座城市缺水,严重缺水的就有１００多个。随着经济发展与社会进步,城市工业与生活用水量还在迅速增加,淡水供需矛盾愈加突出。 相似文献
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我国水资源人均占有量不足2200m^3，约为世界人均水资源占有量的1／4。目前，我国668座城市中有400余座缺水，日缺水量达1600万m^3，而水污染严重更加剧了水资源短缺。未来的形势则更为严峻，我国人口在2030年左右将达到峰值16亿，届时人均水资源量只有1700m^3，这已接近了世界公认的贫水国家的极限水平。 相似文献
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海水直接利用前景广阔 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
我国是淡水资源匮乏的国家,据统计,我国人均淡水占有量只有2470立方米,为世界平均水平的1/4,居世界第88位,为世界第12个贫水国家。综合开发利用海水资源,是解决沿海城市淡水资源紧缺的一条重要途径。 一、海水直接利用现状 海水直接利用主要有三个方面。一是用海水替代淡水直接作工业用水。其中用量最大的 相似文献
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我国是一个水资源短缺的国家,人均水资源占有量仅为世界人均水平的1/4。沿海地区经济发达,人口稠密,淡水供需矛盾十分突出。我国沿海11省(区)市,以全国15%的土地,养活了全国40%的人口,创造了全国67%的国内生产总值,在我国经济社会生活中占有极为重要的地位。但与之不相适应的是 相似文献
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早在１９７７年 ,联合国水资源委员会就向全世界发出警告 :“供水不足将成为一个深刻的社会危机 ,世界上在石油危机之后的下一个危机便是水的危机。”如今 ,世界上共有１００多个国家缺水。我国更是被联合国列为１３个贫水国之一。我国仅缺水城市就有３００多个 ,严重缺水的１０８个。甚至连降水量较多的沿海城市 ,也纷纷告急。现在１４个沿海开放城市都不同程度的缺水。虽然我国已经制订了众多节水和水资源综合利用的政策 ,但随着工农业的持续发展和人民生活水平的提高 ,水的需求只会愈来愈大 ,所以另辟水源就显得非常重要。陆地上可利用的… 相似文献
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The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level. 相似文献
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We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances
using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and
in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority
accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative
abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability. 相似文献
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We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the
Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of
rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the
transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic
regime of the sea.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
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V. A. Ivanov S. P. Lyubartseva N. Mikhailova N. B. Shapiro 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(6):509-524
We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an
ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics
is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of
a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic
elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as
a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water
area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the
shelf zone and open sea.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
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Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry
dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly
goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with
the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then
passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state. 相似文献
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Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m3 from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m3 on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area. 相似文献
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I. E. Timchenko A. A. Primalenny V. D. Yarin E. F. Vasechkina E. M. Igumnova 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(4):367-378
We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of
the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption
(fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by
the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with
application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem,
which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge,
water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.).
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
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E. L. Vinogradova 《Oceanology》2008,48(4):483-492
The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers. 相似文献
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The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene. 相似文献
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Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1... 相似文献