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1.
Forecasting of tsunami wave heights at the Russian coast of the Black Sea is discussed. Prognostic numerical calculations
of tsunamis were carried out for the tsunami sources uniformly distributed in the Black Sea basin (a total of 55 events).
Their results are compared with the results of numerical modeling of the historical events (in 1939 and 1966) and the data
of not numerous measurements. A preliminary forecast is made on this basis for the tsunami wave heights along the Russian
coast of the Black Sea. 相似文献
2.
V. A. Ivanov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2014,50(1):26-34
As part of the Russian-Ukrainian program “The Black Sea as a Simulation Model of the Ocean,” the monitoring of the marine environment is considered using modern measuring systems. On the basis of historical and contemporary observation data, we estimate the spatial and temporal scales of dominant processes in the Black Sea. We describe the main measuring systems used to monitor the structure and variability of the hydrophysical fields. Examples characterizing the specific features of the Black Sea processes are presented. 相似文献
3.
A numerical model of the Black Sea region (Northeastern Mediterranean) is presented in which it is regarded as a part of the mosaic plate ensemble consisting of the fixed East European platform; the active Arabian, Adriatic, and Pannonian plates; and passive East and West Black Sea and Mysian microplates, which are embedded in a plastically deformable regional orogenic matrix. The fields of displacements, stresses, and deformations in the region are calculated by means of the finite element method within the framework of a linear-viscous rheology approach to a system with nonhomogeneous viscosities. The velocity field obtained is in good agreement with published data of direct observations of plate displacements in the region. In the pressure field, areas of low pressure and decompression are established in the western part of Black Sea and in the south of the Mysian microplate. The poles of rotation of the East and West Black Sea microplates and of the Mysian microplate are computed. For the latter two microplates, significant rotational components are suggested. The East Black Sea microplate acts mostly as indenter, which transmits the collisional motion from the Arabian plate to the southern edge of the East European platform including the Crimea. According to the geodynamical model, the rates of the Cenozoic sedimentation in the Black Sea depression at the collision stage (Oligocene-Pliocene) result from the greater compression of the East Black Sea microplate as compared to the West Black Sea microplate, which, probably, experienced a kind of extension. 相似文献
4.
Model of palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Black Sea region during the last glacial maximum—Holocene 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
I. Genov 《Oceanology》2009,49(4):540-557
A model for the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Black Sea and its adjacent basins during the past 20.000 years, in which
variations in sedimentation, erosion, and hydrologic processes as a result of climatic change are taken into consideration,
is developed. The data used include those from five cruises in the Black Sea with the participation of the author, seismo-acoustic
data in the possession of the Institute of Oceanology in Varna, and data from the published literature. The most important
result is that the water level of the Black Sea is controlled largely by that of the Marmara Sea via the Bosporus sill. The
water circulation in the south part of the Bosporus channel as natural regulative mechanism of the Black Sea level during
11800–9000 yr C14 BP is produced. A succession of climatic and water conditions for the Black Sea by pollen analysis is presented. The linear
ridges on the Black Sea shelf as result of the lower Holocene regression are proved by means of a stratigraphic interpretation
of the seismo-acoustic profiles. The levels of the Black Sea, Marmara Sea, and Mediterranean at regarded intervals of time
are presented. An attempt at explanation of maximum number of facts from the study region with this model is made. 相似文献
5.
We demonstrate the importance of investigation of the behavior of methane as a source of energy and an element of the Black-Sea
ecosystem affecting the global behavior of the climate. We describe the genesis of methane and the processes of its aerobic
and anaerobic oxidation. An especially important biogeochemical and ecological role is played by the anaerobic oxidation of
methane guaranteeing the formation of its effective sink inside the anaerobic zone and preventing its penetration into the
atmosphere as a greenhouse gas. On the basis of the analysis of the experimental data available from the literature, we also
discuss the principal regularities of the distribution of concentration of methane and its flows. It is shown that the formation
of methane hydrates at the bottom in the abyssal part of the Black Sea and the events of jet gas release on the periphery
of the basin can be regarded as the components of a single global process of gas release from the bottom of the Black Sea.
We present estimates of the components of methane budget in the Black Sea. The results of simulation of the dynamics of methane
bubbles and the processes of their gas exchange with the medium are analyzed. The data of hydroacoustic measurements are used
to evaluate the distribution of methane bubbles in sizes and the mass transfer of methane through the ocean–atmosphere interface.
Finally, we consider the methods of mathematical simulation of the distribution of methane in the ecosystem of the Black Sea.
Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 5, pp. 40–56, September–October, 2008. 相似文献
6.
A. A. Kordzadze D. I. Demetrashvili A. A. Surmava 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2008,44(2):213-224
The hydrological regime of the Black Sea in the conditions of permanent alternation of atmospheric circulation processes was investigated on the basis of a baroclinic prognostic model of the sea dynamics. In the model, variations in the wind action were expressed as permanent alternation of 24 wind types characteristic of the Black Sea basin throughout the year. Thermohaline impact of the atmosphere was taken into account by specifying the annual trends of temperature and salinity at the sea surface, which was established from multiyear means of these parameters. The problem was solved numerically on the basis of the method of two-cycle splitting with the use of the grid with a horizontal spacing of 5 km. Results of the numerical experiment showed that, under the influence of a strong nonstationarity of atmospheric processes, the water circulation in the upper layer of the Black Sea changes qualitatively and quantitatively. The upper 20–30-m layer of the sea is particularly sensitive to atmospheric circulation variations. For any character of atmospheric circulation, the Black Sea circulation below this layer is nearly always cyclonic with internal cyclonic rotations. 相似文献
7.
In connection with the intensive development of the northeastern part of the Black Sea, at present a number of serious technical,
scientific, and ecological problems have arisen. As the constructions being raised are of large sizes and they are designed
for a long period of use, the probability of their damage by natural phenomena significantly increases. First of all, these
are phenomena connected with seismotectonic activity. In the present paper, the current concepts about the regional tectonic
structure are considered. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the seismic activity in the Bolshoi Sochi region and the adjacent
regions is conducted in the historical perspective. The basic results of the marine seismic research carried out by the Institute
of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the shelf and the continental slope of the northeastern part of the Black
Sea during the period of 1998–2001 are presented. On the basis of the scheme of the general seismic zoning developed by the
International Expert Group for the Caucasian Region, a scheme of the seismic hazard in the Bolshoi Sochi region has been constructed.
For the specific zones of the region, the values of the seismic hazard characteristics—the maximum shocks and accelerations
and the periods of oscillations under maximum seismic effect—have been calculated. Some ideas concerning the integrated modernization
of the system for seismological observations in this region, including the deployment of autonomous bottom seismographs and
automatic seismographs in almost inaccessible places, are proposed. 相似文献
8.
The long-term evolution of the Black Sea dynamics (1980–2020) is reconstructed by numerical simulation. The model of the Black Sea circulation has 4.8 km horizontal spatial resolution and 40 levels in z-coordinates. The mixing processes in the upper layer are parameterized by Mellor-Yamada turbulent model. For the sea surface boundary conditions, atmospheric forcing functions were used, provided for the Black Sea region by the Euro mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC) from the COSMO-CLM regional climate model. These data have a spatial resolution of 14 km and a daily temporal resolution. To evaluate the quality of the hydrodynamic fields derived from the simulation, they were compared with in-situ hydrological measurements and similar results from physical reanalysis of the Black Sea. 相似文献
9.
G. K. Korotaev Yu. B. Ratner M. V. Ivanchik A. L. Kholod A. M. Ivanchik 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2016,52(5):542-549
The automatic system of operational forecasting of the Black Sea state which functions at the Marine Hydrophysical Institute is presented. Principles of the system construction are considered; the marine environment models used for forecasting, the data streams required for the system functioning, and tools for validating and visualizing the results of sea-state calculations are described. Some examples of investigating a number of processes and phenomena in the Black Sea are given. 相似文献
10.
G. I. Marchuk B. E. Paton G. K. Korotaev V. B. Zalesny 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2013,49(6):579-591
An analysis is given of the methods of operational oceanography based on measurements derived from satellite data, observations acquired by drifters and passing vessels, and modern simulations of marine and oceanic circulations. In addition, a historical review is conducted of the previous and current research in this field carried out in the Soviet Union, Ukraine, and Russia. A discussion is given of the principles underlying the design of an effective data-computing system (DCS) for solving the problems of operational oceanography and the implementation of the prototype system for the Black Sea within the joint research project of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) and the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU) “The Black Sea as an Ocean Simulation Model.” The effectiveness of applying the multicomponent splitting method in the construction of sea circulation models and specialized DCSs with integrated algorithms of variational assimilation of observational data is estimated. The concept of using the Black Sea as a testing site for innovations is developed. The underlying idea of the concept is the similarity of the Black Sea dynamics with processes in the oceans. The numerical Black Sea circulation models used in the project are described, their development areas are discussed, and the requirements to a Black Sea observing system are defined. 相似文献
11.
《Marine Policy》2017
It is often claimed that the Black Sea is one of the most degraded seas in the world. Management to rehabilitate the Black Sea requires cooperation between the coastal countries to be successful. However, regional cooperation in the Black Sea is poorly coordinated and lack concrete outcomes. This article analyses the performance of the Black Sea Commission in terms of enabling and fostering effective regional collaboration between the Black Sea coastal countries. The results indicate that the measures undertaken by the Black Sea Commission are effective in terms of enabling scientific and project based cooperation between the Black Sea countries. The cooperation around regional and national institutional reforms to tackle the Black Sea environmental problems is found to be weak. Despite the existing mechanisms and willingness of countries to cooperate, the implementation of the established strategic action plan for the environmental protection and rehabilitation of the Black Sea is limited. Most of the limitations of the Black Sea Commission's regime are found in its institutional and legal frameworks, which constrain the effectiveness of collaborative efforts of the Black Sea countries. To be fully functional, the collaborative governance regime of the Black Sea Commission has to be improved. Recommendations as to how these may be addressed to enhance the regime's capacity to ensure effective marine collaborative governance in the region are presented in this article. 相似文献
12.
A numerical technique is presented for simulating the hydrophysical fields of the Black Sea on a variable-step grid with refinement in the area of IO RAS polygon. Model primitive equations are written in spherical coordinates with an arbitrary arrangement of poles. In order to increase the horizontal resolution of the coastal zone in the area of the IO RAS polygon in the northeastern part of the sea near Gelendzhik, one of the poles is placed at a land point (38.35° E, 44.75° N). The model horizontal resolution varies from 150 m in the area of the IO RAS polygon to 4.6 km in the southwestern part of the Black Sea. The numerical technique makes it possible to simulate a large-scale structure of Black Sea circulation as well as the meso- and submesoscale dynamics of the coastal zone. In order to compute the atmospheric forcing, the results of the regional climate model WRF with a resolution of about 10 km in space and 1 h in time are used. In order to demonstrate the technique, Black Sea hydrophysical fields for 2011–2012 and a passive tracer transport representing self-cleaning of Gelendzhik Bay in July 2012 are simulated. 相似文献
13.
Geophysical data on the northern part of the Pacific Ocean were systematized to compile a map of geomagnetic and geothermal studies of the Bering Sea. The absence of reliable data about the formation time of the Bering Sea structures of oceanic and continental origins is noted; this hampered the assessment of the geodynamical processes in the North Pacific. Based on the geophysical data, we estimated the age of the structures of the Bering Sea floor such as the Commander Basin (21 My), the Shirshov Ridge (95 and 33 My in the northern and southern parts, respectively), the Aleutian Basin (70 My), the Vitus Arch (44 My), the Bowers Ridge (30 My), and the Bowers Basin (40 My). These values are confirmed by the geological, geophysical, and kinematic data. A numerical modeling of the formation of extensive regional structures (Emperor Fracture Zone, Chinook Trough, and others) in the Northern Pacific is carried out. A conclusion was made on the basis of the geological and geothermal analysis that the northern and southern parts of the Shirshov Ridge have different geological ages and different tectonic structures. The northern part of the ridge is characterized by an upthrust-nappe terrain origin, while the southern part has originated from a torn-away island arc similar to the origin of the Bowers Ridge. The sea floor of the Aleutian Basin represents a detached part of the Upper Cretaceous Kula plate, on which spreading processes took place in the Vitus Arch area in the Eocene. The final activity phase in the Bering Sea began 21 My B.P. by spreading of the ancient oceanic floor of the Commander Basin. Based on the age estimations of the structures of the Bering Sea floor, the results of the modeling of the process of formation of regional fracture zones and of the geomagnetic, geothermal, tectonic, geological, and structural data, we calculated and compiled a kinematic model (with respect to a hot spot reference system) of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean for 21 My B.P. 相似文献
14.
On the basis of the analysis of the many-year data on the vertical distributions of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, we compute their annual average amounts for three typical layers of water in the deep part of the Black Sea: for a layer located above the oxycline and characterized by the formation of new portions of particulate organic matter in the course of photosynthesis, inside the oxycline, where the major part of oxygen is consumed and the major part of the flux of particulate organic matter is oxidized, and for the upper part of the anoxic zone characterized by the most active microbiological processes of oxidation of the organic substances and production of sulfides. The available literature data on sedimentation traps are used to study the downward annual average fluxes of particulate organic matter from the euphotic zone into the oxycline and into the anaerobic zone. The seasonal variability of the amounts and fluxes of particulate carbon and nitrogen is revealed. 相似文献
15.
The upwelling of deep water associated with the influence of cyclonic wind curl and the difference in the buoyancy of the inflows in the lower and upper water layers is observed in the central part of the Black Sea. The resulting vertical water motions contribute to the transport of ammonium to the upper boundary of the anaerobic zone. In the suboxic zone, ammonium is converted to nitrate via nitrite as a result of the nitrification, and thus it can supply the nitrocline in the water basin. Within the framework of this paper we discuss the effectiveness of this mechanism on the basis of the numerical simulation. The calculations were performed using a one-dimensional physical-biogeochemical model for the upper 600-m sea water layer, which takes into account seasonal variations in atmospheric parameters and vertical motions. The model describes the biological and redox processes in the suboxic zone. We have estimated the contribution of different constituents into the balance of nitrogen compounds in the euphotic water layer. It is shown that ammonium nitrogen coming from the deep water due to vertical water motion plays a significant role in maintaining the balance of nitrates in the central part of the Black Sea. 相似文献
16.
17.
The circulation in the southern Huanghai Sea and northern East China Sea in June 1999 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yaochu Yuan Yonggang Liu Mingyu Zhou Arata Kaneko Zhou Yuan Noriaki Gohda 《海洋学报(英文版)》2003,22(3):321-332
On the basis of hydrographic data and current measurement (the mooring system, vessel-mounted ADCP and toward ADCP) data obtained in June 1999, the circulations in the southern Huang-hai Sea (HS) and northern East China Sea (ECS) are computed by using the modified inverse method. The Kuroshio flows northeastward through eastern part of the investigated region and has the main core at Section PN, a northward flow at the easternmost part of Section PN, a weaker anti-cyclonic eddy between these two northward flows, and a weak cyclonic eddy at the western part of Section PN. The above current structure is one type of the current structures at Section PN in ECS. The net northward volume transport (VT) of the Kuroshio and the offshore branch of Taiwan Warm Current (TWCOB) through Section PN is about 26.2×106m3/s in June 1999. The VT of the inshore branch of Taiwan Warm Current (TWCIB) through the investigated region is about 0.4×106m3/s. The Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) has much effect on the currents over the 相似文献
18.
A. G. Zatsepin A. G. Ostrovskii V. V. Kremenetskiy S. S. Nizov V. B. Piotukh V. A. Soloviev D. A. Shvoev A. L. Tsibul’sky S. B. Kuklev O. N. Kukleva L. V. Moskalenko O. I. Podymov V. I. Baranov A. A. Kondrashov A. O. Korzh A. A. Kubryakov D. M. Soloviev S. V. Stanichny 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2014,50(1):13-25
The first data on the creation of the subsatellite polygon on the Black Sea shelf and continental slope in the Gelendzhik area (designed in order to permanently monitor the state of the aquatic environment and biota) and the plans for maintaining and developing this polygon are presented. The autonomous measuring systems of the polygon in the composition of bottom stations with acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP), Aqualog robotic profilers, and thermo-chains on moored buoy stations should make it possible to regularly obtain hydrophysical, hydrochemical, and bio-optical data with a high spatial-time resolution and transmit these data to the coastal center on a real-time basis. These field data should be used to study the characteristics and formation mechanisms of the marine environment and biota variability, as well as the water-exchange processes in the shelf-deep basin system, ocean-atmosphere coupling, and many other processes. These data are used to calibrate the satellite measurements and verify the water circulation numerical simulation. It is assumed to use these data in order to warn about the hazardous natural phenomena and control the marine environment state and its variation under the action of anthropogenic and natural factors, including climatic trends. It is planned to use the polygon subsatellite monitoring methods and equipment in other coastal areas, including other Black Sea sectors, in order to create a unified system for monitoring the Black Sea shelf-slope zone. 相似文献
19.
V. N. Eremeev A. M. Suvorov A. Kh. Khaliulin E. A. Godin A. A. Sizov 《Physical Oceanography》1997,8(4):293-296
On the basis of the measurements collected by MHI and other scientific institutions during expeditions in various parts of
the Black Sea and in various seasons, the variability of the upper boundary of the hydrogen sulphide zone and the respective
isopycnic surface is considered, as well as the relationship between the latter parameters and the index of atmospheric circulation.
Correlation between the studied processes in the Black Sea and atmosphere has been found to be very high.
Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin. 相似文献
20.
V. L. Dorofeev G. K. Korotaev L. I. Sukhikh 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2013,49(6):622-631
Using an interdisciplinary three-dimensional physical and biogeochemical model developed for the Black Sea, the long-term evolution of marine dynamics and ecosystem is investigated. The hydrophysical fields were calculated from a model of Black Sea circulation with assimilation of hydrographic survey and satellite measurement data from 1971 to 2001. The circulation model reproduces well processes of various scales in both space and time (particularly the seasonal course and interannual variability of main hydrophysical fields). The resulting flow fields are then used to calculate the long-term evolution of the components of the lower level of the food chain in the Black Sea ecosystem. The biogeochemical model used in the calculations is based on the nitrogen cycle and includes a parameterization of the main biological and chemical interactions and processes in the upper layer of the Black Sea. The numerical experiments indicated that the biogeochemical component of the model rather successfully reproduces the main features and evolution trends in the Black Sea ecosystem for the period under consideration: the growth in the phytoplankton biomass during eutrophication and changes in seasonal cycles of the main ecosystem components. Also, the hydrophysical processes were shown to be important for a reliable reproduction of long-term changes in the ecosystem. 相似文献