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深水褶皱冲断带是目前全球油气勘探的重要领域,其构造变形和油气地质特征是勘探研究的主要内容。通过对不同地区深水褶皱冲断带的地震剖面解释和综合分析,结合沉积特征对其构造样式、变形特征和石油地质特征进行了研究。研究表明,在主动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘存在4种不同构造样式的深水褶皱冲断带,即:主动大陆边缘型深水褶皱冲断带;被动大陆边缘背景下的泥岩滑脱型、盐岩滑脱型和重力垮塌滑动型深水褶皱冲断带。由于他们具有不同的驱动机制、构造特征和演化特征,导致了其含油气性差别较大。主动大陆边缘背景下发育的深水褶皱冲断带主要发育倾向陆地的逆冲断层、叠瓦构造以及相关的褶皱构造,缺乏有效的烃源岩和储层。被动大陆边缘背景下发育的深水褶皱冲断带可以划分为伸展区、过渡区和挤压区3部分,并发育相关构造,其中泥岩滑脱型和盐岩滑脱型深水褶皱冲断带已经有大量的油气发现。 相似文献
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西非被动大陆边缘盐构造样式与成因机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于三维地震资料,对西非陆缘盐构造样式及分布特征进行了刻画,剖析了其形成演化机制与控制因素。西非陆缘盐上地层滑脱形成典型的薄皮构造,前缘发育挤压变形,后缘发育拉张变形,两者之间为过渡变形。拉张区发育白垩系盐筏、前盐筏、新近系盐筏等盐构造;过渡变形区以发育各种底辟构造为特征;挤压变形区主要发育侵位盐席构造。重力滑脱作用是被动陆缘盐构造发育过程中始终存在的驱动机制,重力扩展作用在大陆边缘成熟阶段作用明显,在陆缘演化早期并不突出。陆缘构造活动控制盐构造的形成,差异沉积负载作用影响着盐上地层滑移特征,而盐下底形对盐岩流动、盐上地层滑移速率及相关断裂体系的产生与沉积响应具有重要影响。 相似文献
3.
白博康洪全程涛贾怀存王健 《海洋地质前沿》2016,(4):31-36
重力滑脱构造是被动大陆边缘盆地广泛发育的一种构造样式。从重力滑脱构造的形成机制出发,分析并指出巴西东北部海域盆地重力滑脱构造主要分布区域有:福斯杜—亚马逊、帕拉—马拉尼郝和巴雷里尼亚斯盆地深水区;进而对这3个盆地的重力滑脱构造特征进行分析,明确了重力滑脱伸展区、平移区、冲断区的构造样式及圈闭发育类型。其中,福斯杜—亚马逊盆地重力滑脱构造最为发育且圈闭类型多样,受漂移晚期重力滑脱作用影响形成的伸展和冲断构造是盆地的主要圈闭类型。最后,论述了福斯杜—亚马逊盆地重力滑脱构造对油气的控制作用及其勘探潜力。 相似文献
4.
南黄海盆地中部隆起区发育2套海相构造层,以下志留统高家边组泥岩滑脱带为界可划分为海相上构造层和海相下构造层。海相上构造层构造相对较复杂,以冲断结构为主,褶皱及叠瓦状逆冲断裂发育。对南黄海盆地中部隆起区多道地震资料进行处理解释表明,中部隆起区广泛发育海相上构造层,平面上总体表现为自西向东厚度呈厚—薄—厚的沉积格局。断裂系统发育,以近EW向断裂最为发育,其次为NE向断裂,NW向断裂则较为零星。构造应力以挤压和走滑为主,主要发育挤压、压扭和张扭3种构造样式。 相似文献
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《海洋地质前沿》2016,(1)
南黄海盆地位于下扬子地台的东北部、郯庐断裂带以东的活动区内,是一个在前震旦系变质岩基底之上,经海相中—古生界、陆相中生界和新生界多期沉积叠覆而成的叠合盆地。近年来,在崂山隆起上的地震剖面获得了较好的深层反射,隆起上存在较连续分布、厚度超过4~5km的中生界—上古生界地层。但由于中—古生界海相地层的勘探程度低,制约着该区油气勘探的进程。通过地震资料解释,结合邻区钻井与区域地质资料,研究了崂山隆起区海相中—古生界地层的构造地质特征,结果表明,崂山隆起区以下志留统高家边组泥岩滑脱带为界划分为上下2套海相构造层,其形成演化受晋宁运动、广西运动、东吴运动以及印支运动等影响,经历了基底形成、被动边缘克拉通、稳定台地、抬升剥蚀及陆内造山阶段。其中海相上构造层假整合或不整合覆于海相下构造层之上,由于受后期印支、燕山等构造运动的强烈改造作用,造成其在崂山隆起区遭受强烈的隆升褶皱和剥蚀夷平,逆冲断裂广泛发育,并伴随着逆掩推覆和滑脱作用,上构造层的上部地层显著减薄甚至缺失,残留厚度变化较大。该区断裂发育较弱,主要有2组方向的断裂,一组为EW向断裂,这类断裂规模较大,但不发育;一组为NE向断裂。 相似文献
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《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2017,(4)
根据野外观察分析,综合前人研究成果,对鲁西地区中生代褶皱叠加期次、构造特征以及动力学机制进行了分析。结果表明,鲁西中生代构造期次主要分为印支期和燕山期两幕褶皱-逆冲推覆作用,印支期主要为近东西向的宽缓褶皱,燕山期则以北东—北北东向的逆冲推覆和相关褶皱为主,两期褶皱叠加,形成穹盆构造。鲁西地区这种穹盆构造是东亚构造体制转变的地壳变形构造特征的产物。中生代以来,华北和华南地块之间的拼合构成了最初的东亚大陆,主要以近东西向构造为主。中生代中晚期逐渐发育起来的北北东向的环太平洋构造带叠加在东亚大陆的东缘,意味着在这期间古特提斯构造域为主导的汇聚体制转变为古太平洋构造域的俯冲消减体制。 相似文献
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《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2010,(4)
通过对巴西东部大陆边缘地区、西非被动大陆边缘地区、墨西哥湾地区及澳大利亚西北大陆架地区共15个深水盆地圈闭类型的归纳分析,总结出深水盆地具有构造圈闭、地层圈闭和复合圈闭3大类共8种圈闭类型,其中以构造圈闭为主,包括背斜圈闭、断层圈闭和盐体刺穿圈闭;墨西哥湾盆地、巴西坎波斯盆地和桑托斯盆地及西非地区的阿尤恩—塔尔法亚盆地、塞内加尔盆地、RioMuni盆地、加蓬盆地、下刚果盆地和宽扎盆地均为含盐盆地,盐岩的运动形成大量的底辟拱升背斜圈闭,盐体刺穿圈闭和与盐运动相关的地层圈闭及复合圈闭。 相似文献
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尼日尔三角洲中深水褶皱与逆冲断裂带的构造样式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
深水尼日尔三角洲中包含有两个大型的褶皱和逆冲断裂带，它们是由显示有复合类型的逆冲作用的大陆架上的重力拉张作用所引起的压缩作用的产物。这些压缩构造形成于Akata组超压页岩中的多滑脱（水平）面之上。使用生长沉积作用模式、褶皱形态、断面地震反射和一般断弯褶皱及切变断弯褶皱原理等，我们描述并模拟了组成这些（构造）带的断裂相关褶皱和叠瓦状逆冲断裂系统的构造类型和运动学特征。单个断裂相关褶皱，包括前裂逆冲断裂和后裂逆冲断裂都是以倾角小于相关断面斜坡的长平后翼为特征的，其后翼上生长地层倾角向上变小的特征则反映了持续的翼部旋转成分。前翼要短于后翼，但是，生长地层则具有更为一致的倾角，反映了由膝折带的迁移所引起的褶皱作用成分。因此，我们使用了一种结合了一般断弯褶皱原理和切变断弯褶皱原理的方法来描述这些构造，包括超压页岩中的一个弱基底滑脱带的影响。我们详细地论述了这些原理，并进行了叠瓦状逆冲断裂系统的运动学模拟，结果显示了与该三角洲中空间和时间变化有关的逆冲断裂作用的复杂历史。使用褶皱生长地层的区域图形，我们定义了包括单滑脱面和多滑脱面的前裂、后裂和同代逆冲断裂。并定义了两种主要的叠瓦状逆冲断裂系统类型：Ⅰ型系统具有一个底部滑脱面，Ⅱ型叠瓦状逆冲断裂系统则具有多个底部滑脱面，并会造成Akata组明显的构造加厚以及浅层逆冲断片的再褶皱。通过对穿过这些系统的两条区域横剖面进行的层序恢复，我们分辨出了构造类型、逆冲断裂的活动时间及次序、及区域地层缩短量，而这些信息则与深水尼日尔三角洲中的烃类成熟和油气充注等之间有着重要的联系。 相似文献
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费尔干纳盆地是位于中亚地区南天山山系中呈负向地形的坳陷,受基底断裂和区域构造活动控制,形成3个不同的构造层系。盆地基底为褶皱造山条件下形成的强烈变质的古生代地层,中部的盆地盖层沉积为中生代至古近纪拉张裂谷稳定沉降条件下形成的,最上部为新近纪至现今造山阶段形成的磨拉石建造。费尔干纳盆地主要发育中下侏罗统湖相沼泽相泥页岩、上白垩统乌斯特里奇组区域海侵层和古近系海相泥岩和泥灰岩等3套烃源岩;发育侏罗系、白垩系、古近系及新近系等4套含油气储集层系;且区域性盖层、准区域性盖层和局部盖层发育,形成了良好的生储盖组合。受构造变形和沉积环境控制,主要发育构造型、构造—地层型和地层(岩性)型3大类型油气藏(田)。第四纪早期的构造活动控制了盆地内油气田的最终分布,扭断层破坏了已有的圈闭并为烃类向上覆新近系储层的运移提供了运移通道,造成大量烃类气体散失。 相似文献
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莺歌海盆地异常高温高压环境下天然气运聚成藏规律 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
莺歌海盆地属南海北部被动大陆边缘新生代异常高温高压盆地,其异常高温高压地层系统主要展布于盆地中部莺歌海坳陷区泥底辟构造带,因此,泥底辟热流体上侵活动,尤其是上新世后期的热流体活动与异常高压区带的展布,控制了天然气及CO2的运聚富集特征。根据所获大量地质地球化学、地球物理资料及近年来天然气勘探成果,重点对盆地异常高温高压特征、高温高压环境下天然气成藏主控因素及运聚规律等进行了综合剖析与探讨,以期对该区进一步天然气勘探及研究有所裨益。 相似文献
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Gravitational collapse structures are commonly observed in shelf-margin deltas underlain by mobile shales. However, these structures are rarely accompanied by mud diapirs. This paper presents an updated study of the gravity-driven system in the West Luconia Deltas, a shelf-margin delta system, in the Kangxi Depression, southern South China Sea. Compared to the classical shale-detachment model, the syn-collapse deformation in the contractional domain in this study is accommodated mainly by thrust faults combined with mud diapirs rather than simply imbricated thrusts. Based on seismic interpretation and structural analysis, this gravity-driven system is divided into three domains, the extensional domain, the contractional domain and the transitional domain. All of these domains are intruded by mud diapirs. The quantitative analysis of the amounts of extension and contraction suggests that these structures mainly resulted from gravitational collapse rather than the tectonic compression. Quantification of the relative contributions of gravity spreading and gliding indicates that the gravitational collapse was mainly driven by gravity spreading. Two episodes of collapse are suggested by the analysis of the progradation of the West Luconia Deltas and the features of the syn-collapse structures. The first episode was minor and not accompanied by diapirism, whereas the second episode was major and accompanied by diapirism. The entire evolution of the GDS is divided into five stages: (1) the first episode of the gravitational collapse, lasted from the earliest Middle Miocene to the earliest Pliocene; (2) the deposition of an interval between the syn-collapse strata and the mobile shale, occurred in the Early Pliocene.; (3) the initiation of the second episode of the gravitational collapse, lasted from the Early Pliocene to the Late Pliocene; (4) the attenuation and basinward migration of the gravity-driven deformation, lasted from the Late Pliocene to the Early Pleistocene; and (5) the ending of the gravitational collapse, lasted from the Early Pleistocene to the present. The last four stages were accompanied by intensive diapirs which pierced the overlying strata and became targets for the hydrocarbon exploration.
相似文献13.
The Niger Delta is a classic example of a passive margin delta that has gravitationally deformed above an overpressured shale decollement. The outboard Niger Delta clastic wedge, including the Akata Formation overpressured shale decollement, is differentially thickened across relict oceanic basement steps formed at the Chain and Charcot fracture zones. In this study, five analogue models were applied to investigate the effects of a differentially thickened overpressured shale decollement across relict stepped basement on Niger Delta gravity-driven deformation. Gravity-driven delta deformation was simulated by allowing a lobate, layered sandpack to deform by gravity above a ductile polymer. A first series of experiments had a featureless, horizontal basement whereas a second series had differentially thickened polymer above Niger Delta-like basement steps. Two syn-kinematic sedimentation patterns were also tested. Surface strains were analysed using digital image correlation and key models were reconstructed in 3D. All five model deltas spread radially outward and formed plan view arcuate delta top grabens and arcuate delta toe folds. The arcuate structures were segmented by dip-oriented radial grabens and delta toe oblique extensional tear faults, which were formed by along-strike extensional strains during spreading. Basement steps partitioned delta toe gravity spreading into dual, divergent directions. Similarities between the analogue model structures and the Niger Delta strongly suggest a history of outward radial gravity spreading at the Niger Delta. The Niger Delta western lobe has potentially spread downdip more rapidly due to a thicker or more highly overpressured underlying Akata Fm. shale detachment. Faster western lobe spreading may have produced the Niger Delta toe ‘dual lobe’ geometry, perturbed up dip Niger Delta top growth fault patterns, and implies that western lobe toe thrusts have been very active. 相似文献
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Using the seismic profiles and analog modeling, this paper addresses the salt structures in the M and B blocks in the Southern Precaspian Basin. The salt structural features, the formation mechanism and the controlling factors of structural deformation are investigated and discussed systematically. The interpretation of the seismic profiles shows that typical salt-related structures include salt wall, (flip-flop) salt diapir, salt roller, salt pillow (dome), salt weld, salt withdrawal minibasin and drag structure (or drape fold). In addition, model results demonstrate that the gravity spreading driven by progradation and aggradation is probably the primary factor in controlling the formation of the salt structures in the research area. Due to the differential loading driven by progradation, passive salt diapir developed near the progradational front followed by the formation of intrasalt withdrawal minibasin bounded by two salt diapirs, and secondary reactive triangle salt diapir or salt pillow might form within the intrasalt withdrawal minibasin. Model results also indicate that the pattern of the subsalt basement has important influence on the formation and evolution of salt structures. Salt diapirs primarily developed along the margin of the subsalt uplift basement, where high shear deformation was induced by differential sedimentary loading between the uplift area and the slope area. 相似文献
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Fold-thrust belts formed above a ductile detachment typically contain detachment folds, whereas those formed above frictional detachments contain fault-related fold complexes, such as imbricate thrust systems. Analog models, using silica sand to represent sediments and silicone gel to represent salt were conducted to study the fold geometry, fold-fault relations, and sequential development of structures formed in each setting and at the boundaries between the two settings. The results showed a relatively thinner wedge above a ductile detachment, so that the deformation front propagated farther forward than that above a frictional detachment. The thrust front connects across the two settings with a significant change in position and a resulting change in orientation. The geometry of the deformation front is strongly controlled by that of the detachment boundary, so that an oblique detachment boundary results in an oblique thrust front in the transition zone. Modifications in the taper geometry also result from the presence of a frictional belt behind a ductile belt, the width of the ductile detachment which limits the location of the deformation front, and the lateral propagation of thrust faults between the two regimes. The experimental models can be used to explain observed geometries in natural examples of fold-thrust belts marked by transitions between frictional and ductile detachments. 相似文献
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In deep-water Santos Basin, SE Brazil, hypersaline conditions during the Aptian resulted in the accumulation of halite and carnallite over which stratified evaporites, carbonates and shales were folded, translated downslope and thrusted above syn-rift structures. As a result, high-quality 3D seismic data reveal an incomplete relationship between pre-salt topography and the development of folds and thrusts in Aptian salt and younger units. In the study area, three characteristics contrast with known postulates on passive margins’ fold-and-thrust belts: a) the largest thrusts do not necessarily occur where the salt is thicker, b) synthetic-to-antithetic fault ratios are atypically high on the distal margin, and c) regions of intense folding do not necessarily coincide with the position of the larger syn-rift horsts and ramps below the salt. Regions marked by important erosion and truncation of pre-salt strata, uplifted and exposed sub-aerially before the deposition of Aptian salt, can form structural lows at present or be part of horsts uplifted after the Aptian. This is an observation that suggests significant intra-salt shear drag above pre-salt structural highs during Aptian-Late Cretaceous gravitational gliding, but not on younger horsts and ramps reactivated after the main phase of salt movement. Either formed by drag or sub-aerial erosion, strata truncation below the Aptian salt does not correlate with the present-day pre-salt structure in terms of its magnitude and distribution. In addition, there is a marked increase in deformation towards the distal margin, where low-angle thrusts are ubiquitous on seismic data. The geometry and large synthetic-to-antithetic fault ratios of post-salt strata on the distal margin lead us to consider a combination of gravitational gliding of salt from the northwest and ridge push from the east as responsible for the observed styles of salt deformation. 相似文献
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Shiuh-Tsann Huang Kenn-Ming Yang Jih-Hao Hung Jong-Chang Wu Hsin-Hsiu Ting Wen-Wei Mei Shiang-Horng Hsu Min Lee 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2004,25(1-2):139-156
The geological setting south of the Tsengwen River and the Tsochen Fault is the transitional zone between the Tainan foreland basin and Manila accretionary wedge in Southwestern Taiwan. This transitional zone is characterized by the triangle zone geological model associated with back thrusts that is quite unique compared to the other parts of the Western foreland that are dominated by thrust imbrications. The Hsinhua structure, the Tainan anticline, and the offshore H2 anticline are the first group of major culminations in the westernmost part of the Fold-and-Thrust belt that formed during the Penglay Orogeny. Structures in the the Tainan and Kaohsiung areas provide important features of the initial mountain building stage in Western Taiwan. A deeply buried basal detachment with ramp-flat geometry existed in the constructed geological sections. A typical triangle is found by back thrusting, such as where the Hsinhua Fault cuts upsection of the Upper Pliocene and Pleistocene from a lower detachment along the lower Gutingkeng Formation. The Tainan structure is a southward extension of the Hinhua Fault and has an asymmetric geometry of gentle western and steep eastern limbs. Our studies suggest that the Tainan anticline is similar to the structure formed by the Hsinhua Fault. Both are characterized by back thrusts and rooted into a detachment about 5 km deep. The triangle zone structure stops at H2 anticline offshore Tainan and beyond the west of it, All the structures are replaced by rift tectonic settings developed in the passive continental margin. On the basal detachment, a major ramp interpreted as a tectonic discontinuity was found in this study. Above the northeastern end of the major ramp of basal detachment, the Lungchuan Fault is associated with a triangle system development, while at the southwestern end a thrust wedge is present. It could be deduced that a thrust wedge intrudes northwestward. The area below the major ramp, or equivalent to the trailing edge of the basal detachment, mud diapers often occur in relation to the thickest deposits of the Gutingkeng Formation and caused by the mechanism of detachment folding 相似文献