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1.
在良种选育过程中,为了尽快得到稳定可遗传的优良性状,常采用近交方式进行纯系选育,而近交会导致群体的遗传多样性下降。为了解长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)多代近交和自交家系的遗传多样性、遗传结构和生长情况,本实验选用长牡蛎近交4代(F4代)、近交5代(F5代)家系和雌性同体自交1代(自交1代)家系,采用8对多态性高的微卫星序列进行分析,同时对其成体的三个时间点生长数据进行了显著性差异分析。实验结果表明,8对微卫星位点在野生对照组中表现出较高的多态性,F4代、F5代和自交1代3个家系的遗传多样性明显下降,平均等位基因数(Na)由17.00下降到2.00,平均观测杂合度(Ho)由0.538下降到0.449,平均多态信息含量(PIC)由0.826下降到0.297;哈迪-温伯格平衡(HWE)检验结果显示,8个位点在三个家系和野生对照组中均不同程度偏离HWE平衡(P0.0062)。F4代、F5代、自交1代和野生对照的生长性状指标分析表明,和野生对照相比,三个家系生长指标明显提高,对于自交一代而言,与自交实验组亲本选择的偶然性有关。同时,三个家系三个时间点的壳长、壳宽生长性状没有显著性差异(除330日龄壳宽和630日龄壳长),F5代生长性状指标壳高和湿重均大于F4代和自交1代,且差异显著;但F4代和自交1代之间没有显著性差异。通过本研究发现,F5代可以继续用来进行生长性状新品系的选育,自交1代多样性降低程度相当于F5代,但多样性的降低对成体的生长性状影响不明显,仍可以用做相关实验材料。 相似文献
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用小规模提取法从海带“90l”,品系的配于体中提取基因组DNA,用于随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)的重复性及稳定性研究。通过对扩增体系中各因子和扩增程序的梯度试验,确定其优化反应体系为：50ng模板DNA,2.0mmol/LMgCl2,0.2mmol/L dNIP,0.2μmol/L引物,1．5UTaq酶;所得PCR反应程序为：94℃预变性5min,45个循环：变性94℃30s,退火36℃1min,延伸72℃2min,最后72℃延伸10min。本研究条件获得的RAPD图谱有较好的重复性和特异性,为深入研究海带“901”品系的遗传和变异提供了方法依据。 相似文献
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伴随着遗传学的发展，遗传标记经历了形态学标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和DNA分子标记4个阶段。DNA分子标记诞生于20世纪80年代中期，与其他遗传标记相比，它具有如下优点：（1）直接以DNA的形式表现，在生物各个组织、各个发育阶段都可以检测到，不受季节、环境限制；（2）数量极多，遍及整个基因组；（3）多态性高，自然存在许多等位变异；（4）表现“中性”，既不影响目标性状的表达，与不良性状也没有必然的连锁； 相似文献
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利用15对微卫星标记对人工繁育的岱衢族(DQ1和DQ2)、闽-粤东族(MY1和MY2)及正交(DM1和DM2)和反交(MD和MD21)F2及F3连续两代共8个群体的250个样品进行了遗传多样性及遗传差异检测.15个位点在所有检测群体中均为高度多态,共检测等位基因215个.每个位点的平均等位基因数是8.1-11.7,平均观察和期望杂合度分别是0.598-0.790和0.732-0.794.F2和F3代内的等位基因频率无明显差异(P>0.05),而两代间在15个位点的等位基因频率上存在约34.13%的遗传差异;Fst值检测发现,F2的4个群体间的Fst值是0.028-0.067,平均0.0429,F3的Fst值是0.037-0.068,平均0.0535.经过一代繁殖,F2和F3之间的遗传分歧平均增加了1%(0.0106);群体间的N-J聚类图显示,8个群体虽然聚成一族,但是F2和F3之间的遗传距离有增大的趋势.以上结果表明,随着人工选育力度的加强,岱衢族和闽-粤东族大黄鱼群体间的遗传距离由近及远,遗传分歧有加大的趋势. 相似文献
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海滨锦葵(Kosteletzkya virginiva)是重要的能源油料植物,对海滨锦葵种子含油量进行遗传分析具有重要意义.以高油海滨锦葵品种KV23(P1和低油海滨锦葵品种KV16(P2)及其杂交组合的F1、F2群体为材料,以单株种子含油量为指标,应用P1、P2、F1和F2 4个世代的数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型联合分离分析方法,对海滨锦葵种子含油量进行了遗传分析.结果表明,海滨锦葵种子含油量可能由两时加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因共同控制,主基因遗传率为49.87%,主基因和多基因共同解释的遗传率为80.14%. 相似文献
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选择来自75个家系的6000尾凡纳滨对虾个体进行为期96h的耐低溶氧试验,测定其生长性状和耐低溶氧性状。利用线性动物模型估计了凡纳滨对虾收获时期生长和耐低溶氧性状的方差组分和遗传参数。结果显示,凡纳滨对虾收获体长和收获体质量的遗传力分别为0.35±0.11和0.48±0.15,表现为中高遗传力水平,且统计检验显著(P0.05)。收获体长和收获体质量间的表型相关和遗传相关分别为0.89和0.95,表现为高度线性正相关(P0.05)。凡纳滨对虾耐低溶氧性状的遗传力为0.07±0.03,表现为低遗传力水平。生长性状(收获体长和收获体质量)和耐低溶氧性状间的表型相关和遗传相关分别为0.14—0.18和0.11—0.13,表现为低度线性正相关,但统计检验不显著(P0.05)。耐低溶氧性状的选择反应和遗传获得的估计值较低,分别为0.02±0.02和4.87%。体长的选择反应和遗传获得分别为0.65±0.18和7.22%;体质量的选择反应和遗传获得分别为1.13±0.31和11.07%,表明第一代对生长性状的选育达到了良好的效果。 相似文献
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采用现场测量和11对微卫星标记引物对海湾扇贝南部亚种选育系F5与普通养殖群体的生产性能、遗传差异及遗传多样性现状进行分析。结果表明:在生产性能上,选育系的壳高、壳长、壳宽、体重、壳重、软体重、肉柱重、肉柱率、成活率和笼产量等性状较对照组分别提高了17.02%、16.67%、15.02%、43.71%、35.86%、58.74%、81.18%、29.46%、17.94%和69.47%。在遗传差异的SSR分析上,选育系和普通群体的平均等位基因数(Na)、平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)分别为3.2727、3.3636;2.3366、2.3203;0.3152、0.3545;0.5326、0.5441;0.4622、0.4693;群体间遗传距离(Dxy)为0.1161,遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.0465。结果表明,选育系生产性能明显优于普通群体,遗传多样性指数较普通群体有所降低,两群体间出现了显著的遗传分化,选育系F5获得了显著的遗传进展。同时,选育系群体仍具有较高的遗传多样性,为进一步的选育利用提供了空间。 相似文献
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所谓全人工繁育就是用人工繁育养成至性成熟的子一代（F1）文昌鱼种作为亲体，人工繁育获得子二代（F2）文昌鱼苗以用于人工增养殖。通俗地说，实现文昌鱼全人工繁育批量生产，必须连续突破三道技术难关：（1）用野生亲体人工繁育获得成批量的子一代（F1）文昌鱼苗；（2）在人工条件下将成批量的子一代文昌鱼苗养殖至性成熟以从中选择人工亲体；（3）用人工亲体人工繁育获得成批量的子二代（F2）文昌鱼苗。 相似文献
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Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
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Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
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The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献
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《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,(9):F0003-F0003
<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology, 相似文献
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The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance. 相似文献
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Rahul Sharma 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):237-250
Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions. 相似文献
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Vance P. Vicente 《Marine Ecology》1989,10(2):179-191
Abstract. Long-term changes in the distributional patterns of commercial sponges ( Spongia spp. and Hippospongia spp.) within the West Indian Region indicates that: 1) commercial sponges had a widespread distribution throughout the whole West Indian Region and were ubiquitous in very shallow water until about the first half of the present century; 2) they were fished commercially not only in the traditional northern Caribbean sites (Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas) but also in the Greater ( e. g. , Hispaniola, Jamaica) and Lesser Antilles; and 3) they became extinct throughout most of the Lesser Antilles ( e. g. , Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas) sometime during the first half of this century. Mortalities of spongiids within the Antilles were found to differ from other marine mortalities in that: 1) species disappeared from a large region; 2) species vanished from different habitats and depths; and 3) natural populations never recovered. Species richness patterns suggest that commercial sponge genera ( Spongia and Hippospongia ) evolved under slightly cooler elimatic conditions than those found at present, and that these extinctions occurred as a direct or indirect effect of positive thermal anomalies in sea surface and atmospheric temperatures between 1900–1950. The concept that species diversity is stable on a regional scale is questioned. 相似文献
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The behaviour of an axially pre-loaded cylindrical member of an offshore structure, hit by a supply ship, has been investigated. The effects of axial pre-loading on the dynamic properties of members, the extent of damage and propagation of dynamic instability in the tubular members have also been investigated. Numerical models have been validated using available experimental data from the literature although these are mostly static with no pre-loading. Axial pre-loading was found to change the dynamic characteristics of some cylindrical members quite dramatically while it had no significant effect on others. The study examined whether there was any change in the behaviour between local and global modes when the loading was dynamic rather than static. The effect of damping on the dynamic instability of axially pre-loaded tubes under lateral dynamic loads was also studied. It was observed that for some geometries the quasi-static response can be used to define the boundary between bounded and unbounded dynamic responses. The main contribution of this study, compared with previous investigations reported in the literature, is that both pre-loading and dynamic effects have been included. 相似文献